Relation between short-range forces and the concept of neutrality

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by
Jacques Chauveheid
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Introduction:
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A. Preliminary remarks
If quantum mechanics can provide quantitative expressions of forces in conformity  with the work of Erhenfest and the principle of correspondence, recognized quantitative expressions for nuclear and weak forces do not currently exist. In addition, the four basic forces do not depend on temperature, since measured in vacuum between particles.
In one of his books, Abraham Pais recalled a comment by Rutherford during the 1914-1919 period: “the Coulomb forces dominate if v (speed of alpha particles) is sufficiently small”, evidencing by these words the velocity-dependence of the strong-nuclear force. However, since Rutherford did not apparently refer to temperature, optimal conditions for nuclear fusion do not necessarily arise in disordered configurations characterized by extremely high temperatures, such as those encountered in stars like the sun. Even compared with galaxy formation, hot fusion in many stars seems the slowest and most inefficient physical phenomenon in the universe, because the sun’s ten billion year lifetime has an order of magnitude similar to the age of the universe, this circumstance having been highly beneficial for the life on earth.
Although not based on equations, Rutherford’s conclusion constitutes the essence of the “cold” approach to nuclear fusion and reactions starting from moderate energy levels, instead of extreme temperatures hardly controlling with precision the physical parameters ruling nuclear phenomena. In this view, a better theoretical understanding of these parameters will help nuclear technologies.
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B. Theoretical antecedents
Eddington mentioned the concept of asymmetric affine connection in 1921 and pointed out applications in microphysics, but he did not pursue this idea [5]. In 1922, Elie Cartan introduced geometric torsion, as the antisymmetric part of an asymmetric affine connection. In May 1929, Cartan wrote a letter to Einstein in which he recommended the use of the differential formalism he developed, but Einstein did not follow Cartan’s advice.
Between 1944 and 1950, J. Mariani published four papers dealing with astrophysical magnetism and introduced an “ansatz” structurally similar to that used in the present theory. The German word “ansatz”, used by Ernst Schmutzer (correspondence), refers to a supposed relationship between fields of distinct origin, for example geometric contrasting with physical. Einstein also used an ansatz when he identified gravitation with the 4-space metric, but he did not put it in the form of an equation, presumably because being trivial.
The organization of the paper is the following: Section II details the Lagrangian formulation and the calculus of variations. Section III is about field equations and quantitative expressions of forces. Section IV introduces the short-range force between charged particles, first referred to as strong-nuclear between nucleons. Section V is on Yukawa and complexity. Section VI details the short-range forces in both systems electron-proton and electron-neutron, evidencing a weak nuclear mechanism in LENR technologies.

When not stated otherwise, mathematical conventions are those of reference.
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716 comments to Relation between short-range forces and the concept of neutrality

  • Andrea Rossi

    Giovanni Guerrini:
    I am totally contrary to public funding of LENR. It is a high risk field, that must be funded by enterpreneurs, not by taxpayers. Taxpayers must not be exposed to industrial risks.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • silvio caggia

    Dear Andrea Rossi,
    about clowneries: Best way to hide a needle is to put a lot of straw around it. 🙂
    About Ikegami-Petterson system and Brian Ahern System: do you think they use different technologies from your e-cat but share the same phisical effect or we are admiring an incredible series of new phisical discoveries?

  • Joseph Fine

    Andrea Rossi,

    The following links descibe the “MiniSpec” – a recently developed compact Gamma Ray Spectrometer. MiniSpec connects wirelessly to a Smartphone and displays radiation intensity and Gamma Spectra. It was developed by Prof. Abi Farsoni of Oregon State University. This device can be used for environmental safety/security. Also, to make you aware that Gamma Spectrometers have been getting smaller and smaller.

    MiniSpec (Gamma Spectrometer)

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmirNBEoGYU

    http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2014/jul/sophisticated-radiation-detector-designed-broad-public-use

    High Energy Regards,

    Joseph Fine

  • Wladimir Guglinski

    eernie1 wrote in July 12th, 2014 at 11:32 AM

    1) ————————————-
    Dear Wlad,
    I am looking forward to the publication of your latest ansazt concerning the interaction of energy-matter.

    REPLY:
    Dear eernie1, the latest comment of mine concerning the interaction matter-energy is the item 11 of my paper AETHER STRUCTURE FOR UNIFICATION BETWEEN GRAVITY AND ELECTROMAGNETISM, submitted for publication two months ago to JoNP.
    I hope the paper will be published in Nov-2014

    2) ————————————
    I assume you are attempting to also explain the involvement of gravitational effects in your dissertation.

    REPLY:
    Yes

    3)—————————————-
    Do you present a different argument for the presence of only an attractive gravitational effect?

    REPLY:
    The paper proposes how strings formed by fluxes of gravitons, electricitons, and magnetons, are criated within the structures of the electron and proton, responsible for their electro-magnetic-gravitaty field

    4)——————————————–
    Also what have you decided for the speed of the effect? Is it instantaneous or does it propagate at the speed of light as determined by a Chinese experimenter who measured the speed by using tidal effects caused by the moons mass?

    REPLY:
    The speed of light

    regards
    wlad

  • Giovanni Guerrini

    And I refer not only to the man of the street:
    http://iononfaccioniente.wordpress.com/2014/03/21/ancora-uninterrogazione-parlamentare-sulla-fusione-fredda/

    I think this is another “Rossi’s effect” !

    Regards G G

  • Andrea Rossi

    Frank Acland:
    I did not say “I made a strong investment in time, money and manpower trying to replicate all LENR processes of the competitors”: I wrote “WE ( etc)”. We have set up a team of specialists for this purpose, to learn exactly what our competition does. I am not involved in this work, because, as you correctly say, I have other priorities, but I Always read the results to keep me informed and updated.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Frank Acland

    Dear Andrea,

    You have mentioned that you have made a strong investment in time, money and manpower in trying to replicate all LENR processes you can learn about from others through their available patent applications.

    Can you explain why this is such a priority for you when you have a huge job ahead of you in developing your own products?

    Many thanks,

    Frank Acland

  • Giovanni Guerrini

    Dear Dott Rossi,
    if I should be in your clothes I’d not be worried,because in the market there is the true.
    When you give an E-CAT to a scientist,he wants know how it works,when you give it to an industrialist he wants to see a good performance that gives him a lot of money.
    So he is very happy and this is the greatest evidence that the E-CAT works well.
    I think this is a synthesis,because the E-CAT could “save the world” exploiting a human “fault”,but this is a personal thinking.

    Mark,
    for “a lot of people” I was talking about the “man of the street”, the people who ,3-4 years ago,did’n know anything about lenr or “cold fusion”,now I have noticed that a lot of them say “oh,now there is the cold fusion!”.They are the same persons who said to me “cold fusion? Ah,it doesn’t work..”
    This could be a cultural effect of another “Rossi’s effect”.
    It seems that they have lost their memory,and I enjoy myself saying “oh,is it true?!”.
    Everyone enjoy himself as he can. eh eh.

    Regards G G

  • Andrea Rossi

    Todd Burkett:
    We have made substantial investments to replicate ALL the experiments reported in patents and publications. I repeat : ALL. I am sure that, at least in some cases, we know those Technologies better than the inventors themselves. We are taking LENR of our potential competitors very seriously and I confrm what I answered to Giovanni Guerrini today.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Koen Vandewalle :
    Le Concert: the director of the orchestra of the Bolscioi has been reduced to a janitor for crimes he did not commit……… What a wonderful movie, probably the best I ever have seen in my life.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Hank Mills:
    The Ikegami- Peterson theory is worth to be studied.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Hank Mills

    Dear Andrea,

    If you not only tested patented concepts but also know how, does that mean Ikegami’s proposal for a “lithium permeated grain metal” system – using not only nickel but also lithium and magnesium – may have validity or may work? The paper which details the concept can be found here.

    http://www.roxit.ax/CN.pdf

    The above paper also explains a theory of how transmutations of nickel into copper may not be the primary energy source. It actually goes into a lot of detail in what reactions may be taking place. I’m very curious to know if you consider the paper and proposal clownery, or something potentially real and worthy of being studied.

  • Koen Vandewalle

    Andrea,
    Why would anyone in his right mind try to compete with you ?
    It is extremely pointless. A waste of time and effort.

    If your tech were open-sourced, then there would be some contest.
    If the music is the same, the dancers can compete.

    I’ve been watching “Le Concert”.
    I still wonder what role would suit me.
    Do you know what role suits you ?

    Kind Regards,
    Koen

  • Mark

    @GG
    “People”? There are people still literally believe that the earth is only 6000 year-old. Depending on who you are talking to I suppose. “A lot”??? Where???. Other horses could be Mitsubishi heavy industries……end of the day from the consumers perspective, the more genuine competitors to the field the better.

  • Todd Burkett

    Hello Andrea
    Did your replication efforts include Blacklight powers suncell tech?
    As Dr.Mills hydrino is not a LENR, but a possible competing energy source?

  • Andrea Rossi

    Giovanni Guerrini:
    I agree with you, but I am very worried of the wannabe competitors that now are presenting clowneries, like did Defkalion: they are very dangerous, because their failures will spray dirt on our work, as well as defkalion did: our enemies are eager to find another defkocones to say that all LENR world is a clownerie. Therefore I want to say sound and clear: we have replicated all the existing patents and know hows regarding the LENR existing in the world and no one of them has manifested a real heat excess with the following exceptions: Ikegami-Petterson system and Brian Ahern System. These are the only two systems that actually gave us evidence of a heat excess. All the other systems that we have reproduced ( and we have reproduced, with huge investments, all of the systems that have been proposed in all the world in the last 20 years, with particular attention on the experiments made in the last 4 years, that have been analyzed with extreme endeavour) have not given any heat excess evidence. One of them had put in the market a “kit” that has turned out to be a joke. I have to say this to make well clear that any future failure coming from all the burlesque reactors persented recently have nothing to do with our work and has not any right to cite our work as a reference without our explicit permission.
    I hope this has been understood sound and clear, because I have been strongly disturbed form all the insults I had to sustain after the clownerie of the def… has been put in evidence, even if I had said from the beginning that def… was a clownerie. Much before Others have put it in evidence.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • eernie1

    Dear Wlad,
    I am looking forward to the publication of your latest ansazt concerning the interaction of energy-matter. I assume you are attempting to also explain the involvement of gravitational effects in your dissertation. Do you present a different argument for the presence of only an attractive gravitational effect? Also what have you decided for the speed of the effect? Is it instantaneous or does it propagate at the speed of light as determined by a Chinese experimenter who measured the speed by using tidal effects caused by the moons mass?

  • Giovanni Guerrini

    …three years ago a lot of people said that this technology did not exist…now there are a lot of horses and people that say ” I said that lenr works !”.
    I enjoy myself very much ! eh eh .

    Regards G G

  • Andrea Rossi

    Mark:
    We are working under a tremendous pressure, but we are working well. Other horses? That’s what competition is!
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Mark

    LATA
    It is all about “could be positive or negative” at this stage and I generously give 3 figures. If Andrea is all out on “positive” I will gladly add a few more zeros on.
    There are other horses in the market and Andrea , you don’t want to be too late!

  • Andrea Rossi

    Lata:
    He,he,he…
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Wladimir Guglinski:
    We received it, thank you. The paper has been already sent to the peer reviewer.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Wladimir Guglinski

    Andrea Rossi wrote in July 11th, 2014 at 5:12 PM

    Wladimir Guglinski:
    Please just submit the appendix as an appendix to your paper. We cannot publish twice the same paper.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.
    ———————————————–

    OK,
    the appendix was sent to JoNP, having the following item :

    11. The different mechanisms for energy-matter interaction

    regards
    wlad

  • Lata

    Andrea,

    Someone suggested that the first 1MW plant has a serial number of 001. Should you not reserve at least twelve digits for the serial number, like 000 000 000 001. If everyone in the world had an e-cat, nine digits won’t be enough. Long time ago, Bill Gates allegedly said, “who needs more than 640K of memory?”! You don’t want to make that kind of mistake.

    Regards and Good Luck,
    Lata

  • Andrea Rossi

    Wladimir Guglinski:
    Please just submit the appendix as an appendix to your paper. We cannot publish twice the same paper.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Wladimir Guglinski

    Andrea Rossi wrote in July 10th, 2014 at 7:04 AM

    Wladimir Guglinski:
    But if you have urgency, you can send your appendix first as a link in a comment to this blog – you can do this also right now, and it will be immediately published- and at the same time send it to the JoNP as you usually do, where it will be reviewed first, published eventually.

    COMMENT
    Dear Andrea
    there is no urgency, I only wished to know if there is no problem to incorporate a new item, and submit it again.

    I will send the paper again (with the new item incorporated to it) to the JoNP.

    regards
    wlad

  • Andrea Rossi

    Orsobubu:
    Perfect: any number can be negative or positive, whatever the figure.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • orsobubu

    >Our Team is making a masterpiece. But I must add that…(Orsobubu, please complete this phrase)

    Our Team is making a masterpiece. But I must add that energy production systems are in permanent revolution. Also I must add that we don’t know if the masterpiece could possibly work or there is a chance that it does not work at all

  • Andrea Rossi

    Wladimir Guglinski:
    Welcome back!
    We have a long list of articles under peer review, and your appendix has to be reviewed anyway, I cannot tell you how much time it takes, I am not your reviewer. But if you have urgency, you can send your appendix first as a link in a comment to this blog – you can do this also right now, and it will be immediately published- and at the same time send it to the JoNP as you usually do, where it will be reviewed first, published eventually.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Wladimir Guglinski

    Dear Andrea

    I had a new insight on how works the mechanism of interaction matter-energy, and I would like to incorporate it to my paper AETHER STRUCTURE FOR UNIFICATION BETWEEN GRAVITY AND ELECTROMAGNETISM, submitted to the Journal of Nuclear Physics 2 months ago.

    As the time of the peer review process is about 6 months, I would like to know if I can write a new additional item in the paper, and submit it again to the JoNP.

    regards
    wlad

  • Andrea Rossi

    Mark:
    I agree. Whatever the results.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Mark

    Hi Andrea
    A piece of great technological history, whoever has got the first unit serial number 001.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Frank Acland:
    This is the 1 MW that will be produced in series.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Frank Acland

    Dear Andrea,

    Is this masterpiece so good that you will duplicate it many times — or is this a custom project?

    Many thanks,

    Frank Acland

  • Andrea Rossi

    Frank Acland:
    Our Team is making a masterpiece. But I must add that…(Orsobubu, please complete this phrase)
    Warm regards
    A.R.

  • Frank Acland

    Dear Andrea,

    How is work on the 1MW plant progressing?

    Best wishes,

    Frank Acland

  • Andrea Rossi

    Thomas Florek:
    Thank you and good luck for your work.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Here is a movie-trailer for the upcoming feature-length film called “Andrea Rossi: Revolution”

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHJ6julvoMg

  • Andrea Rossi

    Eernie1:
    Thanks to you!
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • eernie1

    Dear Andrea,
    Since the publication of the TPR seems a relatively long time away I would like to continue this line of thought to perhaps fill the time with some interesting discussion.
    OF course I am speaking of electron capture by nuclei of heavier elements. The proton capture of electrons to produce neutrons however is an ongoing discussion among various groups(Mills et al) which want to explain LENR with this reaction. Other groups(Italian priest et al)claim to have produced neutrons in this manner and have proposed a few sources for the missing 780kev of mass. From heavy electrons to vacuum space energy to acceleration effects, the theories continue.
    I think I have previously stated that attempting to explain the LENR effect by fusing H or D is the hard way to proceed. It is much easier and takes much less energy to manipulate electrons, especially when aided by the large coulomb forces within the nucleus of heavy atoms. When the electron fields are inside the nucleus all sorts of reactions can be proposed especially with the interaction of the weak forces. They can cause Beta emission, neutrino emission and even ejection of electrons from the atom along with a variety of energetic photons. All these have been reported in published reports by various highly regarded scientific authors.
    What ever the case, I look forward with great interest the publication of your theory.
    Thank you for all the enjoyable discussions you have provided me and continued good luck on your development efforts.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Andrew:
    In the first part of your comment you answered to the second part. Besides, the peer review of a scientific publication takes minimum 3 months maximum one year.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrew

    Dear Andrea Rossi,
    What you keep saying about the schedule of the pubblication is completely understandable, and there is no doubt that (considering previous events) several months of keen review of data, it’s the only way to proceed.
    Having that said, there is one thing I do not understand.
    You have to agree with me that the magnitude of the ‘Rossi effect’ that you claim It s not that hard to test. I mean they have to test a cop a lot grater than 1. Grater enough to be economically competitive to other forms of energy. If indeed it could take several months to public a report, I am absolutely sure that it would not take more than a week to a serious expert professor to state wheather the apparatus meets your claims .
    This means that at this point they know without any reasonable doubt if the Cat works or not.
    And that leads to the conclusion that there is no reason for them to not share (at least with you) their results.
    What do you think?

  • Andrea Rossi

    Giuliano Bettini:
    Only a guess. Not days, anyway, nor weeks. Several months, is my guess.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Giuliano Bettini

    Dear Andrea,
    some days ago (July 1st, 2014) you wrote “It is true that now and again I make a phone call to the Professors to ask about the scheduling of the publication.”
    Me too. hehe…, not a phone call to the Professors but a request to you.
    =D
    But later (on July 5th, 2014) you said “it won’t take too long the publication of the report”.
    It would be interesting to know if it’s some new news or just a guess.
    And if it’s a news, what “not too long” means? Days?
    Best regards,
    Giuliano Bettini.

  • Dear Andrea Rossi,
    In beta+ decay, a proton converts itself to neutron by emitting a W+ boson, which in turn decays to positron and neutrino. In electron capture, the same happens except that the W+ boson absorbs an electron to emit a neutrino. Both processes are described by the same Feynman diagram interaction vertex, so from the QFT point of view, there is no difference between beta+ decay and electron capture.

    In proton-rich beta+ active nuclei, electron capture is always possible in principle, while positron emission can only occur when the energy excess is sufficient to create a positron. When energy excess is above the limit, positron emission is typically more probable than electron capture (because it has a smaller number of input particles, I assume).

    The relationship between beta+ decay and electron capture is somewhat analogous with the spontaneous and stimulated emission of photons. In QED all those processes are described by a single interaction vertex and a single coupling constant (the fine-structure constant), although the phenomenology of the processes is quite different: one describes ordinary bodies, the other describes a laser. It took Einstein to realise this.

    As you pointed out, a free proton cannot spontaneously turn into a neutron by this coupling because it is energetically not possible.

    Best regards, /pekka

  • Andrea Rossi

    Eernie1:
    Beta+ and Beta- decay, discovered by Fermi, are totally different things from electron capture. They are mediated in the weak force field by the W bosons, which are the sole bosons, with Z boson, the other boson that mediates the weak forces, able to change the identity of the particles they interact with inside the nucleus, not outside: the electron and the positron emitted, respectively, from the Beta- and the Beta+ decay are generated from the nucleus of the atom and have nothing to do with the K field of the electrons .
    About the electron capture:
    p + e^- = n + nu_e
    does not conserve the energy, therefore I can’t see how they can respect the parity. Make the math:
    p = 938.3 MeV
    n = 939.6 MeV
    e^+ = 0.5110 MeV
    nu_e = 2.2 eV
    The difference is equal to 1.6 times circa the mass of an electron.
    Electron captures can happen, it is true, exceptionally, but in case of instable atoms with a strong excess of protons, because in that case we have an exceptional exchange of photons between the nucleons and the K field of the electrons, but this is not our case. They are the classic exception that confirms the rule.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Mark

    Andrea
    I also predict that the EHV and HV grids will disappear and be replaced by smart Mv and Lv grids. The reason why we have EHV and HV grids, is transmission efficiency over long distances. They will be no longer required with local Hotcat boosters compensators, which can do the job more efficiently and cheaply. Maybe there will be a smart grid, which can coordinate the number of online Hotcats and generators to the most demanding areas via the internet.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dave Lafleur:
    At the moment we have the safety certifications only for industrial plants. Industrial utilization of heat is the more profitable field, because in this field is possible to operate 24/7/360.
    Boilermaker surely could be an option. But remind that the results of the tests in course could be negative, so let’s be conservative so far. Thank you for your enthusiasm, though.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Mark:
    I predict another scenario: if the validity of the so called Rossi Effect will find confirmation in the report of the TIP and in the operation of the first plants installed, this technology will have the development within the limits of its potentiality inside the market. I am not able to know specifically in this period where these limits will set, but, as I Always said, there will be in any case an integration. What we will have, if all this will work, will be a new fire to be used. Anybody will be able to change fire, within the limits of the competitivity.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Mark

    Hello Andrea
    I predict this scenario will happen when the Hotcat is available for sale. The grids and utilities will approach you and buy them in the thousands. They will fit them together with the suitable generators and inverters inside the substations or along the transmission lines to boost the power output of their grids cheaply and become very competitive in running cost to your home Ecat versions. The last thing they want, is people getting off grid. Mark.

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