Abstract
Review of the periodic table and existing research on isotopes of the various elements of the periodic table is conducted and the attempt is made here to visualize the process of element formation.
The role of Neutron in element formation is investigated and found to be vital for existence of elements . In the new light, the new model of nucleus is proposed which explains the stability of the nuclei and reason for multiple stable isotopes of elements.
Review of the Periodic Table
The inspection of the periodic table of elements reveal an interesting fact that for all elements other than Hydrogen, for element to be stable, number of Neutrons are always greater or equal, to the number of Protons in the nucleus. The periodic table is analyzed with respect to the abundance in nature for the elements.
The fusion of Hydrogen to produce Helium can be envisioned as follows:
1H + 1H + 1H + 1H → 2H + 2N + 2e+ (1)
where 2e+ later annihilating to produce additional gamma radiation.
Since tremendous force is needed to keep four protons together during the formation of helium and emit 2 positrons, it is unlikely. The mass of neutron is more than the mass of proton and this fact alone negates the likeliness of the above scenario.
- Neutrons are the building blocks for elements in nature.
- In the elements , other than hydrogen, neutron and proton form a pair (np) and keeps distinct identity.
- Excess neutrons stay at the center of the nuclei but keeps their distinct identity.
- Abundance of isotope is close to 100% when excess neutrons are odd count.
- If the excess neutron count is even, the isotope is radio active.
- Majority elements have only one Isotope.
- Only Potassium has three isotopes, the one with 2 excess neutron is radio active with 0.001 relative abundance.
- Elements He, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S are close to one in abundance with no excess neutron and maximum three isotopes.
- Element Be has one excess neutron and one isotope, 100% abundance.
- All other higher elements require four or more excess neutrons for the element to be abundant in nature and has up to 10 stable isotopes.
- Element Ca is exception with 0 excess neutron and 97% abundance. However it is unstable with >E+21 a Half life.
The nature prefers, for more complex nucleus, more neutrons than protons and creates a delicate balance to form a stable nuclei.
This balance of forces is so critical that in case of element F (the stable isotope is with 9 proton and 10 neutrons) The isotope 18F with 9 Protons and 9 Neutrons, with in 20 minutes decays and forms 18O which is stable with 8 protons and 10 Neutrons and gives up a e+ positron to convert proton to neutron and e+ and e- reaction produces Gama radiation.
Equation 18F → 18O + e+
Thus the existence of Neutron is vital to the existence of the universe itself, because without neutron, elements may not have been possible and hence the intelligence as we know today.
Structure of Neutron
The fact that Gravitational binding forces (Fg) of masses in the nucleus needs to be more than the destructive electromagnetic forces (Fem) created by the electrically positive environment of the nucleus, (Fem < Fg) excess neutrons are required in the nuclei. However, even at the center of the nucleus neutrons keep their distinct identity, rather than lumping together to form one heavy neutron. Therefore, neutron can not be just a fuzzy mass but a well defined structure able to hold induced charges with precise demarcation of boundary with an insulating layer, more like a free standing capacitor. Which suggests that at least three particles with two sets of characteristics are required to create a neutron. For our model here, that has to be two particles capable of holding charges and one particle which provides insulation between these particles, similar to that of dielectric layer in the capacitor. Thus in this postulated model the neutron looks and behaves neutral for all practical purposes. However, within nuclei keeps separate and distinct identity and does not combine with other neutrons to form a one central heavy body.
The proposal here defers from the model independent analysis predicting the structure having negative charge on the surface, Positive charge in the next lower level and than neutral mass. My model suggests that neutron is a free standing charged capacitor. This helps in keeping the distance between excess neutron in the nuclei. Otherwise there is nothing stopping these neutrons from lumping together to form a mini neutron star with in the nuclei. This model of Neutron is justified from the known fact that Neutron is heavier than Proton.
For elements other than Hydrogen, the nuclei becomes a chaotic environment. For Example, in case of
4He, two protons require their space and wants to be separate from each other as far as possible, and two neutrons are caught between the two protons as shown in figure 1. From the reference frame of protons it is envisioned that Neutrons spin on its axis at very high rotational speed. One clockwise and other anticlockwise.
Model of nuclei
A new model of nuclei is proposed as shown in the figure 3. A spherical shell of excess neutrons with one neutron at the center of the shell surrounded by paired proton neutron (pn) shell.
For the stable nuclei system the electromagnetic forces needs to be balanced and gravitational forces maximized. From the example of 4He above, it is envisioned that elements are built, in this model, by Heavy Hydrogen nuclei (pn) as a building block and just enough excess neutrons to provide needed gravitational force for stability.
Energy levels (orbitals) in pn outer shell follows the similar shell structure of electrons, with K,L,M,N,O being primary shell and s, p, d, f, g sub shells with similar total charge particle capacity. However for excess neutron shell it differs, where a single neutron stays at the center of the nuclei when in excess. The energy level for that central neutron in this model is called “Foundation neutron” (Fn).
The Table 4 shows the placement of neutrons in each shell.
Nuclei Stability Analysis using above model
For Odd atomic number nuclei:
In the ‘p-n shell’ the outermost pair has no symmetry, however the excess neutron shell is symmetrical for all odd atomic number elements giving the stability and abundance. Referring to table 2 and table 4 , isotopes, with one excess neutron, has relative abundance in nature of 1 or close to 1, The excess neutron takes the place of Fn. The isotopes with 2 excess neutrons are all radio active which can be attributed to the asymmetry of neutron in unfilled K shell, which can hold up to 2 neutrons. When the K shell is completely filled as in the case of 41K, the nuclei is stable. Table 2 outlines isotopes and abundance for majority of elements, all follow the same principle and model fits perfectly with the exception of 14N with atomic number 7. Iodine has 21 excess neutrons, as we see in table 4, the outer most excess neutron shell is symmetrical, making it stable. All other elements follows.
For Even atomic number nuclei:
The stability is obtained from the pn shell. However, excess neutron shell becomes asymmetric and depending on which sub shell, there is a room for additional excess neutrons and hence exhibits many stable isotopes with relative abundance. Theoretical probability calculation may prove this fact.
Instability and radio activity in heavy elements:
The neutron proton (np) pair in nuclei has capability to grow indefinitely. However as the heavier elements are built the inner excess neutron shell is large enough to interact with lower np shells, thus giving instability to the nuclei. e.g. for 238U there are 148 total neutrons and 54 excess neutrons. A nuclei with 111 excess neutron will completely fill up the O shell. All elements after 209Bi are radio active, this shows that interaction of neutrons form excess neutron shell(inner shell) with pn shell is destructive when the N shell is half filled. Thus there is a upper limit to the size of the inner excess neutron shell and this may be the reason for non existence of super heavy stable elements in nature.
Conclusion
This proposed model of nuclei, explains the stability and relative abundance of the nuclei. The nuclei(except for H and He) in this model is a shell with in a shell, where an innermost shell structure is formed with excess neutrons with one Fundamental foundation neutron (Fn) and the rest arranged in shell structure. Protons, form pair with neutron and form shell enclosing this excess neutron shell as shown in figure 3. The stability of the nuclei is a direct result of symmetrical placement of neutrons in the outer most shell of excess neutron shell. The same shell is responsible for many stable isotopes in even atomic number nuclei. The additional isotopes are possible if the outer shell of excess neutron shell holds odd number of neutrons. The nature of neutron is postulated here, the proof of which depends on future experiments.
References
Numerous Scientists’ and scholars’ exhausting work in development of periodic table, investigation of Isotopes is utilized and due credits are given. The list is too large to print here, but due credits are mentally given to all scientists.
[…] finanziato, Iggy Dalrymple, un lettore del blog Journal of Nuclear Physics, pone infatti un’acuta osservazione a Rossi, invitandolo a vendere direttamente il suo E-cat alla cittadinanza e alle industrie, […]
[…] of Rossi’s Journal of Nuclear Physics readers, Iggy Dalrymple, proposed a different approach that Rossi might take. His idea was that instead of selling power producing products, that […]
Dear Iggy Dalrymple:
Our strategy is to sell the reactors, but your sggestion could become of actuality in future.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi,
Have you considered forming your own wholesale electric utility? You could sell electric power to cities, utility companies, and large industrial users. That way you could better protect your intellectual property. My small town (population 2,500) sells electricity to its citizens, but buys all its power from the grid.
As you know, there are many small remote villages that use diesel generated electricity produced with diesel oil barged in at great expense. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/AEO/RemotePower/RemotePower.html
Some small island states could use your service without any bureaucratic interference.
Sincerely,
Iggy Dalrymple
Dear Iggy Dalrymple:
Yes, of course.
You can contact them at:
ccassarino@lti-global.com
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi,
Do you still have a relationship with AmpEnergo?
Sincerely,
Iggy Dalrymple
Dear Mario:
If you put alone the E-Cat you need to connect it to a radiator through a circuit. This must be done by a professional installer, for safety reasons.
No, I do not think it will be possible to increase the COP.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
good morning Eng. Rossi
I’d like to build a standalone unit, (like a space heater) completly indipendent from the central unit.
What type of optional/accessories (radiator, pump, etc) do you suggest to buy together the E-Cat i already ordered? or may be you just considered a kit.
Do you plan to increase the COP in the near future?
Happy Feast of St. Joseph
Dear Eleonore Shroeder:
I pased your info to our IT Guy, to see if he can help you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Let me start by saying wonderful publish. Im not confident if it has been talked about, but when using Chrome I can in no way get the entire web site to load with out refreshing many times. Could just be my computer. Thanks.
Dear Iggy Dalrymple:
No, in this case a circulator must be applied ( 80 W power, about 100 $ price).
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Doctor Rossi,
You mentioned that the domestic E-Cat does not include a coolant pump. I plan to use an E-Cat to heat water for a 100 gallon water tank, located in the basement, to provide sanitary hot water to a 3,500 sq/ft house. Would simple convection flow to the elevated water tank be sufficient to properly cool the reactor or would a pump be required?
Sincerely,
Iggy Dalrymple
Excess of neutrons as Z increases means that elements are created via a Synergy of nuclear reactions. The concept of Synergy of nuclear reactions has been proposed by me in 1991, but the examinator of the French Acad of Sciences rejected it.
It also means that elements are still created on Earth ; the dogma of a constant chemical composition of Earth is wrong.
Reaction induced by cosmic rays
X(A,Z) + H —> X* —–> X(A+1,Z) etc
X(A+1,Z) has enough energy to repeat the process, ….
It is also the reason why Superheavy elements may be created in large amounts, in a chemistry Lab using uranium energy….
A basic experiment prouves it, the problem is that it also demonstrates that nuclear science has been wrong for hundred years.
[…] […]
Dear Stefania Conti,
All these links are totally unknown to us, as well as the many that are trying to sell E-Cats and collect money wirhoutt any license or authorization of us. I repeat to our Readers what i wrote in the warning of yesterday: do not make orders or pre-orders , let alone give money to any person without before asking us if that person is authorized.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi
Your public statement is very important!
browsing the web I found some links that I want to point to your attention:
http://www.coldfusioninvest.net/
http://www.ltcva.net/news/ampenergo-cold-fusion-invest-your-money-in-the-rossi-e-cat-reactor
http://www.fusioncatalyst.org/about/funding/
http://ecatmotor.com/e-cat/fundraising-plan-for-e-cat-motor
There are others and I will provide them to report to you.
The whole world follows you. You have given us a great dream. And people believe in you.
They are taking advantage of the dream that you have created.
I hope you can stop it immediately.
yes wE-Cat
Stefania Conti
ATTENTION, WARNING:
I HAVE BEEN INFORMED THAT THERE ARE MANY WEBSITES AND BLOGS WHO OFFER FOR SALE THE E-CATS AND ACCEPT PRE-ORDERS, ASKING ALSO FOR MONEY: PLEASE, YOU MUST KNOW THAT ALL THESE OFFERS ARE FAKE AND FRAUDOLENT. WE ONLY COLLECT PRE ORDERS FROM THE FOLLOWING SITES:
INFO@LEONARDOCORP1996.COM
http://WWW.ECAT.COM
ALSO FROM THIS BLOG THE PRE-ORDERS ARE TURNED TO LEONARDO CORP.
IF AND WHEN NEW SITES OF OUR LICENSEES WILL COLLECT PRE-ORDERS, WE WILL INFORM YOU, BUT WITHOUT OUR INFORMATION, DO NOT ACCEPT ANY KIND OF PROPOSAL FROM OTHER SOURCES.
WE ARE NOT ASKING MONEY ADVANCED, BECAUSE WE ARE NOT ABLE NOW TO MAKE PRECISE OFFERS: WE STILL ARE WAITING FOR THE REQUIREMENTS WHICH WILL BE MADE BY THE CERTIFICATORS, TO FIX A PRICE. IN OCTOBER WE WILL SEND THE OFFERS AND ONLY THEN ALL THE PERSONS WHO HAVE PRE-ORDERED AN E-CAT WILL BE ABLE TO CONFIRM OR CANCEL THE ORDER. UNTIL THEN WE DO NOT WANT MONEY. WHOMEVER ASKS MONEY TO ACCEPT ORDERS FOR THE E-CAT IS A CROOK !!! DON’T GIVE MONEY NOR FOR THE ECAT, NOR FOR INVESTMENTS, FUNDS OR WHATEVER: WHOMEVER ASKS YOU MONEY FOR ANY REASON ( BUY AN ECAT, BUY SHARES OF LEONARDO, BUY SECURITIES OF LEONARDO, BUY FUNDS OF LEONARDO) IS MAKING A CRIME, SO PLEASE SEND US HIS NAME AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH HE HAS ASKED YOU ANYTHING, WE WILL MAKE IMMEDIATELY A REPORT TO THE POLICE.
IF YOU ORDER OR PRE-ORDER FROM NOT AUTHORIZED PERSONS OR ENTITIES OUR E-CATS, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE THAT YOU WILL RECEIVE WHAT YOU BUY, BECAUSE WE WILL SUPPLY OUR E-CATS ONLY TO OUR DIRECT CUSTOMERS AND TO OUR LICENSEES: WE CANNOT SUPPLY E-CATS TO NOT AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTORS.
I USED ALL BLOCK LETTERS NOT FOR LACK OF RESPECT TOWARD OUR READERS, BUT BECAUSE IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY THAT EVERYBODY READS THIS MESSAGE.
ANOTHER WARNING: BEWARE TO BUY INVESTMENTS OR LICENSES FROM ANY COMPANY WHO SAYS THEY HAVE COPIED US: OUR ATTORNEYS ARE ALREADY WORKING ON THIS ISSUE FOR THE DEFENSE OF OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY.
DR. ANDREA ROSSI, PRESIDENT AND CEO OF LEONARDO CORPORATION
Dear Iggy Dalrymple:
Your pre-order extension is accepted. We take note of your interest for the heat-pump optional.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi,
I have previously ordered 1 E-Cat.
I wish to order 4 more E-Cats for a total of 5.
I am also interested in the heat-pump option.
Sincerely,
Iggy Dalrymple
Dear Dr Rossi,
Food for Thought.
Einstein Refrigerator. No moving parts. Powered by heat.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_refrigerator
Sincerely,
Iggy Dalrymple
Dear Iggy Dalrimple:
Very nice, but they lack a percussionist.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi,
Time to lighten up with:
“Clownery” – Mariinsky Clarinet Club
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0ifeROAdAw
Regards,
Iggy
Dear Iggy Dalrymple:
1- no comment
2- no comment
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi,
(1)Is one of your minority stockholders a well known corporation?
(2)Is one of your minority stockholders a well known venture capitalist?
Sincerely,
Iggy Dalrymple
Dear Dr Rossi,
Have any manufacturers expressed interest in building products tailored to
the E-Cat? For example, an air-conditioning unit custom built around an
E-Cat. A simpler product would be a water-heater with a built-in E-Cat.
Sincerely,
Iggy Dalrymple
Dear Iggy Dalrymple,
It will not be manufactured by us, so we are choosing the Supplier. The price is still not clear.
Warmest Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi,
What is your cost estimate for the heat pump option and will it be available initially?
Sincerely,
Iggy Dalrymple
Dear Icarus:
Yes, but the efficiency is low at the temperatures you cited.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Have you considered using an Organic Rankine Cycle to generate electricity for the low grade heat, as low as 70-80 deg. Celcius)?
http://www.stowa-selectedtechnologies.nl/Sheets/Sheets/Organic.rankine.cycle.for.electricity.generation.html
Essentially a working fluid iso-pentane boiling point 29 deg. C in a closed cycle. Binary geothermal power stations (small) use this and turnkey plants are available from a company in Israel. Not sure what size plant would make sense for your process though. (10 MW?)
Dear Ulrich F. Sackstedt:
I will delivery the theory behind the I.P. as soon as our patent will have been granted.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Giuseppe,
Sterling engine needs higher temperatures than we have now, to yield a good efficiency. It will be possible in future, though.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Preg.mo Ing. Rossi, e’ da circa un anno che la seguo con profondo interesse il suo blog, ho anche prenotato l’acquisto di un suo dispositivo, le chiedo se ha pensato ad affiancare al suo catalizzatore un motore Stirling con accoppiato un generatore elettrico?
Saluti
Hello Mr. Rossi,
as I found some articles on this Blog which seem to support a certain new model of nuclear chemics / ohysics I want to ask you which model you prefer or if there is general model been worked out currently. For to explain this new cold fusion to my average educated readers I have to offer a good understandable theory without any mathematical calculations.
I’d appreciate to get a clue from you.
Thanks Mr. Rossi, for that great opportunity!
Ulrich F. Sackstedt
Dear Sir,
Thank you for replying to my previous question. However, we aren’t talking about something trivial here like some new hardware/software gizmo that may infringe on somebody’s old business model of making piles of money (read RIAA/MPAA). We are talking about a totally new technology that will entirely wipe out vast fortunes held by many powerful entities. Totally change global-economics. Disrupt and change the political landscape in a global scale.
Aren’t you concerned, if by nothing else, that your life is in jeopardy?
Thanks again!
“Dear F.Guidi,
Yes. But we did not accept. Probably new series of attacks will arrive from the puppets, but are totally irrilevant in front of the industrialization of the E-Cats.”
DEAR BERNIE KOPPENHOFER:
I DO NOT UNDERSTAND ALL THIS FUSS AROUND THE UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA STUFF: WE, THE E-CAT PEOPLE, MAKE R&D WITH CONSULTANTS , SUPPLIERS, PARTNERS AND UNIVERSITIES WE CHOOSE TIME BY TIME FOR SPECIFIC TASKS AND THIS DOES NOT BELONG TO PUBLIC INFORMATION. WHAT COUNTS FOR THE PUBLIC IS THAT OUR PRODUCTS WORK PROPERLY. AS USUAL THE PUPPET SNAKES ARE MAKING MUCH ADO FOR NOTHING, WITH THE HELP OF SOME PRIMADONNA (OR WANNABE SO).
WARM REGARDS,
ANDREA ROSSI
Dear Ulrich Sackstedt:
You can use all the reports and materials you find on Google regarding the E-Cat and all the documents and comments published on the Journal Of Nuclear Physics.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi,
as I lost contact to you I’m very interested to continue it here.
I’m author in the field of new energy technologies and would appreciate very much if you gave me an authorized text or any source I may use word by word. If not, I could make a summary of text material if you would provide me with that.
Pictures would be welcome, too.
Much success with the practical steps into the market now. Congrates! Pons/Fleischmann did have a hard time either when they began what others didn’t want them to begin.
Kind regards,
Ulrich F. Sackstedt, author (Germany)
Mr. Rossi: As I understand the little tiff you are having with the University of Bologna, they will not do the research without revealing your intellectual property rights. Of course you you will not sign such a contract, and rightfully so. Does this sum up this little disagreement?
Dear F.Guidi,
Yes. But we did not accept. Probably new series of attacks will arrive from the puppets, but are totally irrilevant in front of the industrialization of the E-Cats.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Sir,
I have been following your efforts in the last year with great anticipation.
However, I’m concerned with its potential to disrupt the establishment and it’s wealth distribution.
Have you ever been approached by “certain global powers” requesting you to hold back on your planned time-line of goals?
Dear Dietmar:
I am sorry, but I do not know the work of Eng. Papp.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Rossi,
I do my best to tell all the world about your amazing work. Do you think, that Mr Papp also was an brilliant ingenieur,
have a nice day
Dietmar
Dear Saverio Costa:
Thank you, but all the 2012 will be crucial, we are making the industrialization to make the E-Cat cheap and universal, it will take more than February.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Good luck for the next months.
I think that February will be crucial for your e-cat, and for LENR in general.
Bye
Dear Roberto B.:
6.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
congratulations on your invention. E-Cat is going to become the real “giant leap for mankind”.
Just one short question about:
You told that e-cat will have a minimum COP of 6.
What is the medium COP you estimate in a typical usage ?
Best regards,
Roberto B.
Dear Jorge Jimenez:
I am at full disposal of Ansaldo Energia!
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Yugo:
“The Concert”.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi:
Since I have followed with great expectation the development of the evidence that you and your team have done to his invention, (ECAT). I wanted to expose that to be viable early acquisition of one or more Ecats, then we could cause the gradual recovery of the largest geothermal reservoir in Central America Costa Rica using his invention, since the time we have been losing steam levels due to overexploitation to which we had to bring our system, especially in dry periods, due to the high demand for electricity that our company during each summer.
Our interest is real and our company (ICE), as in the past handled large contracts with Ansaldo Energia, also could do something similar with the acquisition of several units Ecat.
I know you still working to refine its invention, but, I hope to be considered for our company, a pioneer in giving his invention and use cold fusion to create clean power, fraternal greetings!