by Dott. Giuliano Bettini
Retired. Earlier: Selenia SpA, Rome and IDS SpA, Pisa
Also Adjunct Professor at the University of Pisa
Adjunct Professor at Naval Academy, Leghorn (Italian Navy)
Abstract
In the present article I would like to answer a question posed by L. Kowalsky in a recent paper: how can 30% of nickel in Rossi’s reactor be transmuted into copper? “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler”, says a guy. I apologizes if I am too simplistic here.
Introduction
The interest on Andrea Rossi’s Nickel-Hydrogen Cold Fusion technology is accelerating [1]. However, Rossi says that about 30% of nickel was turned into copper, after 6 months of uninterrupted operation. Kowalski [2]. says that “this seems to be impossible because the produced copper isotopes rapidly decay into Ni”. But how it works?
How it works
Following Focardi Rossi [3]. a Ni58 nucleus produces a Copper nucleus according to the reaction
Ni58 + p → Cu59
Copper nucleus Cu59 decays with positron (e+) and neutrino (ν) emission in Ni59 nucleus according to
Cu59 → Ni59 + ν + e+
Then (e+) annichilates with (e-) in two gamma-rays
e- + e+ → γ + γ
Starting [3] from Ni58 which is the more abundant isotope, we can obtain as described in the two above processes Copper formation and its successive decay in Nickel, producing Ni59, Ni60, Ni61 and Ni62. Because Cu63, which can be formed starting by Ni62, is stable and does not decay in Ni63, the chain stops at Ni62 (i.e. Cu63). Each process means some MeV.
Of course how can a proton p gets captured by the Ni58 nucleus? (and subsequent Ni59, Ni60, Ni61 and Ni62). Following Stremmenos [4]. a neutron-like particle, an electron proton pair, a mini-atom, a proton masked as a neutron, gets captured by the Ni58.
If the masked proton becomes a neutron the result is Ni59.
In order to have Cu59 (increase of atomic number from 28 to 29) the electron (of the masked proton) gets ejected from the nucleus. The masked proton becomes a proton.
The same process holds for all the subsequent transformations, until Cu63.
It remains to be understood the issue of the gamma radiation in the MeV range.
Numbers
I am an electronic engineer, so I need easy numbers in order to understand.
However “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler”, says a guy. Maybe I am too simple here.
Let’s calculate.
MeV for each Ni transformation
I read that starting from Ni58 we can obtain Copper formation and its successive decay in Nickel, producing Ni59, Ni60, and Ni62. The chain stops at Cu63 stable.
For simplicity I assume all the Nickel in the reactor in the form Ni58.
For simplicity I suppose for each Ni58 the whole sequence of events from Ni58 to Cu63 and as a rough estimate I calculate the mass defect between (Ni58 plus 5 nucleons) and the final state Cu63.
Ni58 mass is calculated to be 57.95380± 15 amu
The actual mass of a copper-Cu63 nucleus is 62.91367 amu
Mass of Ni58 plus 5 nucleons is 57.95380+5=62.95380 amu
Mass defect is 62.95380-62.91367=0.04013 amu
1 amu = 931 MeV is used as a standard conversion
0.04013×931 MeV=37.36 MeV
So each transformation of Ni58 into Cu63 releases 37.36MeV of nuclear energy.
Nickel consumption
According to many blogs in the Internet “One hundred grams of nickel powder can power a 10 kW unit for a minimum of six months”.
How much of Ni58 should be transformed, in six months of continuous operation, in order to generate 10 kW?
I follow a procedure outlined in [2].
10 kW is thermal or electrical (?) power. The nuclear power must be larger. Assume a nuclear power twice:
20 kW = 20,000 J/s = 1.25 x 10**17 MeV/s.
Each transformation of Ni58 into Cu63 releases 37.36MeV of nuclear energy.
The number of Ni58 transformations should thus be equal to (1.25 x 10**17)/37.36 = 3.346 x 10**15 per second.
Multiplying by the number of seconds in six months (1.55 x 10**7) the total number of transformed Ni58 nuclei is 5.186 x 10**22.
This means 5 grams.
The order of magnitude is not exactly the same but seems to be plausible. This means also 5 grams of Nickel in Rossi’s reactor transmuted into (stable) Copper after six months of continuous operation at the rate of 10 kW.
Conclusions
Rossi says that about 30% of nickel was turned into copper, after 6 months of uninterrupted operation. At first glance this seems to agree with calculations based on simple assumptions.
References
Dear Eng. Rossi:
Congratulations on the grant of the patent.
It is nice to have good news about your work and you , because for many of us you are an example for your perseverance and the way in which you have overcomed the setbacks which have received in your life .
I would encourage you for continue without losing heart on the same path, trying to improve the world as you are doing.
You must realize you are in a unique position to change the history of the human race, a mankind that until now seemed to be doomed to a future of scarcity, pollution and endless struggles for energy and resources. Your work can change all this tragic future, and if so, you will be remembered for generations to come because of the importance of your work.
Your work is a ray of hope for all who want a better future for our children.
Please do as best as possible for mankind.
Thanks.
Egr. Ing
seguo da tempo il percorso della sua invenzione con grande ammirazione.
io ed un socio saremmo ben intenzionati a proporre un impianto o serie di impianto
in alcuni paesi nel mondo (indocina , centro africa ) e vorremmo avere un eventuale
incontro .quali sono le società a lei ricondicibili per un eventuale accordo di
rappresentanza .
la ringraziamo
adriano . mantova
Dear Mr Rossi,
Just some curiosities:
1) do you explain all about the secret catalyst in you patent?
2) if this is the case, the nature of the catalyst will be revealed after the release of the patent or after the 20 years of live of the patent?
3) do you know, approximately, how much will cost the recharge of the module after the 6 month of working ?
thanks very much for your answers!
L.V.
Dear Jordan Embry:
Thank you for your heartwarming appreciacion.
I will contact you.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dear Jeremy K:
First of all, thank you for your kind attention.
As for the development of the technology: the maximum development can be reached with the maximua investments. Nobody could invest significantly in a technology without having exclusive rights on it. When a thing is own by everybody nobody gives value to it. The story of communism has teached this to us. We and our licensee will put all our force to develope this tech.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Rossi,
Congratulations on your discovery, it is certainly significant.
I have a question about a previous post:
>Dear Mr Visscher:
>We will never reveal all our industrial secrets, of course.
This technology could save many lives and bring a quality of life to many areas that are suffering. I understand the need to protect your commercial interests and to reap the rewards for a life of hard work. But I must ask, at what point does the recipe for this technology need to be published to the world so that the world at large can benefit? It would be a shame to temper the propagation of this technology, because there is only a few manufacturers and distributors. Certainly you would be wealthy, but only the wealthy would have your technology for a long time.
Is this technology too good to keep secret? If you released the recipe now, I imagine by Christmas there would be e-cats all over the world already benefiting humanity.
Regards,
Jeremy
Dear Mr. Rossi,
I’ve been following news on your energy catalyzer for over a month now. This will be an invention that will change humanity forever. I’ve read the story on your website about what the Italian government did to you regarding Petroldragon, a true shame. Lesser men would have given up on life after an injustice like that, normal men would have been greatly disheartened and would have just scraped through life. You come through that ordeal and create an invention that will likely save mankind from itself!
I’ve read through all of the comments here on JNP and I know that you have spent all of your money on the energy catalyzer. I would like to offer my humble services to you for free. I am a programmer and create websites for a living. If you need any work done let me know and I will be glad to help! If you would like to see a sample of some of the work I’ve done or have any questions just send me an email.
Thank you again for all that you have done, like most here I can’t wait until November. It will be great to see the energy catalzyer get the press it is due!
Jordan Embry
Dear Mr Visscher:
We will never reveal all our industrial secrets, of course. After the issuing of the patent I will release more information about the reactor andabout the theory, in November, at the presentation of our 1 MW plant.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear mr. Rossi,
I like to congratulate you on acquiring the patent. This must be a significant milestone for you. When will you submit the follow-up pattent in which you will describe the nessecary ingredients which makes the E-Cat work?
Thanks
H. Visscher
Dear Mr Dan Judd:
Yes, we are organizing also this issue.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
At some point Engineers will be required to install your products in homes and businesses across Europe. These Engineers will need some sort of accreditation. Have you started this process or is this an area of opportunity for an E-Cat services company?
Kind Regards
Dan Judd
Italian Patent No. 0001387256
process and apparatus for obtaining exothermic reactions, particularly of Nickel and Hydrogen.
”
“processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno.”
Data Deposito
09 aprile 2008
N. Brevetto
0001387256
Data Brevetto
06 aprile 2011
Stato Domanda
rilasciata
http://www.uibm.gov.it/uibm/dati/Avanzata.aspx?load=info_list_uno&id=1610895&table=Invention&#ancoraSearch
Dear Mr Roman Schmitt:
Our commercial action will start in november, after the start up of our 1 MW plant in Greece.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
please let me know if/when a device is available and at what price.In case this has been already discussed/puiblished here, I would be grateful for the link.
I am a book publisher(English and German languages) based in Germany with book availability in North America, Europe, India, Japan and Australia/NZ. A concise/compact info book on your project(s) might be desirable from your perspective. In this case communication about this would be welcome.
Sincerely
Roman Schmitt
Gent. Sig. Giuseppe:
INTERVENIAMO IMMEDIATAMENTE.
GRAZIE,
A.R.
Gent. Ing. Rossi
non vorrei essere insistente,mi riferisco al riquadro in basso a sinistra
del quale riporto alcune righe
http://www.youtube.com/user/DeBodemBel
Profilo
”
”
Energy Catalyzer Inquiries at Defkalion Green Tech: tostsalikoglou@gmail.com
http://www.defkalion-energy…
For News & INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES: http://www.energycatalyzer.us <——–
These domains are for SALE. Till then, feel free to visit them anytime 😉
"
"
http://www.energycatalyzer.us <——
Comunque se tutto e' a posto meglio cosi.
Cordiali saluti.
Giuseppe Oddi
Dear Sebastian:
OK, we will do this.
Warm regards,
A.R.
DEFKALION GREEN TECHNOLOGIES SA:
WE TOTALLY AGREE AND WE TOO WILL MAKE ALL THE LEGAL ACTIONS NECESSARY TO STOP THIS FRAUD ATTEMPT.
DR. ANDREA ROSSI, PRESIDENT OF LEONARDO CORPORATION (USA)
Gent. Sig. Giuseppe:
Ho visitato questo sito, ma non ho trovato l’offerta da Lei segnalata, ma solo un elenco di links a vari reportages pubblicati su U-Tube.
Il sito da me indicato stamane era un altro, che è già ststo tolto dalla rete. Comunque, vale quanto da me detto prima: non date denaro ad alcuno per qualsiasi prodotto o servizio o marchio, perchè si tratta solo di truffe. Noi non vendiamo altro che impianti, che vengono pagati solo a collaudo positivo, previa regolare fatturazione.
Cordiali saluti,
A.R.
Gent. Sig. Mulassano:
Noi produciamo i nostri impianti negli USA ed in Grecia.
Cordiali saluti,
A.R.
Dea Mr Rémi André:
The site has been already eliminated this morning. Legal action is pending anyway.
In any case, I remember to everybody: do not give a single cent to anybody who asks money on our behalf for any reason. The only way we get money is through the invoices that we send to our Customers. We have not and want not any other source of money of any kind.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Eernie:
Thank you for the useful information.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi; My first job in 1952 was with the Nalco corporation which is the largest water treatment company in the world.They specialised in additive chemicals which prevented corrosion and damage in turbine driven generators used in electric power companies.If you need any assistance in treating your water I would recommend contacting them. They are on the New York stock exchange.
Dear M.Rossi
regarding the importance of the information concerning the site www;energycatalyzer.us I suggest you to put this warning on the frontpage of your blog …
Sadly I guess it won’t be the only attempt to discredit you and/or for dishonest people to profit of this situation….
Egregio ing.Andrea Rossi,
Sono un piccolo imprenditore della provincia di Torino (Carmagnola), seguo costantemente i suoi sviluppi sul sito pesn.com. Sono interessato alla produzione e distribuzione del suo e-cat in Piemonte (Italia), puo’ gentilmente farmi avere maggiori informazioni?
Distinti saluti Walter Mulassano
Caro Dott. Rossi
avevo gia’ notato questo sito ma pensavo si limitasse a vendere nomi di dominio si tratta probabilmente dell’ utente youtube DeBodemBel
http://www.youtube.com/user/DeBodemBel
che dice di mettere in vendita una sfilza di nomi di dominio relativi all’ e-cat.
Spero sia una info utile.
Cordiali saluti.
Giuseppe Oddi
WARNING TO THE PUBLIC:
A SERIOUS FRAUD ATTEMPT IS ORIGINATING FROM THE SITE http://www.energycatalyzer.us/
THIS SITE USES WITHOUT OUR AUTHORIZATION OUR LOGO AND COMPANY NAME, ASKING MONEY FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO OUR COMPANY AND OUR ACTIVITIES BY ALL MEANS.
ALL LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST PEOPLE OR COMPANIES RELATED WITH THIS FRAUD OR ANY OTHER SIMILAR TO APPEAR IN THE FUTURE, HAVE BEEN ORDERED.
ON BEHALF OF DEFKALION GREEN TECHNOLOGIES S.A.
S. Tsalikoglou
PR Manager
Dear Mr. Rossi,
you should publish the warning about the fake US website as an article entry on the main page, not just here in the blog.
Best regards
Sebastian
ATTENTION THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT WARNING:
I HAVE BEEN INFORMED IN THIS MOMENT THAT THERE IS A WEBSITE:
http://WWW.ENERGYCATALYZER.US/
WHICH , WITHOUT OUR AUTHORIZATION, USES OUR LOGO AND OFFERS, IN CHANGE OF MONEY, VARIOUS KIND OF ISSUES REGARDING OUR ACTIVITY, FOR EXAMPLE THEY OFFER SORT OF TICKETS TO PARTICIPATE TO THE START UP OF OUR PLANTS, SORT OF FUNDS TO DO SOMETHING ON OUR BEHALF, ETC. I ALREADY HAVE GIVEN TO MY ATTORNEYS THE TASK TO FILE A SUIT AGAINST THIS PEOPLE. PLEASE DO NOT ACCEPT ANY PROPOSAL FROM THIS PEOPLE, WHO SAY THEY ARE LOCATED IN A DUTCH ORGANIZATION, DO NOT GIVE THEM MONEY FOR ANY KIND OF PRODUCT OR SERVICE RELATED TO LEONARDO CORPORATION, TO ANDREA ROSSI, TO ENERGY CATALYZERS, BECAUSE THEY HAVE ABSOLUTELY NOT ANY RIGHT TO USE OUR NAME, LOGOS, PRODUCTS, OF ANY KIND. WE DO NOT KNOW THEM, WE GAVE THEM NO RIGHTS AT ALL, THEY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO GUARANTEE YOU ANY VISIT TO OUR PLANTS ANYWHERE, ANYTIME.
BEFORE SPENDING A SINGLE CENT FOR ANYTHING REGARDING US, PLEASE CONTACT DIRECTLY THIS BLOG, WE WILL GIVE YOU ALL THE NECESSARY WARNING.
TO VISIT OUR PLANTS IS NECESSARY A DIRECT INVITATION FROM ME OR FROM DEFKALION, AND THE INVITED PERSONS HAVE TO PAY NOTHING, THEY WILL BE OUR GUESTS; WE DO NOT SELL SHARES OR QUOTES , WE DO NOT SELL ANY KIND OF FINANCIAL STUFF, WE ARE NOT COLLECTING MONEY AT ANY TITLE, OUR SOLE SOURCE OF INCOME IS THE PRICE THAT OUR CUSTOMERS WILL PAY TO US FOR OUR E-CATS. WE WANT NOT ANY OTHER SOURCE OF MONEY.
ANDREA ROSSI, PRESIDENT OF LEONARDO CORPORATION
Dear Mr Mauro:
1- Good
2- Business
Warm regards,
A.R.
Caro ing. Rossi,
seguo le vicende del suo e-cat da alcuni mesi e sappia che anche io “faccio il tifo” per Lei. Anche se a me piace la stagione estiva, non vedo l’ora che arrivi ottobre per “vedere” l’impianto da 1 Mw in Grecia funzionante.
Da italiano naturalmente mi dispiace molto che anche Lei abbia dovuto andare all’estero per avere le possibilità di realizzare le sue idee, perchè credo che l’e-cat sarà veramente un rivoluzione a livello mondiale, però comprendo le Sue motivazioni e le Sue remore (visti soprattutto i problemi che ha avuto in Italia in passato).
Visto che è così gentile da rispondere ai quesiti a Lei posti, mi permetto di sottoporLe queste due cose:
– Ho inteso che potrebbero interessarLe contatti che le facciano trovare facilmente i bambini che hanno problemi di salute per poterli aiutare: sappia che posso metterla in contatto con persone che già operano in questo senso e che possono farLe avere tali informazioni.
– Spero che la commercializzazione dell’e-cat sia stata prevista comunque anche in Italia: in questo caso il Vs. “cliente-tipo” chi sarebbe ? (es.: aziende, privati, condomini, ecc.) In pratica l’e-cat così come lo avete “pensato” nella versione commerciale potrebbe sostituire facilmente una caldaia di un appartamento privato e/o di un intero palazzo oppure dovrebbe essere per il momento “confinato” ad un uso industriale?
Cordiali saluti, anzi, molto meglio… 2Cor 13,13
M.S.
Dear Dr Gilbert Schmidt:
I cannot give the particulars of the reactor : of course we are well aware of what you wrote.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Lemmo Murro:
Without a patent we will continue, obviously, our work, maintaining a strict industrial secret , as most of the industrial concerns do with their technology. Let me make a very simple example: Coca Cola Corporation never patented the formula of its soft drink, nevertheless it is the most successful drink of the World and still nobody has been able to make the same: I like Coca Cola very much, and I do not like the Competitors: Coca Cola is really different.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Todd Burkett:
We do not reach the Ni vaporization temperature.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi, would the reaction continue past the vaporization temp of nickel? Could you have a continuous reaction at very high temp? What is the highest temp you have been able to sustain ?
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Without a patent how would you protect e-cat from back-engineering?
Thank You!
L.M.
Dave L. was mwentioning about the extremely important chemical treatment of the feedwater. (May 6th, 2011 at 10:19 AM)
The first class stationary enginneers are one of the best consutants for feedwater problems as that is one of their main feilds of work.
If you are creating steam , in places where you just want heat, you should use a closed loop, where the steam goes into a heat exchanger and the condensate output goes back to the reactor.
This is the easiest first step, to reduce scale buildup in the reactor, which can happen very rapidly if not under close observation.
From my obsevations of the design, it is very difficult to open these up to clean the water surface heat transfer area.
All boilers in heating plants, are designed to be accessable for cleaning, which is done by opening them up about once each year.
Because of your previous oil conversion operation, you probably know all about this.
In case you have not had to deal with this, it is very very important to research this.
Dear Dr Gilbert Schmidt:
I cannot disclose what happens inside the reactor.
Warm regards,
A.R.
When the temperature increases in the reactor, the hydrogen presure is increased, which is one factor that would speed up the reaction, in the over stimulated conditons.
Is it any benefit to have the hydrogen line from the reaction chamber connected to a buffer tank, at least 4 times the size of the reaction chamber.
When there are times of increasing reactions and temperatures, the increased hydrogen pressure pushes gas into the buffer tank, keeping the hydrogen pressure from rising as rapidly in the reaction chamber.
This should assist in keeping the reaction from speeding up as rapidly into a runaway condition.
This would give more time for the cooling water to slow it back to normal.
Has this been tried to see if it assists in regulating the reaction and if so, has it been of any value ?
Caro DOOM:
Mi dispiace deluderLa, ma io, per carattere, quando le situazioni diventano molto emozionanti divento di ghiaccio. L’ho imparato sul ring ( da ragazzo ho praticato la boxe) dove ho imparato che si ci si emoziona si prendono botte. Più un evento diventa importante, più mi raffreddo: esco da me stesso e dirigo Andrea Rossi, come se non fossi io. Sia in negativo, che in positivo. Questa caratteristica mi ha aiutato a superare situazioni devastanti, in passato.
Cari saluti,
A.R.
Ho una curiosità, dottor Rossi.
Cosa ha provato la primissima volta che ha visto l’e-cat funzionare?
Intendo prorio, la prima volta che ha assistito alla reazione tra nickel e idrogeno.
Ha pianto per la gioia?
Al suo posto, l’avrei fatto.
Saluti e speriamo che tutto vada per il meglio. 🙂
Dear Mr Pietro Giacomini:
The stainless steel reactor never gave, so far, evidence of alterations.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Seguo giornalmente gli sviluppi della sua invenzione soprattutto sul blog di Daniele (22passi). Avrei una curiosità da chiederle. L’involucro del suo e-cat cioè il contenitore degli elementi oggetto della reazione che presuno sia di acciaio inox subisce qualche alterazione in seguito al funzionamento ?
La ringrazio augurandole che tutto vada per il meglio. (la scoperta è eccezionale)
saluti Pietro Giacomini
Dear Mr dave L.:
You are right. Thank you for your suggestion. We will produce steam and/or hot water.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
In your 1 Meg W. unit is the energy output going to be hot water or steam? In either case I believe it is important to pay close attention to the chemical treatment of the feedwater. Severe corrosion and scale buildup could derail your progress even though the underlying technology works as promised. This is particularly important since you plan to replace/recharge each E-Cat module at 6 month intervals. The choice of metals that are in contact with the water is also critical to the long term performance even though it can be ignored as trivial in laboratory demonstrations.
Wishing you success in this important endeavor,
Dave L.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
It would be great if your product was used to charge electric car batteries at the charging stations of Better Place. This would remove the need to have E-Cats running within the car itself. The E-Cats would function as mini-power stations that would recharge swappable batteries only.
CEO and founder Shai Agassi has similar aims to you with regard to changing the world for the ‘better’. He hopes to use clean renewable energy to charge all electric vehicles. It would be great for you hold a meeting with Mr. Agassi when your plant is up and running.
I am confident that mini-E-Cat power stations and Better Place could function in unison as a powerful entity in enacting global change.
More info at:
http://www.betterplace.com/
Best of luck in the future –
Brian Cullen
Dr. Rossi,
Thank you for your work. It will take time to overcome the (inevitable) resistance. It seems to afflict most of our efforts at improvement. Those interests that have something to lose have reason to resist. Patience is the appropriate response.
Patrick OLeary
Dear Davide C.:
These are photos that Prof. Focardi has taken himself while we were making tests of shielding by a lead pipe. You should ask them directly to him.
Warm regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi, I was talking about the photos of the prototypes, like this one (not very good because it is a photo of a slide)
http://www.stukhtra.it/?attachment_id=6146
thanks
Caro Sig. Libardi:
Grazie,
Cari saluti,
A.R.