Role of the binding energy of electron of the hydrogen atom in Ni-H cold fusion

.

by
U.V.S.Seshavatharam
Honorary faculty, I-SERVE, Alakapuri,
Hyderabad-35, AP, India
Email: seshavatharam.uvs@gmail.com
.
S. Lakshminarayana
Dept. of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam-03, AP, India
Email: lnsrirama@gmail.com
.
.
Abstract

During Ni-H collisions, proton (of the hydrogen atom) combines with the Nickel nucleus and electron (of the hydrogen atom) combines with the Nickel electronic shell and forms Copper with no emission of alpha or beta or gamma rays.
or mole number of such Ni-H atomic fusions, as hydrogen atom is losing its identity, binding energy of electron is converted into heat energy of ~1.3×106 joules.
As the temperature of the system increases, more number of hydrogen atoms may fuse with more number of Nickel atoms liberating more heat energy.
Selection of the target cold fusion atom seems to follow the condition: selected stable atom’s Z+1 is a new stable element with odd atomic number.
Fineness of the Ni powder may help H atoms to fuse with ease causing more number of Ni-H fusions.

.

1,188 comments to Role of the binding energy of electron of the hydrogen atom in Ni-H cold fusion

  • Andrea Rossi

    Italo R.:
    You are right: this test is useful also to refine the engineering, correcting problems that pop up only when you make real and long operation.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Steven N. Karels:
    Thank you for the suggestion: I am not an expert of the field of Icebergs, though.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Steven N. Karels:
    The limit is posed by the Customer, that in this factory needs a thermal power of 1 MW, otherwise, theoreticallly, the plant could erogate the full power, even if this wouldn’t be the smartest way to operate. Better always have a good reserve.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Steven N. Karels

    Dear Andrea Rossi,

    You posted “4 x 250 kW E-Cats, to produce the MWh/h as per contract, plus a section of 52 E-Cats with a max power of 15 kW”. Can all the E-Cats be used to produce 1.78 MW of thermal power or are there other factors that preclude this from occurring (besides the control system)?

  • Steven N. Karels

    Dear Andrea Rossi,

    Please consider the following application for future eCats.

    Icebergs can present a possible danger to not only shipping (e.g., Titanic) but to oil platforms, etc. The larger ones are tracked and their projected courses are published. According to Wikipedia, their mass is around 100,000 to 200,000 metric tonnes or about 100,000 to 200,000 cubic meters of ice. Could a 100MW eCat thermal (low temperature) unit negate the iceberg?

    Heat of Fusion of water = 334.774 J/gram.
    1 cubic meter of ice = 1000 kg = 10**6 grams
    Energy needed to melt one cubic meter of ice = 335 MJ
    Melting rate = 3.35 sec per cubic meter of ice for a 100MW eCat unit
    Time to melt a 200,000 metric tonne iceberg = about 700,000 sec or about one week.

    Time to actually melt will be longer depending on thermal transfer efficiency. Maybe twice as long.

    So a detected iceberg that is projected to strike an oil platform could theoretically be melted by an eCat unit given a week or two advanced notice. A 100MW eCat unit could be composed of 400 250kW reactors – not an unreasonable number.

    Another alternative would be to tow the iceberg so its path would no longer strike a fixed installation such as an oil platform. Also a long time effort.

  • Italo R.

    If the fault is not in the reactor but in some external equipment, (for example defective weldings or leaking gaskets) it should be easy fixing them and prevent it from happening again.
    The important thing is that the reactor is working properly.
    Kind Regards
    Italo R.

  • Paul

    Andrea,

    Since only one reactor seems to break at a time (same reactor?), would it not be advantageous to have a spare 250 kW reactor waiting in the wings?

    Are the older style smaller reactors plumbed to work simultaneously with the new 250 kW reactors?

    Paul

  • Andrea Rossi

    Italo R.:
    Yes, same reactor; the break is related, but not the same.
    I cannot give information about this. We are working right now (00.42 a.m.) to repair.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Italo R.

    Dear Dr. Rossi, the reactor that has problems is the same of the last time?
    The fault is of the same type already happened?
    Kind Regards,
    Italo R.

  • Vivienne Chabod

    Dr Andrea Rossi:
    The massive production will be made also for the 1 MW E-Cats or just for the domestic?
    Vivienne

  • Andrea Rossi

    Jacques Dubas:
    Now it’s 07.20 p.m. of Saturday August 08. The new Hot Cat ( M.me Curie) will be put again in operation tomorrow morning. The 1 MW E-Cat is giving troubles that I cannot disclose with one 250 kW E-Cat. Should be repaired by tomorrow morning, otherwise we will activate the reserve. Tonight we will have to work on it.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dyson:
    Of course, the strategy in their specific Territories will be agreed upon together, along the provisions of the specific agreements.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Manuel Cilia:
    I must be honest and clear: I am repeating continuously that our technology is under examination along the test on course in the factory of the Customer of Industrial Heat. Until the tests will not have been completed I cannot give answers like the one you are asking. My suggestion is: take in serious consideration the E-Cats only when we will sell them massively. About our competitors, obviously, I cannot talk.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Jacques Dubas

    Dr Andrea Rossi:
    Can we have an update of the 1 MW E-Cat and the M.me Curie Hot Cat?
    Cheers,
    Jacques Dubas

  • Andrea Rossi

    Kim Dunn:
    Thank you.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Dyson

    Doctor Rossi:
    All the decisions of the board of directors of Leonardo Corp are made in collaboration with all the licensees?
    Thank you,
    Dyson

  • My main business is based on renewable energy but lately I have been torn about telling client to invest in large scale solar and wind because I can see that LENR could dominate in this area very quickly especially when investors are spreading their investments over 20 years. I can still see a role to be played by solar and wind in the small scale in homes as it is a very simple maintance free technology for at least the near term. I was wondering Mr Rossi for your opinion.

    Thank you

  • Kim Dunn

    Dear Andrea:
    I agree with what you answered to Ing. Michelangelo De Meo. You do not need political sustain as well as you do not need to convince biased sceptics. Once your E-Cats will be on the market your success and your credibility will be totally independent from any other consideration, scientific or not. Bill Gates made Microsoft exactly along a path similar to the one you have chosen.
    What counts for us is that you sell good E-Cats in all the world. All the other chatters of sceptics, detractors and the idiots that pursue your past, good or bad as it might be, are not significant.
    Godspeed,
    Kim Dunn

  • Andrea Rossi

    Eernie1:
    The numbers are not right, but the issue is valid. We are organizing the production as well as all the outsourcing system.
    It is not simple.Besides, before we have completed the tests we cannot start the investments. We are in a transitory situation.
    Anyway we are studying the problem. I can add that the outsourcing system has been well organized, also foreseing the possible variables.
    Warm Regards
    A.R.

  • eernie1

    Dear Andrea,
    In my experience, from an economics standpoint, a working company needs to hire one employee for each $250,000 to $500,000 of yearly sales that company produces. Therefore if you sell an average of 500 megawatt devices per year you will need 1000 to 2000 employees to properly maintain all necessary functions. Even with a robotic production line, the necessary administrative and support personnel will probably require a large number of employees. Have you taken the necessary steps to acquire these people if within the next 6 months your tests are positive and you move to manufacture and distribute your output?
    Personnel regards.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Joe:
    Please remember that the tests of the E-Cat are on course and that the results could turn out to be negative. We are doing our best to obtain good results, but it is premature to formulate positive statements.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Patrick Ellul:
    Obviously, yes.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Patrick Ellul

    Dear Andrea,

    Re Omar Sivori, what a great name, for those who remember the great soccer player of the same name.
    Question: in the Team making the tests on the 1 MW E-Cat in the factory of the customer of IH are there both persons of Industrial Heat and of Leonardo Corporation working together?
    Thank you and regards,
    Patrick

  • Joe

    Daniel,

    I thank you for the graph and the interesting discussion. Very enlightening. The advent of the E-Cat should help tremendously in preventing a runaway warm climate.

    All the best,
    Joe

  • Andrea Rossi

    Albert N.:
    I fight to win.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Oscar Magnusson:
    1- yes
    2- no
    3- yes
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Omar Sivori:
    Yes, I remember perfectly! My team lost 8-1 against the team of the employees of the hotel and we had to pay the supper to them. Fortunately the wager did not include dishes cleaning.
    Nice times, nice place!
    Thank you for your kind words,
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • AlbertN

    Dear Dr.Rossi,

    You said recently, ‘I am betting my life on a result that is not granted’. You seem to be putting a lot of pressure on yourself. We all wish the results to be positive of course, but what happens if, unfortunately, the results are negative? What then? Do you keep trying new stuff/give up/retire? Have you given this possibility some thought …?

    Warm Regards,
    AlbertN

  • Andrea Rossi

    Jouni Tuomela:
    Thank you for your kind words and care.
    As a matter of fact, the 1 MW E-Cat has been designed strategically to have 4 x 250 kW E-Cats, to produce the MWh/h as per contract, plus a section of 52 E-Cats with a max power of 15 kW each to be employed as a reserve in case of failure of one or more of the 250 kW E-Cat during its/ their reparation. As you see, they are redundant, and this redundance has been foreseen to be conservative. I had to be conservative, because if this plant fails I will be destroyed from any existing side. It is a matter of life or death. And I am not joking. Therefore the strategy of this plant has been designed foreseeing any kind of attack from any point. Nevertheless, when I wake up to go to make my job, I pray God to save me for another day. I do all I can, the rest depends on Him. This is why I have to work 16 hours per day, so, at least, whatever happens, I will be able to say to myself and to Him that I did all I was able to do: negative results are still and always behind the corner in the dark of a technology that has still to be confirmed.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Omar Sivori

    Dear Andrea,
    probably you do not remember, but you invited me to play foot ball in the beach of the hotel Summit in Gaeta ( Italy) in the August 1982, and I told you I needed to rest and declined. Now I repent, because to play with you would have been an honour: congratulations for your enormous work for all of us. You will win at last.
    Cheers,
    Omar

  • Oscar Magnusson

    Dr Andrea Rossi:
    1- can you confirm if Leonardo Corporation holds totally the Intellectual Property of the so called Rossi Effect?
    2- did Leonardo Corporation sell the IP to any Licensee for some territory?
    3- did Leonardo Corporation make agreements to sell licenses for the manufacturing and/or sell the E-Cats for limited territories?
    Thank you if you can answer.
    Oscar

  • Jouni Tuomela

    Hello Mr. Andrea Rossi.

    I just felt like giving You a hug, for your tremednous efforts for the mankind. Here it goes:
    H U G !!!

    Your exercising (physical) efforts seem just unbelievable, in addition the hard work you do inside the containers.

    All the best for You,
    Though I felt quite disappointed some time ago when first hearing of the 1MW Cat made of the thousands of those smaller Cats…!

  • Andrea Rossi

    Alicia Gutierrez:
    You bet.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Gian:
    The wonderful work of Parkhomov has been able to move the fertile scientific ground in Russia.
    We are doing what we can do.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Fyodor:
    1- I will give data for these issues after the tests on the new Hot cat will have been done
    2- I did not say the others did not. I said the others are spared as reserves
    3- To answer to this question I need the cristall ball, but, as you surely well know, I didn’t receive it from Amazon…yet.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Albert Ellul:
    Yes, the integral makes sense, otherwise I’d not stay here to give my life for nothing. Nevertheless, the final results could be either positive or egative. I am betting my life on a result that is not granted.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Albert Ellul

    Following your comments on a daily basis I find that with respect to time your comments have a more or less linear increase in subdued optimism, as in Y=aX+b where Y=optimism and X is time.

    Wish you luck.
    God speed.

  • Fyodor

    Mr. Rossi

    I hope that you are doing well. I had a few questions about your ongoing work

    1. Does the new Hot-Cat design have higher power output? Is there any relationship between having higher temperatures and power density? It would seem intuitive that something that is hotter would be releasing more heat, but it doesn’t sound like that relationship actually plays out since you have high power/lower temperature E-cats?

    2. You mentioned that the 250KW E-cats were the only built reactors that worked reliably. Do you have a good understanding of why these worked when others did not? Are you confident in your ability to mass produce other 250KW reactors that work as well.

    3. Are there any plans in the forseeable future to build larger (100KW, 250KW) hot-cats that can be used for industrial electricity production?

    Thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. I hope that you give yourself a break and get some rest over the weekend.

  • gian

    Dal sito EGO OUT di Peter Gluck:

    Инициирован процесс разработки полномасштабной программы исследований НЭЯР
    http://lenr.seplm.ru/novosti/initsiirovan-protsess-razrabotki-
    polnomasshtabnoi-programmy-issledovanii-neyar

    La scienza ufficiale russa si muove?
    Official Science is alert in Russia?

    All’ Occidente rimane Andrea Rossi?
    We have just Rossi?

  • Alicia Gutierrez

    Dear Andrea:
    Will you give us fom this blog information about the new “M.ma Curie Hot Cat”?

  • Andrea Rossi

    Robert Curto:
    Thank you for your insight. As a matter of fact, the application of the Carnot cycle to the Hot Cats is not far from realization, provided the final results of the tests on course will be good.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Robert Curto

    Dr.Rossi, If E-Cat can produce Electricity more economically then:
    Solar, only produces Electricity when the Sun shines.
    Wind, only produces Electricity when the Wind blows.
    They want to buy 175 GW (175,000 MW) in 7 years.
    Maybe you can build a Factory in India, to produce the 700,000 Tigers needed.
    This Factory could also supply neighboring Countries.
    The shipping cost alone saved would be enormous.
    India would welcome you with open arms, and a big pocketbook.
    Google:
    INDIA EYES 175 GW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY BY 2022
    Robert Curto
    Ft. Lauderdale, Florida

  • Andrea Rossi

    Italo R.:
    The 4 x 250 kW E-Cats are working, as you know, along a 350 days test and R&D. After the tests will have been completed, we will know if they are mature to become a product, but I must remind you that we know that the final results could be either positive or negative.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Italo R.

    Dear Dr. Rossi you wrote about the 250 kW reactors:
    “..the Four in operation are the only working after a series of failed prototypes ….”

    It seems therefore that it is difficult to build such reactors. Have you already passed the stage of the prototypes?

    Kind Regards,
    Italo R.

  • Daniel De Caluwé

    @Joe,

    You wrote:

    Just a personal question: (August 6th, 2015 at 7:01 PM)

    Since climate is a balance of radiative forcings, would you prefer a warmer Earth now and in the indefinite future, so as to prevent the next glaciation; or would you prefer a cooler Earth (restricting CO2 emissions, etc) and risk a glaciation which some scientists contend would have already begun were it not for human activity of the last few centuries or even millennia?

    My answer:

    I certainly would not want to live during an ice age, so if a world that is a little bit warmer can avoid it, I prefer the warmer world, but, of course, without runaway climate. And they wrote that 300ppm (which only is 20ppm more than the natural interglacial maximum) is sufficient to avoid an ice age in the next 50.000 years (=50kyr in their notation), to which I completely agree (see further), but we now already have 400ppm in the atmosphere, which is 120ppm extra above the natural interglacial maximum of 280ppm, that in turn is only 100ppm more than the 180ppm we had during the last ice-ages.

    So, to be very honest, I was amazed that they have put so much attention to it in the latest report (of 2013), but maybe that was because sceptics asked a lot of questions about it?

    P.S. Here is a link to an interesting article and clear explanation of the theory of Milankovitch:

    http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/

    With a very rough, but important figure included:

    http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/Images/orbital_variation.gif

    I mention this, because in 2003 I used exactly that very rough figure to find out (only as an ‘educated guess’ or rough estimate) if there was a risk to go into an ice-age during the next 100.000 years, and my conclusion was that there were 3 critical points (see minimums of obliquity, the curve in the middle of the above figure): one after about 10.000 years, another after about 50.000 years, and the last one after about 90.000 years, but as the eccentricity (see the curve below in the above figure) during the next 100.000 years remains below the present value of 0.017, I concluded that only the last (and deepest) minimum (after 90.000 years) of the curve in the middle of the above figure (= the obliquity) was dangerous. But of course, this was only a rough estimate or rough ‘educated guess’, also because I only compared with the last ice-age, and not with previous ones. But knowing this, you understand that it is not a surprise to me that the experts, who have much more (and much more accurate) data at their disposal, conclude that there’s no risk for an ice-age during the next 50.000 years, because based on the above very rough data, and compared with only the last ice-age, I come to the same conclusion, even at the normal interglacial value of 280 ppm of CO2 in the atmosphere, so their maybe was no risk at all, and we probably don’t need extra CO2 in the atmosphere to avoid it… 😉

    Nevertheless, the above also shows how sensitive the equilibriums of climate and environment on our beautiful planet (blue marble seen from space) are.

    Kind Regards,
    Daniel.

  • Joe

    Daniel,

    Again I thank you for the work you put into this response.

    Just a personal question:
    Since climate is a balance of radiative forcings, would you prefer a warmer Earth now and in the indefinite future, so as to prevent the next glaciation; or would you prefer a cooler Earth (restricting CO2 emissions, etc) and risk a glaciation which some scientists contend would have already begun were it not for human activity of the last few centuries or even millennia?

    All the best,
    Joe

  • Andrea Rossi

    Kelly:
    As I said, the surgery I got is archeology. I am perfectly well, returned as before the hernia came out. I swim 30 minutes every day and go with my bike for 1 hour every day. Thanks to God, I got back totally my physical efficiency and this is important for my work, that is made by inspiration, but also and mostly by perspiration ( Edison)
    Thank you for your kind care,
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dan C.:
    Thak you for the suggestion.
    About the 250 kW E-Cats: description and data will be given after the end of the tests on course.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dr Joseph Fine:
    Thank you for the link.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Paul:
    The four in operation are the sole working after a series of failed prototypes.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

Leave a Reply

You can use these HTML tags

<a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <s> <strike> <strong>