Peer Review All the articles published on the
Journal Of Nuclear Physics
are Peer Reviewed.
The Peer Review of every
paper is made by at least
one University Physics
Professor.
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by
Jacques Dufour
CNAM Laboratoire des sciences nucléaires, 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris France
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Abstract:
The nuclear signatures that can be expected when contacting hydrogen with nickel, were derived from thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier), using the type of reaction paths proposed as the explanation of the energy produced. The consequences of proton or neutron capture have been studied. It was shown that these consequences are not in line with the experimental observations. A novel tentative explanation is thus described. Should this explanation be true, it is proposed to call pico-chemistry the novel field thus opened.
…
By
J.Kasagi, H.Yonemura, Y.Toriyabe,
A.Nakagawa, T.Sugawara, WANG Tie-shan
Thick target yields of α particles emitted in the 6Li(d,α)4He and 7Li(p,α)4He reactions were measured for Li target in the solid and liquid phase.
Observed reaction rates for the liquid Li are always larger than those for the solid.
This suggests yhat the stopping power of hydrogen ion in the liquid Li metal might be smaller than in the solid . Using the empirically obtained stopping power for the liquid Li, we have deduced the screening potentials of the Li+p and Li+d reactions in both phases.
The deduced screening potential for the liquid Li is about 500 eV larger than for the solid.
This difference is attributed to the effect of liquefied Li+ ions.
It is concluded that the ionic screening is much stronger than the electronic screening in a low-temperature dense plasmas.
by Jacques Dufour
CNAM Laboratoire des sciences nucléaires, 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris France
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Abstract: the nuclear signatures that can be expected when contacting hydrogen with fine nickel powders are derived from thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier). The initiation of the reactions (either by proton or neutron capture) is not discussed and considered as true. Proposals are made to check the process either by radiation emission measurements or by elemental analysis (ICP-MS)
1. Intruduction
In a recent paper [1], results are presented on vast amounts of energy (kWh) generated by contacting Hydrogen at pressures of tens of bars and temperatures round 400°C, with nickel powder (with an unspecified additive). No harmful radiations were measured, which is attributed to the presence of a lead shield absorbing γ emission occurring during the run and to the very short period of the instable species formed during the run and decaying after shut down. The efficiency of the process is very high (Eout/Ein up to 400). These levels of energy production strongly points to a nuclear origin. The proposed process [1] would be proton capture by the nickel nuclei. The coulomb barrier problem is suggested to be solved by the strong screening of the electrons. Another solution has been proposed [2]: virtual neutrons formation, reacting with the Nickel nuclei. This solution is also proposed in [3] with a very elaborate justification. In this paper, the capture of a neutron or a proton by a nickel nucleus is accepted as real. The consequences of these captures are analyzed (using very well documented nuclear chemistry data [4], [5]) and proposals are made for precise verification of the process invoked.
Continue reading Nuclear signatures to be expected from Rossi energy amplifier
by Prof. Christos Stremmenos*
BACKGROUND
The hostile attitude which cold fusion has been confronted with since 1989, but even long before, shown also by the bibliography related to the scientific papers of Focardi and Rossi, eventually led to general disinterest and oblivion of this subject. After several years of apparent inaction, the theme of cold fusion has been recently revitalized thanks to, among others, the work and the scientific publications of Focardi and Rossi, which has been conducted in silence, amidst ironical disinterest, without any funding or support. In fact, recently, practical and reliable results have been achieved based on a very promising apparatus invented by Andrea Rossi. Therefore I want to examine the possibility of further development of this technology, which I deem really important for our planet.
INTRODUCTION
I will start with patent no./2009/125444, registered by Dr. Ing. Andrea Rossi. This invention and its performance have been tested and verified in collaboration with Prof. Sergio Focardi, as reported in their paper, published in February 2010 in the Journal of Nuclear Physics [1]. In this scientific paper they have reported on the performance of an apparatus, which has produced for two years substantial amounts of energy in a reliable and repeatable mode and they have also offered a theoretical analysis for the interpretation of the underlying physical mechanism.
In the history of Science, it is not the first time that a practical and reliable apparatus is working before its theoretical foundation has been completely understood! The photoelectric effect is the classic example in which the application has anticipated its full theoretical interpretation, developed by Einstein. Afterwards Einstein, Plank, Heisenberg, De Broglie, Schrödinger and others formulated the principles of Quantum Mechanics. For the interactive Nickel/Hydrogen system it would be now opportune to compile, in a way easily understood by the non expert the, relevant principles and concepts for the qualitative understanding of the phenomenon as well as possible future research activities.
by Horace Heffner
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DEFLATION FUSION
The field of cold fusion (CF), the fusion of hydrogen in a metal lattice, as discoveredby Fleischmann and Pons, has been expanded to include the general class of nuclear reactions which can be initiated in low temperature environments, and named the field of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR)(1). A large number of peer reviewed papers and books have been published in this field (2-3-4-5-6-7). Extensive development continues, as do mysteries regarding various mechanisms of the experimentally well documented effects(8-9).
Any theory that is to describe LENR has to explain not only how the Coulomb barrier is breached, why high energy particles and gammas are not seen from hydrogen fusion reactions, and why the branching ratios are so skewed, but also why almost no signature, including heat, is seen corresponding to nuclear mass changes from heavy lattice element transmutation. It appears unlikely all these things can be simultaneously explained without the presence of one or more catalytic electrons in the mix which highly de-energize the fused nucleus. This is especially true of heavy element transmutation, which produces very little in the way of high energy signatures that could be expected from the quantity of events and the observed nuclear mass changes (10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20). If a nucleus is not highly energized to begin with, then there is no need to figure out how high energy products are absorbed by the lattice, a common problem to LENR theory. It has been proposed that all the above requirements can be met by electron catalyzed fusion via a process called deflation fusion (21-22). Deflation fusion is a process whereby a ground state electron bound close to a hydrogen nucleus for attosecond periods, but with small wavelength, the deflated state hydrogen, makes breaking the Coulomb barrier feasible. Though the deflated state of hydrogen exists briefly, it exists frequently. The electron kinetic plus potential energy remains at the energy of the electron in the chemical environment in which the hydrogen resides, i.e. the sum of kinetic plus potential energy is the same in both the deflated and chemical states, as they are degenerate forms of the same state.
The following is a brief review of the deflation fusion mechanisms and process:
Continue reading Cold Fusion Nuclear Reactions
by Lino Daddi
Abstract
In the present work a parallel is drawn, by adopting a virtual neutron mechanism, between the orbital capture and the formation of neutrons from protons and electrons (or from deuterons and electrons).
It is known the possibility, given by the uncertainty principle, that an orbital electron may be right on the nucleus, ready to interact with one of the protons present in it. Even in the case of isotopes of hydrogen is to be taken into account the occasional, although rare, presence of the electron on the nucleus, and this makes the atom itself, temporarily, a “miniatom”, ready to turn into a virtual neutron.
International Patent Publication
| Pub. No.: |
WO/2009/125444 |
| Publication Date: |
15.10.2009 |
| International Application No.: PCT/IT2008/000532 |
| International Filing Date: 04.08.2008 |
| Chapter 2 Demand Filed: 03.11.2009 |
| IPC: |
C01B 3/00 (2006.01), C01B 6/02 (2006.01) |
| Applicants: |
PASCUCCI MADDALENA [IT/IT]; Via Ezio, 24 1-00192 ROMA (IT) (All Except US).
ROSSI, Andrea [IT/IT]; (IT) (US Only). |
| Inventor: |
ROSSI, Andrea; (IT). |
| Agent: |
CICOGNA, Franco; UFFICIO INTERNAZIONALE BREVETTI DOTT. PROF. FRANCO CICOGNA VIA VISCONTI Dl MODRONE 14/A 1-20122 MILANO – ITALY (IT)
|
| Priority Data: |
MI2008A 000629 09 04 2008 IT |
| Title: |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS |
| Abstract: |
 A method and apparatus for carrying out highly efficient exothermal reaction between nickel and hydrogen atoms in a tube, preferably, though not necessary, a metal tube filled by a nickel powder and heated to a high temperature, preferably, though not necessary, from 150 to 5000C are herein disclosed. In the inventive apparatus, hydrogen is injected into the metal tube containing a highly pressurized nickel powder having a pressure, preferably though not necessarily, from 2 to 20 bars. |
| Designated States: |
AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.
African Regional Intellectual Property Org. (ARIPO) (BW, GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW)
Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO) (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM)
European Patent Office (EPO) (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, MC, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR)
African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). |
| Publication Language: English (EN) |
| Filing Language: English (EN) |
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Authors:
Sergio Focardi - Physic Department Bologna University and INFN Bologna Section (ITALY)
Andrea Rossi – Leonardo Corp. (USA) – Inventor of the Patent
Abstract
A process (international patent publication n° WO 2009/125444 A1) capable of producing large amounts of energy by a nuclear fusion process between nickel and hidrogen, occurring below 1000 K, is described. Experimental values of the ratios between output and input energies obtained in a certain number of experiments are reported. The occurrence of the effect is justified on the basis of existing experimental and theoretical results. Measurements performed during the experiments allow to exclude neutron and gamma rays emissions.
Sergio Focardi
Andrea Rossi
Introduction
It is well known that in chemical reactions, and more specifically in processes used to obtain energy, as for example oil, gas and carbon combustion, only some electronVolts (eV) can be obtained for every couple of atoms involved. This depends on the fact that binding energies of external atomic electrons are in the eV range.
On the other hand, in nuclear transformations, the energy quantities that can be absorbed or released are of the order of mega-electronVolts (MeV) for every couple of nuclei involved in the process. As a consequence, for every given amount of energy obtained, the mass to be transformed by a nuclear process is about a millionth of that necessary for a combustion.
Continue reading A new energy – Introduction
Experimental results
In this paper we report the results obtained with a process and apparatus not described here in detail and protected by patent in 90 countries, consisting of a system whose heat output is up to hundred times the electric energy input. As a consequence, the principle of the conservation of energy ensures that processes involving other energy forms are occurring in our apparatus.
The system on which we operate consists of Ni, in H atmosphere and in the presence of additives placed in a sealed container and heated by a current passing through a resistor. The maximum temperature value can be set to a wide range of values and an external meter allows us to measure the electric energy input. The container is in thermal contact with an external tank full of water and thermally insulated in order to minimize outside heat exchanges. As consequence of the energy production of the system, water boils and the water pipe is under pressure. The steam pressure cannot exceed a limit, whose value can be changed in the range 3-6 bar, because of the opening of a valve. When the valve opens, new water, whose amount is measured by a meter, enters from the supply. These data allow us to calculate the power produced by our system.
Continue reading A new energy – Exp.results
Theoretical interpretation
Proton capture by Nickel nuclei obviously requires the overcoming of an electrostatic potential barrier which opposes the process. For Ni58(the more abundant Nickel isotope), the maximum potential energy Vmax occurs at a distance R between Ni and proton nuclei centers equal to the sum of their radii, that is R ≈ 6,1 fm. The Vmax value is given (in CGS units) by the expression Vmax=Zeˆ2/R , where Zeˆ2 is the product of the two nuclear charges: it results in Vmax=1,06*10ˆ-5erg=662 keV. The proton kinetic energy Ke can be easily estimated by the relation Ke=1/2 mvˆ2=3/2 kT, where k is Boltzmann’s constant and T is the temperature measured in Kelvin: also on assuming T=1000 K, Ke is only ≈0,9 eV. According to classical physics, a particle having an energy of about 1 eV cannot overcome such a very high potential barrier. Such an opportunity, in principle, is given by the quantum mechanical tunnel e¤ect: in this case, the incoming particle can penetrate into the nucleus by getting through the potential barrier. The tunneling probability of a single particle colliding with an atomic target has been calculated by Gamow [9]. As shown by Evans [10], such a probability can be approximated as
Continue reading A new energy – Theoretical Interpretation
Conclusions
In conclusion, our process and apparatus is the first and unique system, existing today, able to obtain energy from nuclear fusion reactions; furthermore, because the ingredients are Nickel and water (to obtain Hydrogen), this is an endless energy source for the planet, without emissions in atmosphere.
Sergio Focardi
Andrea Rossi
Bibliography
[1] R.D. Evans, The Atomic Nucleus, Mcgraw-Hill, New York 1955, pag.297.
[2] nuclear mass values have been taken by Table of Isotopes, eight edition, march 1996, Wiley Interscience .
[3] G. A. Cowan, “A Natural Fission Reactor,” Scienti.c American, 235:36, (1976).
[4] A.P. Arya, Elementary Modern Physics, Addison-Wesley publishing company, Reading Massachussets (1974), pag. 399.
Continue reading A new energy – Bibliography
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