Abstract
Review of the periodic table and existing research on isotopes of the various elements of the periodic table is conducted and the attempt is made here to visualize the process of element formation.
The role of Neutron in element formation is investigated and found to be vital for existence of elements . In the new light, the new model of nucleus is proposed which explains the stability of the nuclei and reason for multiple stable isotopes of elements.
Review of the Periodic Table
The inspection of the periodic table of elements reveal an interesting fact that for all elements other than Hydrogen, for element to be stable, number of Neutrons are always greater or equal, to the number of Protons in the nucleus. The periodic table is analyzed with respect to the abundance in nature for the elements.
The fusion of Hydrogen to produce Helium can be envisioned as follows:
1H + 1H + 1H + 1H → 2H + 2N + 2e+ (1)
where 2e+ later annihilating to produce additional gamma radiation.
Since tremendous force is needed to keep four protons together during the formation of helium and emit 2 positrons, it is unlikely. The mass of neutron is more than the mass of proton and this fact alone negates the likeliness of the above scenario.
- Neutrons are the building blocks for elements in nature.
- In the elements , other than hydrogen, neutron and proton form a pair (np) and keeps distinct identity.
- Excess neutrons stay at the center of the nuclei but keeps their distinct identity.
- Abundance of isotope is close to 100% when excess neutrons are odd count.
- If the excess neutron count is even, the isotope is radio active.
- Majority elements have only one Isotope.
- Only Potassium has three isotopes, the one with 2 excess neutron is radio active with 0.001 relative abundance.
- Elements He, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S are close to one in abundance with no excess neutron and maximum three isotopes.
- Element Be has one excess neutron and one isotope, 100% abundance.
- All other higher elements require four or more excess neutrons for the element to be abundant in nature and has up to 10 stable isotopes.
- Element Ca is exception with 0 excess neutron and 97% abundance. However it is unstable with >E+21 a Half life.
The nature prefers, for more complex nucleus, more neutrons than protons and creates a delicate balance to form a stable nuclei.
This balance of forces is so critical that in case of element F (the stable isotope is with 9 proton and 10 neutrons) The isotope 18F with 9 Protons and 9 Neutrons, with in 20 minutes decays and forms 18O which is stable with 8 protons and 10 Neutrons and gives up a e+ positron to convert proton to neutron and e+ and e- reaction produces Gama radiation.
Equation 18F → 18O + e+
Thus the existence of Neutron is vital to the existence of the universe itself, because without neutron, elements may not have been possible and hence the intelligence as we know today.
Structure of Neutron
The fact that Gravitational binding forces (Fg) of masses in the nucleus needs to be more than the destructive electromagnetic forces (Fem) created by the electrically positive environment of the nucleus, (Fem < Fg) excess neutrons are required in the nuclei. However, even at the center of the nucleus neutrons keep their distinct identity, rather than lumping together to form one heavy neutron. Therefore, neutron can not be just a fuzzy mass but a well defined structure able to hold induced charges with precise demarcation of boundary with an insulating layer, more like a free standing capacitor. Which suggests that at least three particles with two sets of characteristics are required to create a neutron. For our model here, that has to be two particles capable of holding charges and one particle which provides insulation between these particles, similar to that of dielectric layer in the capacitor. Thus in this postulated model the neutron looks and behaves neutral for all practical purposes. However, within nuclei keeps separate and distinct identity and does not combine with other neutrons to form a one central heavy body.
The proposal here defers from the model independent analysis predicting the structure having negative charge on the surface, Positive charge in the next lower level and than neutral mass. My model suggests that neutron is a free standing charged capacitor. This helps in keeping the distance between excess neutron in the nuclei. Otherwise there is nothing stopping these neutrons from lumping together to form a mini neutron star with in the nuclei. This model of Neutron is justified from the known fact that Neutron is heavier than Proton.
For elements other than Hydrogen, the nuclei becomes a chaotic environment. For Example, in case of
4He, two protons require their space and wants to be separate from each other as far as possible, and two neutrons are caught between the two protons as shown in figure 1. From the reference frame of protons it is envisioned that Neutrons spin on its axis at very high rotational speed. One clockwise and other anticlockwise.
Model of nuclei
A new model of nuclei is proposed as shown in the figure 3. A spherical shell of excess neutrons with one neutron at the center of the shell surrounded by paired proton neutron (pn) shell.
For the stable nuclei system the electromagnetic forces needs to be balanced and gravitational forces maximized. From the example of 4He above, it is envisioned that elements are built, in this model, by Heavy Hydrogen nuclei (pn) as a building block and just enough excess neutrons to provide needed gravitational force for stability.
Energy levels (orbitals) in pn outer shell follows the similar shell structure of electrons, with K,L,M,N,O being primary shell and s, p, d, f, g sub shells with similar total charge particle capacity. However for excess neutron shell it differs, where a single neutron stays at the center of the nuclei when in excess. The energy level for that central neutron in this model is called “Foundation neutron” (Fn).
The Table 4 shows the placement of neutrons in each shell.
Nuclei Stability Analysis using above model
For Odd atomic number nuclei:
In the ‘p-n shell’ the outermost pair has no symmetry, however the excess neutron shell is symmetrical for all odd atomic number elements giving the stability and abundance. Referring to table 2 and table 4 , isotopes, with one excess neutron, has relative abundance in nature of 1 or close to 1, The excess neutron takes the place of Fn. The isotopes with 2 excess neutrons are all radio active which can be attributed to the asymmetry of neutron in unfilled K shell, which can hold up to 2 neutrons. When the K shell is completely filled as in the case of 41K, the nuclei is stable. Table 2 outlines isotopes and abundance for majority of elements, all follow the same principle and model fits perfectly with the exception of 14N with atomic number 7. Iodine has 21 excess neutrons, as we see in table 4, the outer most excess neutron shell is symmetrical, making it stable. All other elements follows.
For Even atomic number nuclei:
The stability is obtained from the pn shell. However, excess neutron shell becomes asymmetric and depending on which sub shell, there is a room for additional excess neutrons and hence exhibits many stable isotopes with relative abundance. Theoretical probability calculation may prove this fact.
Instability and radio activity in heavy elements:
The neutron proton (np) pair in nuclei has capability to grow indefinitely. However as the heavier elements are built the inner excess neutron shell is large enough to interact with lower np shells, thus giving instability to the nuclei. e.g. for 238U there are 148 total neutrons and 54 excess neutrons. A nuclei with 111 excess neutron will completely fill up the O shell. All elements after 209Bi are radio active, this shows that interaction of neutrons form excess neutron shell(inner shell) with pn shell is destructive when the N shell is half filled. Thus there is a upper limit to the size of the inner excess neutron shell and this may be the reason for non existence of super heavy stable elements in nature.
Conclusion
This proposed model of nuclei, explains the stability and relative abundance of the nuclei. The nuclei(except for H and He) in this model is a shell with in a shell, where an innermost shell structure is formed with excess neutrons with one Fundamental foundation neutron (Fn) and the rest arranged in shell structure. Protons, form pair with neutron and form shell enclosing this excess neutron shell as shown in figure 3. The stability of the nuclei is a direct result of symmetrical placement of neutrons in the outer most shell of excess neutron shell. The same shell is responsible for many stable isotopes in even atomic number nuclei. The additional isotopes are possible if the outer shell of excess neutron shell holds odd number of neutrons. The nature of neutron is postulated here, the proof of which depends on future experiments.
References
Numerous Scientists’ and scholars’ exhausting work in development of periodic table, investigation of Isotopes is utilized and due credits are given. The list is too large to print here, but due credits are mentally given to all scientists.
Dear Andrea,
Merry Xmas to you and your family and best wishes for the holidays and the New Year to all the e-Cat followers. We are confident that 2012 will be an exceptional year that will positively change the world!
yes wE-Cat !
Stefania e Paolo
To all people interested in LENR and what it can do for our world:
I sent the following email to my Federal government Representatives please add or delete your own thoughts on the subject, but please write you Representatives.
“Subject: LENR
There is a preposterous situation occurring within our government that I hope your leadership can correct. Our Patent office refuses to grant patents for LENR reactors because it is their position LENR is impossible. LENR has been demonstrated in hundreds of experiments by many scientists around the world. In fact, Mr. Andrea Rossi has demonstrated his reactor many times and it has now been demonstrated the reaction can be reproduced from his patent application. This bureaucratic or purposeful obstruction is stalling a revolutionary energy source the world desperately needs. Your leadership is required now to remedy the above situation and to put LENR patents on a fast track. Thank you.”
Dear Dr. Andrea Rossi.
I am Luiz Carlos de Almeida. I talked with you a few months ago and you told me to return the contact now at the end of 2011. I wonder if the E.cat is already being marketed and if your company is interested in a representation in my country (Brazil).
Thank you and Merry Christmas.
Dear Cesarino Artioli:
I agree: “Mr Kilowatt was a really interesting broadcasting work and Melis a very serious professional.
Buon Natale a Lei!
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Alex,
As you know, we are working to achieve all this.
Same Wishes to you!
A.R.
Dear Alig 2004:
1- No
2- Difficult, also if I know that many competitors, like the clowns who are saying they have been able to copy my technology with a “ghost buster” , hope to buy a plant to actually copy it and fill up their empty boxes ( the moke ups they made to steal money from some uncautious investor). Is difficult, very difficult.
3- As I said, I am not going to give information about the work, present or future, of our consultants.
4- Your pre-order has been accepted
My Best Wishes to You!
A.R.
Dear Ing. Rossi,
I’m a fan of yours and I hope with all my heart that all the snakes will eat their hat soonest, just like Rockerduck in Mickey Mouse comics. I can’t wait this to happen, first for the benefit of all mankind, second for all the naysayers that I can’t stand.
I wanted to ask you some questions:
1.any forecast on when you will be able to get the international patent for e-cat?
2.You said that anybody can buy a 1Mw plant. Are you not afraid that one of the customers will steal the secret after the installation and use it before you are able to get the patent?
3.Maybe I missed some informations, but I have not read anymore info on the agreement with University of Bologna, I knew that you have to pay the first installment to start their tests, I read something about an ultimatum and then nothing. What is the situation now with this issue?
Please accept, by the way, my pre-order for a home e-cat.
My Best Wishes for a Merry Christmas and a 2012 that will give you the recognition you deverve.
Best regards
Francesco Bonomi
Dear Ing. Rossi, I, among many other thousands, (millions?) around the world, have been following you since january of this year. Since that time you have given us much hope based on demonstrations of excess heat of at least COP=6 and also on self-sustaining mode. This hope is not only based on your demos and words but also on independent scientists’ comments ( not the snake ones but the honestly skeptical ones; as we know, science is based on skepticism and not on snake poison).
I am looking forward, even egoistically I have to admit, to a successful launch of the 10KW heater. We need it very quickly. Winters are getting colder as we have been noticing these last years while our governments and their cronies oil merchants, who have also hijacked wind and solar power, are increasing the prices of energy, electricity, fuels, and our heating bills have become unsustainable. I cannot imagine how a poor family can survive in a cold winter with the price of LPG and electricity being what they are and which are expected to become even more expensive.
Hence, egoistically but also pragmatically I say that it is very important that we see the 10kW heater on the market. But not only that. Governmnets are subsidizing heavily the solar and wind energy installations which give us (a little) energy ONLY when it is windy or sunny. Likewise I expect, and it is very logical, that once your technology gets recognised, our governments commence subsiding your heaters and stop subsidising the ones that do not give us what we want.
May I take this opportunity to wish you:
A happy Christmas enjoyed with your family.
Health to you and your family and all your e-cat technological colleagues for the new year.
Wealth
Success in all your ventures
and a snake free new year
Buongiorno Ing. Rossi
Sentiti Auguri di Buon Natale a lei, alla sua famiglia, ai suoi collaboratori, e a chi la segue anche solo come spettatore tramite questo Blog .
Spero che il 2012 sia l’anno della consacrazione della sua invenzione e che finalmente le concedano il Brevetto internazionale così che possa svelare a tutti la sua teoria.
Unica considerazione negativa per il prossimo 2012 è la chiusura di una trasmissione come “Mr Kilowatt” che nella professionalità di Maurizio Melis non ha mai mancato di dare voce alla sua avventura scientifico/imprenditoriale, e non per nulla, ha dedicato le ultime puntate alle LENR e all’ E-CAT ( http://www.radio24.ilsole24ore.com/player/player.php?filename=111221-mrkilowatt.mp3 ).
Ancora Buon Natale
Artioli Cesarino
Dear Greg Leonard:
Yes, the 2012 will be as hard as the 2011, and we all will see the 1 MW plants in operation. Meanwhile, we will set up the technology to make also electric power, while we will approach the target to make the household applications. This is the strategy for the 2012.
Warm Regards and Merry Xmas and 2012 to you!
A.R.
Dear AR,
Your results in 2011 have been remarkable – a consequence of your hard work over several years.
You have given the world the hope of cheap energy, for which it will be eternally grateful.
I hope your inspiration and perspiration continues in 2012, and we can see significant development and wide-spread deployment of your Ecat
Meanwhile we wish you a very Happy Christmas, and hope you can enjoy some time with your family and friends.
Thank you,
GregL
Dear L:
1- I cannot give information regarding these particulars
2- I think in 2011 we achieved very much. I hope 2012 will give His part.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Bill Conley:
You are right. We are manufacturing E-Cats not destined to a secreted market, do not worry.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Sterling Allan:
The work of Celani (congratulations) shows that in my patent application I gave enough information to allow to an expert to reproduce the effect.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Here’s the latest recap
E-Cat Weekly — December 22, 2011 – The past week saw around 30 unique stories posted about Andrea Rossi’s E-Cat, including from at least 2 mainstream sources. The main highlights include talk about crowd funding of a 1 MW purchase; and reports of the Coherence 2011 conference in Rome where Francesco Celani reported achieving overunity with Ni-H fusion. (PESN ; December 22, 2011)
Mr. Rossi,
I want to believe in your product very much. And you have said all along “let the market be the judge” (which I agree with to a large degree). I also defend your right to keep trade secrets and benefit financially from your invention. The trouble is, that as long as the market consists of only anonymous (e.g. secret) clients, it is very hard to know what the verdict of the market is with regard to the e-cat. Evidently you will not sell to those who want to openly test the e-cat and publish results for all and have cancelled your agreement to have the two universities test and do R&D work on them. Unless you have a lot of money and meet your client criteria, there is just not much left for us “believers” to grasp on to. Can you give us some hope?
BC
Ing. Rossi
Two questions
1) Are you 100% positive that Copper is produced and not Helium? Both are transmutations I’m just trying to understand because in your patent you mention that Copper is interchangable with Nickel.
2) Will you have a present for your followers on Xmas. Maybe some good news?
🙂
Thanks
Luke
Dear Gary:
Accepted,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Robert K:
I am Italian citizen resident in the USA.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi,
I am courious to know if you are just Italian or also US Citizen.
Thanks
Please place my household on the pre-order list for the one of the USA versions of the domestic E-Cat.
Regards,
Gary
Dear John L. Miller- George:
Your pre-order has been accepted.
The more pre-orders we get, the lower price we will able to offer.
Merry Xmas to you all,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Hans-Joachim Mueller:
We are very interested to find a Partner in Germany.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi,
marry Christmas for you and your coworker and large success in the work in 2012.
One question: Is there any interest and support for the E-Cat in Germany? I think, because of the change in the energy policy there is a urgent need for new solutions.
Hans-Joachim Müller
Please place my household on the pre order list for the one of the USA versions of the domestic ECat.
I have a bunch of neighbors and friends in the USA. Do you wish more on the USA list or do you already have 10,000 on the USA list?
I believe that a full 10k on the USA list would be a great Xmas/New Year gift to America.
JLMGeo
Dear Italo R.:
I already gave detailed description of our dedication to the cause of cancer healthcare for children. That will be out lead. We have said. We will do.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Gentile Ing. Rossi, in questo periodo natalizio nelle nostre tv ci sono molti spot pubblicitari di organizzazioni ONLUS che chiedono aiuto per popolazioni bisognose del terzo mondo. In particolare uno di questi messaggi chedeva aiuto per bambini africani che impiegano buona parte della loro vita solo per trasportare acqua dai pozzi ai loro villaggi.
Tutto ciò provocando, tra l’altro, anche l’impossibilità di andare a scuola.
Mi è venuto in mente tutto quello che l’E-Cat potrebbe fare per popolazioni così bisognose, ad iniziare dalla possibilità di potabilizzare l’acqua in modo economico.
Sappiamo che i suoi impianti sono ancora in fase di sviluppo (anche se rapido), e probabilmente non ancora pronti in questo momento per tale impiego.
Sarebbe una bellissima cosa se lei, appena sarà possibile, potesse donare uno dei suoi impianti ad una di quelle popolazioni. Mi rendo conto che ciò porterebbe anche svariati problemi, ad esempio alcuni: chi gestisce tali impianti? Sicurezza? Furto della tecnologia?
Penso comunque che una volta risolti questi problemi anche in quei luoghi desolati potrà arrivare la civiltà dell’E-Cat.
Cordiali saluti,
Italo R.
Dear Arnaud, I know you were not trying to discredit the e-cat because you did not write the article but the article is intended to ‘sow seeds of doubt’ with allegations of fraud because they know Andrea is unable to provide critical information. The percentages of copper are unimportant as to whether it works or not (from an outsiders perspective). Your question is perfectly valid and I, like you, would like more information with regards what’s in the reactor. I am going to supply more information with regards the mechanics of kinetic/latent energy and explain why I refer to cubic dimensions of energy and chain systems and my reasons for saying what I say. As I have stated previously, I understand the mechanics aspect more than the chemical. Merry Christmas to you too. Regards Eric Ashworth.
Dear Bernie Koppenhofer:
Of course you are perfectly right,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Marco:
As you know, I cannot disclose the operation of the reactor.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
For those who are asking why the copper isotope percentages in the used powder is the the same as the natural copper, I try to give a simple explanation: since the Cu63 derives from Ni62 and Cu65 derives from Ni64 and since Rossi claimed that he enrich the Ni powder with these isotopes, by regulating the percentages of them in the fresh powder (also by assuming cross derivations, with some exeriments one can arrive to the right starting isotope concentrations), one can regulate the percentages of the copper isotopes in the used powder. I suspect that Rossi did that to avoid giving away confidential informations.
Probably you can’t confirm, but i will try anyway… I am right?
Andre Rossi: Those who say “before put in the market te E-Cats we have to know exactly how they work” for a very strange coincidence are competitors…or, better, wannabe competitors.” Ha ha ha, you are right! The same goes for those who say “There is no reason Rossi should not reveal his secrets about his e-cat, he is protected by his patent applications”. Good luck. Mr. Rossi, you are proceeding like a logical, intelligent entrepreneur, until you have solid patent protection, stay the course. Your only protection now is to stay out front of your competitors and from what I am reading you are doing a great job of that. Keep building and improving your e-cats.
Dear Giovanni Valli:
Thank you and Merry Christmas to you,
Andrea Rossi
Dear Ing. Rossi,
I’m following your works with great interest, from long time.
I hope in a better and cleanest future for the mankind, also my gas water heater is not working properly and it consumes, so i would like to preorder one of 10 kw Ecat for my home.
Many thanks and Merry Christmas,
Giovanni Valli
Dear Readers:
Now that questions on ‘Excess Neutron Shell Model of Nuclei” has dwindled to a stop, Let me give some interesting clues in the support of my model.
I have analyzed isotopes of several elements and I am making 11 of those available on http://www.rudramweb.com/documents/ .
The plot of Excess Neutron (N-p) Vs Half Life in Log base 10 is provided for each element.
The interesting facts to note are following:
1) Isotope of Element with six or more deficit neutrons ( -ve sign) prefers to eject the proton out right in the decay.
2) The isotopes of elements left of the stable isotope in the plot all decay with positron emission, thus proton is converted in to a light neutron, p – +s ( courtesy WG)
3) The isotopes of element right of the stable isotope all emit electron and convert to proton N – s
4) If the isotope is near the stable isotope with in one excess or deficient of one, will decay with Electron capture (EC) and convert to regular neutron P+s , The decayed daughter element is a stable one.
You mar read my paper again and make your own conclusions. The existing research has ample support for my model.
P.S. Dear Andrea Rossi, the supporting material will be on the web site I mentioned, it will be nice if you could make it a part of the downloadable paper.
Now the idea is out there
Thanking You.
Bhagirath Joshi
Dear Enrico Billi:
Anyway, I want again to confirm that we have understood perfectly the teory . Useless to add: all the guys who say “before put in the market te E-Cats we have to know exactly how they work” for a very strange coincidence are competitors…or, better, wannabe competitors. I am thinking to a recently fationed T-shirt…
Warm Regards
(lavolale, lavolale!)
A.R.
Usually a lot of people ask informations about the interior of the E-Cat because they want to know “exactly” how it works. For people think scientific research already explained almost everything i advice read this news, “the Mistery of Car Battery Current”:
http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-12-mystery-car-battery-current.html
From 1859 we have been using lead dioxide cathode in our batteries,
but only in 2011 they discovered exactly how the lead dioxied, an
insulator, when the oxigen leave the lattice become conductive.
Best Regards,
Enrico Billi
Dear Soohong Noh:
Your pre-order has been accepted,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Eric,
By my intervention here below, I didn’t want to discredit the eCat at all. I would love to see it working with my own eyes.
I’m just wandering if copper produced by eCat has roughly the same isotopic proportion of the natural copper found on earth.
Merry Christmas,
Arnaud
Dear Ing. Rossi;
Greatly interested in your world saving works. I would like to preorder one 10-kw Ecat.
Many thanks in advance,
Soohong
Dear Arnaud, Thanks for the information regards the web site (Dec 16th info.) With regards the information that copper occurs naturally in a 70 – 30 split Cu63 to Cu65 I do not think I have read this percentage split with regards information of the e-cat, I may be wrong, but even if it does this does not prove that the e-cat is a fake. I think after reading that article that some people are grasping at straws. We have to remember physics is not a ‘cut and dried’ subject. I think its a ‘learning curve of life’ and therefore we should remain open to all possibilities. Regards Eric Ashworth.
David Lang wrote in December 19th, 2011 at 12:17 PM
“The Oct 28 test of the 1MW plant was both impressive and disappointing for those watching and I imagine to you as well. About 1/2 the energy was achieved that was expected.”
David,
the test was not disapointing, because:
The 1MW was the energy expected for the module working with electric input.
The about 1/2 energy achieved occurred with the module working in self-sustained mode.
“Genius = one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” – Thomas Edison
Dear David Lang:
1- still good
2- 1 MWh/h
3- much better
Merry Christmas to you!
A.R.
Dear Luca Cicchiello,
Your pre-order has been accepted,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Bernie Koppenhofer,
What you reported doesn’t affect al all my work.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Mr. Rossi: It has been reported that LENR Research has been Shut Down at the US Navy’s SPAWAR Program. Do you think this is a negative for the future of LENR?
Dear Andrea,
Please consider my 10kw ecat pre-order.
Thanks
Luca
I know you are a busy man so I will keep my questions brief and to the point.
The Oct 28 test of the 1MW plant was both impressive and disappointing for those watching and I imagine to you as well. About 1/2 the energy was achieved that was expected.
My question is, if you were to do a similar test today, with the advancements you have made since the test working with your customer, What do you think the results would be in…..
1. the stability of the startup of the reaction.
2. the amount of energy produced.
3. the performance of the components (leaky seals, etc)
I wish you great success and a Merry Christmas. I am sure the new year will bring exciting times for you as you advance LENR. I admire your tenacity against those that are trying to suppress you and am praying for you daily.
Dear Bill Nichols:
1- The Customer has put a secrecy bind upon all the work made with us
2- No
3- No
Nevertheless, we are learning very much.
Warm Regards,
A.R.