Analysis of the performances of sealed timing resistive plate chambers

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by
Khokon Hossen
Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
E-mail: khokon.pme@gmail.com
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Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs), that were introduced by R. Santonico and R. Cardarelli in 1981, are gas ionization chambers made with resistive electrodes separated by precision spacers.
Typical gas gap range from a few hundred micrometers to several millimeters wide.
Timing Resistive Plate Chambers (tRPCs) were introduced in 2000 by P.Fonte, A.Smirnitsky and M.C.S Williams and has, since then, reached Time Resolutions better than 50 ps (σ) with efficiencies above 99% for Minimum Ionizing Particle (MIP).
In this research work, we describe the main features of gas detectors and the different types of RPCs and their properties.
We describe a cheap and easy to built sealed tRPCs and we explain how we have built it.
We describe the main results we have got operating the sealed tRPCs built in the laboratory.

856 comments to Analysis of the performances of sealed timing resistive plate chambers

  • Andrea Rossi

    Paul:
    Looking at the derivates I would answer more like popcorns, looking at the integral I would say piece of charcoal.
    Warm Regards,
    Sibilla Cumana

  • Andrea Rossi

    Frank Acland:
    I am making the R&D related to the 1 MW plant and to the Hot Cat here, with part of my Team.
    Others are working on R&D in other sites.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • James Rovnak

    Andrea, I asked my government to wake up & take notice of what is happening around them. After all they did give us our current Nuclear Plants with all their radiation problem & safety aspect that are far from full proof. They built our current nuclear industry & should be helping you & IH, I think?

    https://twitter.com/JAROVNAK/status/610940914245201921

    Jim

    Anything to help you in your journey and ambitions to help the small people our recently formed Oligarchy has neglected.

    Just my opinion again, hope you don’t mind my sharing. Not sure how many trips around the Sun I have left?

  • Frank Acland

    Dear Andrea,

    It’s very interesting to learn of your new R&D projects. Are they all taking place in your container office, or are others working on them at other sites.

    Many thanks,

    Frank Acland

  • James Rovnak

    Andrea talking to some people over at LENR forum I would like to share with you who knows much more detail than I ever will. Being a controls engineer among my many other hats growing up in the Nuclear field I want to share my opinions with you for whatever it is worth. I love talking with you & believe you are the “mouse” that leads the “Cat” t where she stands today.

    “I think Rossi is trying to get a full proof digital controller developed & his problems result in him saying it may or may not have good result. To control current nuclear plants took large corporations a lot of government funded research into process frequency response, non linearity in sliding up & down the nuclear flux power curve, thermal feedback regulation such as void fraction to kinetics effects, positive & negative materials feedback based on temperature level into controller loops by various materials & types in their construction. These were not easy to understand & much smart government testing was done at national labs to get this information for good control. With government labs absence, i take my hat off to where Rossi is at & how he got to where he is without all that help. I am very familiar with all the leg work it took to develop present reactor controls. i read all the literature i could get my hands on during my working career. I see the micro burst as sort of self regulating negative feedback fourth power process or also as positive feedback. Like a fire you start in a forest in a pit.Its all right if you blow on it gently to control the heat & warmth level but you must watch not to spread sparks & take out the forest. Now to turn that fame off you have to blow very hard so it dies-out without again taking out the whole forest. A great but manageable controls problem. Take a look at this controls engineers solution to flying quad copters, just amazing http://www.ted.com/talks/raffaello_d_andrea_the_astounding_athletic_power_of_quadcopters?language=en Unfortunately Rossi is not a controls engineer & thus some of his problems as well as lack of exacting process information he has to deal with. Remember (ssm) can build up so that no control TRIAC input is necessary – very difficult control & protection problem.”

    Do take a look at the TED talk by Raffaello – a great controls engineer I admire & have tried to get him involved or interested in your efforts for advice, if not solution that would make your life much simpler.

    Best Regards

    Jim

  • Paul

    Andrea,

    Would you say the reaction in the e-cat is behaving more like the slow burn of a piece of charcoal, or more intermittent, like popcorn in popcorn popper?

    Paul

  • Andrea Rossi

    Hank Mills:
    Thank you for your insight.
    As you know, I cannot comment this kind of issues.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • James

    Dr Rossi:
    What do you think in general of the electrolytically induced LENR and of the piezoelectrically induced LENR ?
    Thank you,
    James

  • Hank Mills

    Dear Andrea,

    Have you been able to increase the reaction rate (increasing the number of alpha particles) while reducing the total excess heat produced by the reactor? Converting the KE of the alpha particles as efficently as possible would seem the best way to maximize direct electrical production. From the documents I’ve read in the past few days about this topic, in systems using radioactive elements, an important optimization is to use thin films of fuel (perhaps only a few microns) to maximize the number of charged particles impacting the capacitor wall and giving away their charge (in this case the alumina tube) and reduce the number of them losing KE when traveling through layers of atoms. A multi-layered system with a large surface area would also possibly help.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Mark Saker:
    An R&D is on course on the scale up of the “Hot Cats”.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Mark Saker

    Dear Andrea,

    Can the hotcats scale up to 250kW size or are they restricted by the technology and theory to small reactors?

    Thanks

    Mark

  • Andrea Rossi

    Ecco Liberation:
    Thank you for the information.
    As a matter of fact, “tiger” will not be the name. The name will be simply “E-Cat” followed by a number that will correspond to the power in kW. Example for the Hot Cat of 1 MW it will be: E-Cat -HT 1000, where HT stays for the series with high temperature. For the low temperature series, it will be “LT”.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Ecco Liberation

    Dr. Rossi,
    It’s too late for Tigers! They’re already building them in Ukraine, see http://tet.in.ua/index.php/en/ and search (CTRL+F) for “tiger”. You’ve got to think of a new name. E.L.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Martyn Aubrey:
    So, it’s F9: I take advice of it!
    The temperature of 1600 K is equivalent to 1327°C ( it is 1600 – 273).
    The Hot Cat 1 MW plant is object now of designing. We still do not have a prototype.
    After the end of the test on course in the factory of the IH Customer ( F9) we’ll start the construction of a Hot Tiger.
    Thank you for your attention to our work.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Martyn Aubrey

    Dear Dr Rossi,

    You have given the readers of the JoNP really good news about your team’s ongoing success with the “Low Temperature” 1MW plant at the IH customer’s site (subject to F9: “the results can be either positive or negative”).

    You also told us that the evolving Hot E-Cat has achieved a temperature of 1600 Kelvin (up to 1400 degrees Celsius?) and that you are progressing well with the design of the domestic E-Cat, which is all excellent.

    The one thing you have not mentioned recently is the Hot-Cat 1MW plant. How are you progressing with the design and when will you be able to start the construction of a prototype plant?

    Thank you for keeping us all updated with your very important work.

    Forward Looking Regards,
    Martyn Aubrey

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Readers:
    Please find comments published on other posts of this blog on
    http://www.rossilivecat.com
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Gian Luca:
    Thank you for the interesting information.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Gian Luca

    Dear Andrea,

    I believe in LENR since 1989 while I wait the big change in the energy panorama but, a great success he has already achieved.
    LENR has meant that all of you are working to produce energy without damaging the environment.
    Here’s a good example: http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Biofuels/Could-This-Renewable-Fuel-Kill-The-EV-Market-In-One-Fell-Swoop.html
    But, all this was already in the drawers of some desk?

  • Andrea Rossi

    Alexvs:
    To what I answered with I want to add this: please do not forget that I am working with the robust help of my great team, that shares with me all the difficulties of this test.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Readers:
    Please go to
    http://www.rossilivecat.com
    to find comments sent to otner posts than this of this blog.
    Warm Regards
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Alexvs:
    The replications have been made professionally, using the information given by my patent applications and the Reports of the ITP. Beyond that information, the E-Cat is a very complex technology. To replicate the effect is one thing, but to make a product able to work industrially with high efficiency and uninterruptly for at least a month, as the Lugano Hot Cat did, is a completely different thing, whose know how and IP is obviously restricted.
    I am giving all of myself to the industrial plant in operation, because it is the most important thing I made in my life: “The general who thinks too much to spare the reserves in the crucial moment is doomed to lose the battle” ( Napoleon Bonaparte).
    I am well, healthy and She is good. But remember: the final results could be either positive or negative as far we know till now.
    Thank you for your kind care.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Frank Acland:
    The Hot Cat is in the computers container, that has the air conditioner.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Alexvs

    Dear Mr. Rossi

    I have followed with attention the replication attempts of Rossi Effect realizing that no one has achieved your performances. Otherwise I have learned how uncomfortable you feel inside the 1Mw container. As anxious as we all and yourself are, please do not tense the strings up to the point of being unhealthy. Take care and if we have to wait some months more we will do. You should not press yourself beyond reasonable exigences.
    Once more, take care. Best regards.

  • Frank Acland

    Dear Andrea,

    Is the Hot Cat under R&D in the area of the 1MW plant, or the air conditioned area?

    Many thanks,

    Frank Acland

  • Andrea Rossi

    Frank Acland:
    Our equipment is made to resist in the container’s temperature. As for me, obviously I stay inside the reactors container when necessary, then I go in the computer container, where we have the air conditioner.
    Surely all this is not in the manual for long life agers, but it will not last more that several months from now. If I have to do it, I have to do it.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Frank Acland

    Dear Andrea,

    You say the inside of the container is like a sauna. Is this constant heat any danger to your equipment? How about your health being so hot for 16 hours per day? A friend of mine got a heart attack from overheating.

    Best wishes,

    Frank Acland

  • Andrea Rossi

    Werner:
    Sorry, your comment has been fished out of the spam only now.
    Here it’s 09.10 of Saturday June 13 and She is stable and well.
    Warm Regards
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear readers:
    Please find on
    http://www.rossilivecat.com
    the comments arrived today in other posts than this to this blog.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Werner Schrieder

    Andrea: Can you update us how the 1MW plant is performing as soon as you read this comment?
    Thank you
    Werner

  • Andrea Rossi

    James Rovnak:
    Thanks
    Warm Regards
    A.R.

  • James Rovnak

    Don’t know if you have seen these before, but Brian Albiston’s other attempts form home to convince himself of the E-Cat presence & operation.

    Very interesting when you have a minute for diversion from your ongoing work. Brain is a gem, no less.

    http://www.hydrogenfusion.blogspot.com/

    Jim

  • Tom Conover

    Hank,

    Please review the charts in the 267660100-Parkhomov-en.pdf document for useful information that can be used by many of the replicators. The process of loading hydrogen is clearly identified, including when to do this, at what temperature, and for how long. Wikipedia has information (true or false) that says”

    Parkhomov focuses on these temperatures: 150–170°C & 200°C & 400°C because:

    When heated LAH decomposes in a three-step reaction mechanism
    1 LiAlH4 → Li3AlH6 + 2 Al + 3 H2 (R1)
    2 Li3AlH6 → 6 LiH + 2 Al + 3 H2 (R2)
    3 LiH + 2 Al → 2 LiAl + H2 (R3)

    R1 is usually initiated by the melting of LAH in the temperature range 150–170°C, immediately followed by decomposition into solid Li3AlH6, although R1 is known to proceed below the melting point of LiAlH4 as well.[18] At about 200 °C, Li3AlH6 decomposes into LiH and Al which subsequently convert into LiAl above 400°C

    Parkhomov respects at least two of these ranges with important data recording including time, pressure and reactor temperature, and clearly shows hydrogen loading for a period of approximately 4 hours between 100 and 400°C. Parkhomov also took the effort to present his results both graphically and numerically in his report.

    Please forgive any errors on my part in the message and say hello to your avatar from me when you find him up there.

    Tom

  • Andrea Rossi

    Robert Curto:
    Thank you for the interesting information

  • Robert Curto

    Dr. Rossi, if your Readers would like to know, the Italian Physicist
    Enrico Fermi Award Recipients, Google:
    obama names pellegrini and shank

    Robert Curto
    Ft. Lauderdale, Florida

  • Andrea Rossi

    James Rovnak: I agree and repeat what I wrote several minutes ago.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    James Rovnak:
    Thank you for the information. To evaluate a replication we need a report in which is well explained the instrumentation used for the measurements, kind of measurements ( IR or calorimetric) error margin of the instrumentation, the calculations related to the measurements, a quantitative description of the reactor ( dimensions, weight, components, chemical analysis of the components and epsilon values integral if IR has been utilized, etc.). Otherwise it is impossible to have a consolidated opinion about the work that has been made, beyond a strong sympathy for the enthusiasm of these brave researchers.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • James Rovnak

    Think I spoke too soon about Brian Albiston’s seeing LENR, he is using VARIAC source & I know you & Parkhomov use EM noisy TRIACs; their now appears to be nothing noticeable yet at 360 C. Will get back to you if I see something. He does have a unique calorimic design the details of which I’m still trying to get a handle on.

    Have a nice day, talk to you when I learn more. It is an interesting replication attempt.

    Jim

    Hope Brian is successful today. As you said, report would be a better way to review his efforts.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Hank Mills:
    We’ll see what we can do regarding the Excedrin migrane formula: we could add its application to our R&D scheduled program.
    I am glad of the successful replications made around the world.
    As for what concerns information, we already have given much of it in our patent applications and in the tests that have been published; any further bit of information could damage our IP.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Alexvs:
    As I already said, the data and the description of the 1MW E-Cat will be published after the completion of the tests and the R&D on course with the E-Cat installed in the factory of the Customer of Industrial Heat.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Alexvs

    Dear Mr. Rossi.

    Please, answer the pertinent question formulated before:

    Dear Andrea,

    From your recent comment it sounds now like your plant is potentially a 2 MW plant. You have described previously 100 10kW reactors, now it sounds like you have added four 250 kW reactors to it. Is this correct?

    Many thanks,

    Best regards

  • Hank Mills

    Dear Andrea,

    I’m in an interesting position to be aware of many replication efforts: some that are performing tests and others that are still in the preperation stage. There are obviously others that I’m not aware of. For example, the Songsheng Jiang report caught me by surprise.

    I may be incorrect, but I am starting to see a pattern forming. Some replicators are having success and producing significant excess heat seemingly easily. For example, Parkhomov and Jiang seem to have produced excess heat on their first try! Parkhomov continued testing – changing many aspects of his setup – and continued producing excess heat. Jiang then performed his experiment in which many variables were changed (using DC, non-carbonyl nickel, no processing of the fuel, rectangular innermost reactor) and still produced excess heat. I know of another replicator that produced such high temperatures his alumina melted from the inside out over a lage section of his reactor.

    Then there are other replicators, some of whom are performing many tests and working very hard, that cannot seen to produce significant excess heat. They are using the same basic recipe (Ni-LiAlH4) and heating their reactors to high temperatures, but only produce small signs of excess heat. They are frustrated, because not matter how they adjust their setup they are unable to achieve the true Rossi Effect.

    It almost seems like producing significant excess heat is like flipping a coin with heads being indisputable excess heat and tails being only a little.

    But science is not luck or gambling. There must be some factor or factors that are not yet understood. The complicating issue is that due to the Songsheng Jiang data, we know MANY factors can be adjusted while still allowing for massive excess heat. But at the same time, testers can try to stick close to what is thought to be optimal (carbonyl nickel, AC, alumina reactor tube, etc) and achieve very little results.

    I cannot help but want to go up to an avatar representing the E-Cat, take a deep breath, and ask: what’s going on!

    You are absolutely correct that the Lugano Report gave a lot of information. But now we know that both variations that are significantly different and closer replications (as long as Ni-LiAlH4 is used) both can produce amazing results. Then another set of replications can produce almost nothing!

    So what is the community of replicators to do? Without a small nudge in the proper direction, all I can see being useful is many months of tedious trial and error testing. Once another dozen replicators only see minimal excess heat, a dozen see massive excess heat, and a few see none, maybe we can figure out what is preventing (or allowing) excess heat to take place.

    I wish Industrial Heat could provide the replicating community the smallest nudge forward so that there would be fewer resources, less money, and less time wasted as more replications are being planned.

    Otherwise, I just see a whole lot of headache in the future for several different repkicators. Maybe, if nothing else, Industrial Heat could send out bottles of Excedrin Migraine Formula – autographed by yourself – to ease the pain and as a keepsake.

    I’m sorry for bringing up this topic again. I simply had a conversation with a very diligent replicator who performs multiple tests every single day with minimal excess heat production not matter what he tries. I felt an urge to make a plea on the behalf of all the replicators who are simply trying to prove to the world the Rossi Effect is every bit as real as the photo-voltaic effect.

  • James Rovnak

    Andrea, sorry Brian is only at 267 C instead of 500 C. I’ll be more careful on next report. Think he could use some more EM stimulation right now. Power input has been about constant for a while. We will see this evening!

    Jim

  • Andrea Rossi

    James Rovnak:
    Obviously I cannot comment waiting for the publication of a complete report, but all the same I congratulate for the apparently encouraging results on the wings of enthusiasm!
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • James Rovnak

    Andrea Brian has got the home E-Cat at 500 C & is headed up for the Hot E-Cat at 600 C. Great test so far, beautiful design. Great engineer following in your foot steps. Jim

    http://www.e-catworld.com/2015/06/11/new-lenr-test-by-brian-albiston-begins-later-today/

    Bravo Brian, a pleasure to watch. Well executed test & fuel element design.

    If you get a minuted check in to watch & give him a pat on the back to make his day. He has more than one attempt at this behind him.

  • Andrea Rossi

    James Rovnak:
    Thank you for the information.
    Warm Regards
    A.R.

  • James Rovnak

    Andrea nice test by Brian. Join the fun if you have a minute to enjoy the New Fire with all your admirers.

    Cheers

    Jim

    http://www.e-catworld.com/2015/06/11/new-lenr-test-by-brian-albiston-begins-later-today/

  • Andrea Rossi

    To the Readers:
    Please check
    http://www.rossilivecat.com
    for new comments on other posts of this blog.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    James Rovnak:
    Good luck to them, as a prize for their enthusiasm!
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    James Rovnak:
    Thank you for the information,
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • James Rovnak

    Andrea, what drives the Hot E-Cat of that I am sure! IMHO was before our eyes all the time in the Laguno report.

    https://twitter.com/JAROVNAK/status/609052244554711040

    Thank you again

    Jim

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