A detailed Qualitative Approach to the Cold Fusion Nuclear Reactions of H/Ni

By prof. Christos Stremmenos

After several years of apparent inaction, the theme of cold fusion has been recently revitalized thanks to, among others, the work and the scientific publications of Focardi and Rossi, which has been conducted in silence, amidst ironical disinterest, without any funding or support.  In fact, recently, practical and reliable results have been achieved based on a very promising apparatus invented by Andrea Rossi.  Therefore I want to examine the possibility of further development of this technology, which I deem really important for our planet.

Introduction
I will start with patent no./2009/125444, registered by Dr. Ing. Andrea Rossi. This invention and its performance have been tested and verified in collaboration with Prof. Sergio Focardi, as reported in their paper, published in February 2010 in the Journal of Nuclear Physics [1]. In that scientific paper they have reported on the performance of an apparatus, which has produced for two years substantial amounts of energy in a reliable and repeatable mode and they have also offered a theoretical analysis for the interpretation of the underlying physical mechanism.

In the history of Science, it is not the first time that a practical and reliable apparatus is working before its theoretical foundation has been completely understood! The photoelectric effect is the classic example in which the application has anticipated its full theoretical interpretation, developed by Einstein. Afterwards Einstein, Plank, Heisenberg, De Broglie, Schrödinger and others formulated the principles of Quantum Mechanics.  For the interactive Nickel/Hydrogen system it would be now opportune to compile, in a way easily understood by the non expert the relevant principles and concepts for the qualitative understanding of the phenomenon. Starting with the behavior of electrically charged particles in vacuum, it is known that particles with opposite electric charge attract themselves and “fuse” producing an electrically neutral particle, even though this does not always happen, as for instance in the case of a hydrogen atom, where a proton and a electron although attract each other they do not “fuse”, for reasons that will be explained later.   On the contrary, particles charged with electric charge of the same sign always repel each other, and their repulsion tends to infinity when their distance tends to zero, which implies that in this case fusion is not possible (classical physics).

On the contrary, according to Quantum mechanics, for a system with a great number of  particles of the same electric charge (polarity) it is possible that a few of them will fuse, as for instance, according to Focardi-Rossi, in the case of  Nickel nuclei in crystal structure and hydrogen nuclei (protons) diffused within it, Although of the same polarity,  a very small percentage of these nuclei manage to come so close to each other, at a distance of 10-14 m, where strong nuclear forces emerge and take over the Coulomb forces  and thus form the nucleus of a new element, either stable or unstable.

This mechanism, which is possible only in the atomic microcosm, is predictable by a quantum-mechanics model of a particle put in a closed box.  According to classical physics no one would expect to find a particle out of the box, but in quantum mechanics the probability of a particle to be found out of the box is not zero! This is the so called “tunneling effect”, which for systems with a very large number of particles, predicts that a small percentage of them lie outside the box, having penetrated the “impenetrable” walls and any other present barrier through the “tunnel”! In our case, the barrier is nothing else but the electrostatic repulsion, to which the couples of hydrogen and nickel nuclei (of the same polarity) are subjected and is called Coulomb barrier.

Diffusion mechanism of hydrogen in nickel: Nickel as a catalyst first decomposes the biatomic molecules of hydrogen to hydrogen atoms in contact with the nickel surface. Then these hydrogen atoms deposit their electrons to the conductivity band of the metal (Fermi band) and due to their greatly reduced volume, compared to that of their atom, the hydrogen nuclei readily diffuse into the crystalline structure of the nickel, including its defects. At this point, in order to understand the phenomenon it is necessary to briefly describe the structure both of the nickel atom and the nickel crystal lattice.

It is well known that the nickel atom is not so simple as the hydrogen atom, as its nucleus consists of dozens of protons and neutrons, thus it is much heavier and exerts a proportionally higher electrostatic repulsion than the nucleus of hydrogen, which consists of only one proton. In this case, the electrons, numerically equal to the protons, are ordered in various energy levels and cannot be easily removed from the atom to which they belong. Exception to this rule is the case of electrons of the chemical bonds, which along with the electrons of the hydrogen atoms form the metal conductivity band (electronic cloud), which moves quasi freely throughout the metal mass.

As in all transition metals, the nickel atoms in the solid state, and more specifically their nuclei, are located at the vertices and at the centre of the six faces of the cubic cell of the metal, leaving a free internal octahedral space within the cell, which, on account of the quasi negligible volume of the nuclei, is practically filled with electrons of the nickel atoms, as well as with conductivity electrons.

It would be really interesting to know the electrons’ specific density (number of electrons per unit volume) and its spatial distribution inside this octahedral space of the crystal lattice as a function of temperature.

Dynamics of the lattice vibration states
Another important aspect to take into consideration in this system is the dynamics of the lattice vibration states, in other words, the periodic three dimensional normal oscillations of the crystal lattice (phonons) of the nickel, which hosts hydrogen nuclei or nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium or tritium) that have entered into the above mentioned free space of the crystal cell.

It could be argued that the electrons’ specific density and its spatial distribution in the internal space of the crystal structure should be coherent with the natural frequencies of the lattice oscillations. This means that the periodicity of the electronic cloud within the octahedral space of the elementary crystal cell of Nickel generates an oscillating strengthening of shielding of the diffused nuclei of hydrogen or deuterium which also populate this space.

I believe that these considerations can form the basis for a qualitative analysis of this “NEW SOURCE OF ENERGY” and the phenomenology related to cold fusion, including energy production in much smaller quantities and various reaction products.

Shielding of protons by electrons
In the Focardi-Rossi paper the shielding of protons provided by electrons is suspected to be one of the main reasons of the effect, helping the capture of protons by the Ni nucleus, therefore  generating energy by fusion of protons in Nickel and a series of exothermic nuclear reactions, leaving as by-product isotopes different from the original Ni (transmutations). Such shielding is one of the elements contributing to the energetic efficiency of the system.  From this derives the opportunity, I think, to focus upon this shielding, both to increase its efficiency and to verify the hypothesis contained in the paper of Focardi-Rossi.  Of course, what we are talking of here is a theoretical verification, because the practical verification is made by monitoring the performance of the apparatus invented and patented by Andrea Rossi, presently under rigorous verification by many independent university researchers.

In my opinion, the characteristics of the shielding of the proton from the electrons should be defined, as well as the “radiometric” behavior of the system.

In other words, the following two questions should be answered:

  1. Which is the supposed mechanism that overcomes the powerful electrostatic repulse (Coulomb barrier) between the “shielded proton” and the Nickel nucleus?
  2. For what reason there is almost no radiation of any kind (experimental observation), while according to the Focardi and Rossi’s hypothesis there should have been some γ radiation (511 KeV) produced by the predicted annihilation of the β+ and β- particles that are being created during the Fusion?

I believe that some thoughts based on general and elementary structures, data and principles of universal scientific acceptance, might shed some light to this exciting phenomenon.  More specific, I refer to Bohr’s hydrogen atom, the speed of nuclear reactions (10-20 sec) and the Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg.

I will take Bohr’s hydrogen atom as a starting point (figure 1a), which stays at its fundamental state forever in the absence of external perturbations, due to De Broglie’s wave, accompanying the sole electron.

As stated before, in contact with the metal, these atoms lose their fundamental state, as their electrons are being transmitted to the conductivity band.  These electrons, together with the “naked nuclei” of hydrogen (protons), form a freely moving cloud of charges (plasma at a degenerate state) inside the crystalline lattice. That cloud is being defused through the surface to the polycrystallic mass of the metal, covering empty spaces of the non-canonical structure of the crystalline lattice, as well as the tetrahedral and octahedral spaces between the molecules. As a consequence, the crystalline structure is covered by “delocalized plasma” (degenerate state), which is consisted by protons, electrons produced by the “absorbed atoms” of hydrogen, as well as by the electrons of the chemical valence of Nickel of the lattice, at different energy states (Fermi’s band). (Fig. 2)

Fig.1b

In this system, if one considers the probability of the creation inside the crystalline lattice of temporary (not at the fundamental state) “pseudo-atoms” of hydrogen with neutral charge, for example at a time of the order of 10ˆ-17 sec, then that possibility is not completely ill-founded. (Fig 1b)

Fig.2

According to the Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg, the temporary atoms of hydrogen will cover during that small time interval Δt, a wide range of energies ΔΕ, which means also a wide range of atomic diameters of temporary atoms, satisfying the De Broglie’s condition.  A percentage of them (at fist a very small one) might have diameters smaller than 10ˆ-14 m, which is the maximum active radius of nuclear reactions. In that case, the chargeless temporary atoms, or mini-atoms, of hydrogen together with high energy but short lived electrons, are being statistically trapped by the Nickel nuclei at a time of 10ˆ-20 sec. In other words, the high speed of nuclear reactions permits the fusion of short lived but neutral mini-atoms of hydrogen with the Nickel nuclei of the crystalline lattice, as during that short time interval the Coulomb barrier (of the specific hydrogen mini-atom) does not exist.

Afterwards, it follows a procedure similar to the one described by Focardi and Rossi, but instead of considering the capture of a shielded proton by the Ni58 nucleus, we adopt the hypothesis of trapping a neutral temporary atom, or a mini atom, of hydrogen (with a diameter less than 10ˆ-14 m) which transforms the Ni58 nucleus into Cu59 (copper/59, short lived isotope*).

It follows the predicted “β decay” of the nuclei of the short lived isotope of copper, accompanied by the emission of β+ (positrons) and β- (perhaps the electrons of the mini atoms trapped inside that nucleus during the fusion). These particles are being annihilated with an emission of γ radiation (two photons of γ of energy 511 KeV each, for every couple of β+ and β-).

In other words, whoever has experimented with this system should have suffered the not-so-harmless influence of those radiations, but that never happened.  The radioactivity measured at the experiments is almost zero and easily shielded.

In any case, a rigorous, in my opinion, theoretical approach for the interpretation of that phenomenon with quantum mechanical terms, would give clear quantitative answers to the above stated models. With my Colleges of theoretical chemistry, we are already planning to face the problem using the time-depended quantum mechanical perturbation theory, bearing in mind the following:

  1. The total wave function (of the nucleus and the electrons) of temporarily, non-stable states.
  2. The total time-depended Hamiltonian, for temporarily states.
  3. Searching for the resonance conditions at that system.

Such an approach had a successful outcome at a similar problem of theoretical chemistry and we hope that it will be valid in this case as well.

Let’s go back to the intuitive, with ideal models, approach, in order to give a qualitative explanation for the (almost) absent radiations of the system, by using:

  • First of all the Boltzmann’s distribution (especially at the asymptotic area of high energies).
  • The photoelectric effect
  • The Compton effect
  • The Mössbauer effect

We have already mentioned that from the temporary mini atoms of hydrogen, the ones with diameter less than 10ˆ-14 m, have a larger probability of fusion. But, in order for them to be created, high energy bond electrons should exist at the “delocalized plasma” of the crystalline lattice.

1. Boltzmann’s statistics:
There are reasons to believe that the H/Ni system, at first at temperatures of about 400-500oC, contains a very small percentage of electrons in the “delocalized plasma” with enough energy to create (together with the diffused protons), according to the wave-particle duality principle, the first temporary mini atoms of hydrogen, that will trigger the fusion with the nickel nuclei and the production of high energy γ photons (511 KeV).

2. Photoelectric Effect:
It is not possible, the HUGE amount of energy (in kW/h), that the Rossi/Focardi reactor produces, as measured by unrelated scientists in repeated demonstrations (at one of them by the writer and his colleagues, Fig 3), to be created due to the thermalization of the insignificant number of  γ photons at the beginning of the reaction.

Fig.3

I believe that, as stated above, these photons are the trigger of fusion at a multiplicative series, based on the photoelectric effect inside the crystalline structure.

The two γ photons can export symmetrically (180°) two electrons from the nearest Nickel atoms. The stimulation, due to the high energy of γ, concerns electrons of internal bands of two different atoms of the lattice and has as a prerequisite the absorption of all the energy of the photon.  A small part of that energy is being consumed for the export of the electron from the atom and the rest is being transformed into kinetic energy of the electron (thermal energy).

The result of that procedure is to enrich the “delocalized plasma” with high energy electrons that will contribute multiplicatively (by a factor of two) at the progress of the cold fusion nuclear reactions of hydrogen and nickel and at the same time transform the hazardous γ radiation into useful thermal energy.

3. The Compton Scattering:
It gives the additional possibility of multiplication, this time due to secondary photons γ, in a wide range of frequencies, as a function of the angular deviation from the direction of the initial photon of 511 keV. That has as a result the increase of the export of electrons, due to the photoelectric phenomenon at the crystalline mass, in many energy/kinetic levels, which gives an additional possibility of converting the γ radiation into useful thermal energy.

4. The Mössbauer effect:
It gives another possible way of absorbing the γ radiation and transforming it into thermal energy. It is based on the principle of conservation of momentum at the regression of the new Cu59 nucleus/ from the emission of a γ photon. Relative calculations (Dufour) showed that this mechanism has an insignificant (1%) contribution.

It follows that, according to given data, the Photoelectric phenomenon and the Compton Effect, could explain the absence of radiations in the Focardi-Rossi system, which, from the amount of producing energy versus the consumption of Ni and H2, as well as from the experimental observation of element transformations,  lead undoubtedly to the acceptance of hydrogen cold fusion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The author wishes to acknowledge Aris Chatzichristos for the contribution in formulating this paper in English

References:
(1)www. journal-of-nuclear-physics.com /Focardi Rossi/  (A new energy source from nuclear fusion)

* I believe that the phasmatometric tracing of copper is the most definitive sign of nuclear fusion: From the relative bibliography (HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 66TH edition), it follows that the stable non radioactive isotopes of nickel are the following five:

58, 60, 61, 62 and 64. These, when fused with a hydrogen nucleus, are being transmuted relatively to Cu-59, Cu-61, Cu-62, Cu-63 and Cu-65. From these isotopes of copper only the last two (Cu-63 and Cu-65) are not radioactive, i.e. they are stable. The other three Cu-59, Cu-61, Cu-62, are being transmuted again to Nickel, with an average life expectancy of some hours and the most unstable Cu-59 in 18 seconds.

By prof. Christos Stremmenos


850 comments to A detailed Qualitative Approach to the Cold Fusion Nuclear Reactions of H/Ni

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Greg:
    Defkalion, I suppose, will not sell modules until the protection issue will not be resolved.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Daniel De Francia:
    I have already enough existing troubles. Let’s handle problems when they exist.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Daniel de França MTd2

    Dear Andrea Rossi,

    1. If your patent is not granted in US, will you appeal the result? Would you take an ecat to show the examiners that it works?

    2. Even if your reactor cannot be opened, it can still be probed by gamma rays, neutrons or high energy protons. Is it still possible to protect it? More over, it would just take 1 failing mechanism to spoil the secret.

  • Greg

    Dear Dr. Rossi,

    thank you for your reply. You write you are being conservative regarding the sales of single modules. But if Defkalion/AmpEnergo plans to produce 300 000 units per year do you think you will be able to prevent just one of them ending up in China? In my opinion you will be very wealthy from the royalties from Europe/US but the Chinese will hack the security features and produce their own. Or am I wrong on this assumption?

    Kind regards,
    Greg

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Khashayar Shatti:
    What do you mean, exactly, with “estimate of the dry weight o/p”?
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Greg:
    Good point.
    This is why we are very conservative regarding the sale of single modules. We are engineering a system that will destroy automatically the confidential parts if the reactor is open. The reactors will be open only in our factory to replace the charge. This is why we want not to replace the charges on site.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Greg

    Dear Dr. Rossi,

    in my opinion, within one month the Chinese buy the first E-Cat they will reproduce it. They showed no respect for patents/intellectual property in the past. How will you prevent this from happening?

    Thanks,
    Greg

  • Khashayar Shatti

    Dear Mr Rossi
    My appology. http://www.Lenr-canr.org
    Best regards
    Khashayar Shatti

  • Khashayar Shatti

    Dear Mr Rossi
    With pleasure. I already looked over http://www.Lenr-cond.org, But I couldn’t get an estimate of the dry weight/kw o/p. I would be pleased if I could have this spec directly from yourself. An estimate within +/-30% higher or lower. I do realize that it is really difficult to take into account this estimate as a commercial factor.
    Many thanks
    Khashayar Shatti

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Mr Khashayar Shatti:
    You will find these infos on the published reports and on the articles published on the Journal Of Nuclear Physics.
    If you have other questions, please forward them with precision.
    For commercial issues, please contact us in November.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Khashayar Shatti

    Dear Andrea Rossi
    For planning future projects would you mind if I ask you about specs of your invention as a system? System means well defined inputs/outputs and well defined constituents. Specially weight/kw output.
    Best regards
    Khashayar Shatti

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Peter Ekstrom:
    We are making all the work demanded by law in the specific situations.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Ivan Antipov:
    In November we will decide the commercial strategy.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Paul Esteban,
    I cannot tell.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Paul Esteban

    Dear Mr. Rossi, could you tell us if exists any patent on your secret catalyst?

    Warm Regards,
    Paul Esteban

  • Ivan Antipov

    Hello Andrea Rossi,

    I know you are concentrating on your 1MW reactor but can you please advise when your product will be ready for purchase for home use. I would very much like to have heating in winter in Siberia.

    Ivan

  • Peter Ekström

    Dear Mr Rossi,

    There seems to be agreement that the energy produced in the E-Cat is of nuclear origin since no other source could produce that amount of energy. In most countries running a nuclear device that has the potential of emitting ionizing radiation requires a permit from the radiation protection agency. Have you applied for and obtained such a permission?

    With best regards

    Peter Ekström

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Roger Barker:
    Last week of October.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Roger Barker

    Dear Sir,

    Do you have a specific date in October when your reactor will be ready or are you just generally targetting October?

    Thanks
    Roger Barker PhD

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Paul Esteban:
    18.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Paul Esteban

    Dear Mr. Rossi, how many people are working directly for you on e-cat construction?

    Warm Regards
    Paul Esteban

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Greg:
    Yes, I did get all the necessary measures, just in case…
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Caro Giuseppe,
    Mi scriva a fine Ottobre presso
    info@journal-of-nuclear-physics.com
    Cordialissimi saluti,
    A.R.

  • Giuseppe

    Grazie infinite sig.Rossi per la sua gentilissima risposta.Mi scuso con lei e le persone che vorrebbero approfondire sul misterioso catalizzatore,ma dato il mio pozzo di ignoranza in materia e la mia fiducia incondizionata su un Uomo che seguo silenziosamente fin dai tempi delle sue supposte (le supposte finiranno tutte dove dico io a chi dico io )malefatte,le chiedo se fosse possibile avere notizie in merito ai corsi di addestramento per l’installazione degli e-cat.P.S. Non sono in cerca di un lavoro super remunerativo ma di una partecipazione utile
    se pur non paragonabile alla Sua ed agli emeriti proffessori che hanno partecipato a questo progetto che cambiera’ le sorti dell’Umanita.GRAZIE

  • Greg

    Dear Dr. Rossi,

    thank you for sharing this wonderful invention with the world! I really appreciate that you haven’t sold out for insane sums to “status quo” companies who would keep the e-cat device in a dark room forever.

    This shows your true humanity!I know you have addressed this subject, in this forum before but have you made the necessary security preparations for this invention? I would suggest that you store the essence of your invention(drawings, plans, everything) in multiple safe vaults around the world so “the power that be” would have no interest in eliminating you or the associated companies(Defkalion, Leonardo,Ampenergo) because in case it would happen(God save us from that!) your invention would instantly become public? This would be IMO the best strategy to go forward without security fears.

    Thanks,

    Greg

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Mr Shatti:
    I cannot give information about what happens inside our reactors.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Gent. Sig. Giuseppe:
    Grazie per il Suo importante intervento.
    Per ora ci limiteremo alla produzione ti energia termica. Il problema dell’addestramento del personale qualificato c’e’. Stiamo organizzando corsi di specializzazione da fare a persone che abbiano gia’ esperienza specifica nei settori dati ( termotecnici ed elettrotecnici).
    Il tempo di un corso e’ di 50 ore, semprecche’ si tratti di persone che abbiano gia’ conoscenza dei fondamentali.
    Dear Mr Giuseppe:
    Thank you for your important comment: so far we will produce thermal energy. The issue regarding the rehearsal of the operators is being addressed by means of the preparation of tutoring (50 hours of lessons) reserved to operators already skilled in the specific fields of application of the E-Cats, either thermotechnic or electrotechnic.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Nick Pourmi:
    Thank you,
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Michael L.:
    Thank you for the advice.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Michael L

    Dear Andrea Rossi,
    I found these links these 3 different low temperature engines:
    1- Link for the low temperature-low pressure WASTE HEAT ENGINE (WHE) derived from the high temperature-high pressure CYCLONE ENGINE:
    http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Cyclone_Technologies_LLLP
    2- Link for the NATURAL ENERGY ENGINE:
    http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Deluge_Inc:Thermal_Hydraulic_Engine
    3- Link for the KOKHALA ENERGY CELL:
    http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Kokhala_EnergyCell
    I hope this information wil be useful for your coming 1 MW plant.
    I wish you all the success!
    Best regards,
    Michael L

  • Nick Pourmi

    Whole-heartedly greetings, Mr. Andrea Rossi!

    Just two advices:
    1. (compulsory) Watch “Home” movie [2009];
    2. (optional) Share Your Invention to Mankind.

    You have all my gratitude for your accomplishment.

  • Giuseppe

    Buon giorno sig.Rossi sono un operaio dell’azienda elettrica milanese,lavoro principalmente all’interno delle oltre 8000 cabine di trasformazione della rete.Avrei una domanda da porle:
    Secondo l’esperienza da lei fatta nei suoi innumerevoli esperimenti l’E-CAT dovrebbe essere installato e monitorato da personale qualificato,allora quanto tempo crede ci possa volere per formare il personale qualificato e cominciara un’eventuale installazione all’interno delle cabine,naturalmente dopo le necessarie modifiche ?(che credo di aver capito necessiti obligatoriamente di impianto idrico).

  • Khashayar Shatti

    Dear Andrea Rossi

    I’ve had similar ideas. Please find enclosed some of it as follows, it may be of interest to you. Is your idea to some extent similar to atomic resonance in which nucleus resonates between mass and energy using electrical energy? I’ve further developed the theory to generate enormous amount of energy from Iron.
    Best luck with your invention. Let’s have the approvel as soon as possible.
    Announced publicly
    **********************************
    21 OCT 2010
    “Imagine a metal wire(could also be iron wire) carrying a large current.
    This current will interact with magnetic field around wire producing
    force=JxB. Right? this force as you may be familiar with in thermal fusion
    reactors or so… contracts the wire. If we prevent wire from exploding
    and increase current then deeper electrons and protons will interact with
    this magnetic field so that coulomb’s force will provide oscillations
    between electrons and protons.We must not allow plasma to be generated
    yet. Contraction and expansion eventually leads to resonance and release
    of enormous amount of energy. Otherwise you can increase current to
    explode the wire as it happens in fuses. A few are looking for iron plasma
    they can get it in this way. This also gives a lot of momentum as kinetic
    energy of atoms but not conversion of mass to energy which we need for an
    efficient and simple propulsion engine where mass acts as the fuel. In
    stars immense gravity prevents blow up and keeps the current flowing until
    immense magnetic field builds up and resonance occurs in which case a
    large amount of energy is released.”
    **********************************
    19 OCT 2010
    I would like to clarify the control mechanism and then discuss about
    Lambda. By experiment a condition exists when input electrical energy will
    generate a resonance state like a chain reaction in nuclear terminology
    but this time generating a state of matter between mass and energy.
    Radiation from deeper electrons counterbalances the radiation from
    nucleus. In this state full electrical energy is converted to radiation as
    high energy particles and I guess it would be around the mass of electron.
    Great momentum is produced which will be used as the most effective
    propulsive force. Control mechanism should sustain this type of resonant
    chain reaction for radiation. Electrical energy by electrons must
    penetrate deep into inner most shells. We could get to the stars soon.
    I guess resonant frequency could be around 10^25Hz or so. However there
    are ways to tune and change resonant frequency.
    ************************************
    Best regards
    Khashayar Shatti

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Mr Lande:
    All depends on the granting of the patent.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Frank Acland:
    Good question: I think we will be able to increase, but I am not sure.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Paul Esteban:
    We are close to the signature.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Mario Ricci:
    1- 30 years
    2- 1 year
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Jason:
    1- yes
    2- depends on the cycle efficiency
    3- not yet
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Trond Andresen:
    I cannot answer to your question, for the well known reasons.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Michael L:
    Sorry, I cannot answer to questions regarding the operation of the reactor.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Steven Powell:
    No, I am focused on energy production.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • steven powell

    Hey Mr. Rossi,
    I was wondering if you had considered other potential uses for the gamma and heat production, such as food and equipment sterilization, or the next generation of photolithography after x-rays.

    Best wishes for your October demo,
    Steven Powell

  • Michael L

    Dear Andrea Rossi,
    Since you wrote that your E-CAT cannot get more than 500 ºC, and thus that you cannot use a Sterling engine,
    I suggest that you consider to evaluate the capabilities of the Waste Heat Engine (WHE) for your E-Cat, for the near future.
    Here is a quotation from Gizmag:

    This Waste Heat Engine (WHE) developed by Cyclone Power Technologies operates at temperatures as low as 225F (107 C). The engine can generate up to 10kw from heat sources such as industrial ovens or furnaces, concentrating solar thermal collectors, engine exhaust and biomass combustion.

    The compact, lightweight 18 lb (8 kg) Waste Heat Engine is a six-cylinder radial steam engine capable of running on waste heat as low as 225 °F (107 °C) and pressure as low as 25 psi (172 kPa) (1.72 bar). The engine achieves maximum efficiencies at 600 °F (316 °C) and steam pressure of 200 psi (1.4 MPa) (14 bar), at which point one Waste Heat Engine can generate 16 hp (12 kW), 30 lb-ft (41 Nm) of torque, and a little over 10 kW of electrical output. The only drawback is the typically low 12% energy efficiency common with most reciprocating steam engines. On the plus side the piston-based steam engine operates at a maximum of 3000 rpm which means it is well suited to drive any standard generator.

    Summary info in Gizmag: http://www.gizmag.com/solar-thermal-waste-heat-engine/10969/
    Detailed info in InvestorHub: http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/board.aspx?board_id=7618#

    Best regards,
    Michael L

  • Eric Flores

    Greetings Mr. Rossi,

    I have been following the development of the E-Cat technology for several months and am highly motivaded due to the constant progress that has been going on following the January presentation. You see, I live in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and we are in dire need of efficient alternative energy sources at the moment. Due to high petroleum costs, the government is pursuing a natural gas pipeline that will literally cross our archipelago’s main island from south to north. 

    Besides the people that are already receiving eviction notices for land that they own, the eviromental impact is expected to be great. The pipeline will heavily affect the karst regions, which are the source of almost all of our fresh water as well as being home to most of our endangered biodiversity, such as several subspecies of Coquí (small tropical frogs) as well as the Puerto Rican Amazon. 

    Despite widespread controversy and public manifestations made by thousands of people that oppose it, the government is adamant that nothing will interfere in the development of this project, with their main argument being that renewable energy sources are “currently in development, making them inefficient and expensive”. That is clearly not the case with E-Cat technology, which would not only benefit us due to it’s efficiency, but also because we can be energetically self-sufficient with it due to our production of Nickel and the underlying reserves of that mineral troughout our territory.

    I understand that there is a lot of work going on at the moment, but hopefully a presentation can be arranged after L.E.R.N. technology takes it’s rightful place as the energetic game-changer in October.

    Thanks for your time,

    Eric

  • Michael L

    Dear Andra Rossi,
    What are the benefits from using only a more expensive Ni62 & Ni64 powder mixture?
    – less radiation during the H-Ni fusion process?
    – no radiactive waste?
    – more power output?
    – more efficient reaction?
    – other reasons?, which ones?
    Best regards,
    Michael L

  • RR

    There is a simple, way to push a proton through the Coulomb barrier when the full repulsion is felt. 1ST) Atom needs to be nutralized with the correct resonant wave 2nd) before atom breaks apart implemetation and execution needs to be completed(10 minutes) or less. 3rd) the reaction will be explosive, not implosive.

    Another source of free energy similar to the never ending universe, would be combining audio physics with fractal physics. Moving up and down the frequency and fractal ranges.

  • Trond Andresen

    A feedback control question (I am a control engineer): You have two control inputs to the e-cat: hydrogen flow and heating. Heating obviously has inertia and cannot be used for fast control. But is control via the hydrogen flow also fairly sluggish? Could you have faster control of the reactor if you had a resrvoir of high-pressure hydrogen on the inflow side, using a fast valve to let it in, and have a near-vacuum tank on the outflow side, using a fast valve to let hydrogen escape into it? Would that give faster control? – Or is it such that H2 is “embedded” in the nickel so that control is intrinsically slow, i.e. one has to live with that?

  • Jason

    I assume these numbers 500C, 50Bars are for 2.5kW and 1MW units?
    What is the steam flow/duration, kg/hr, for 2.5kW and 1MW units?
    Have you generated electricity?

  • Good morning Mr Rossi,
    Basically a consumer now uses either electric power or natural gas for heating and warm water needs.
    The relevant heating units on average need replacing every 10 years or so.
    What do you think the lifetime of home e-cats will be?
    Surely like gas units, an e-cat will have to comply with safety regulations for home use.
    What is your time estimate for e-cats to be ready for home use?
    Thanks for your reply and best wishes for your “powerful” adventure
    Mario Ricci

  • Paul Esteban

    Dear Mr. Rossi, is it started the analisys of your e-cat by University of Bologna?
    See: http://www.socialnews.it/ARTICOLI2011/ARTICOLI201105/fusione.html

    Warm Regars,
    Paul Esteban

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