The Future of Technology:
Energy, AI, and Superconductors In recent years, the world has seen unprecedented advances in energy, artificial intelligence (AI), and advanced materials, such as room-temperature superconductors. These innovations could mark the beginning of a new technological era, but they also pose crucial challenges that require thoughtful solutions.
Andrea Rossi’s Generator
Andrea Rossi has developed an innovative energy device, which is expected to be commercialized by the end of 2025. According to initial tests, this generator produces 10 watts, but multiple units can be stacked to achieve greater power. The ability to power a car without traditional fuels represents a revolution in the energy sector. However, questions remain about its scalability and how the major energy companies will respond to this innovation.
The Danger of Artificial Intelligence
The development of AI is accelerating rapidly, and many experts fear that, without adequate control, it could pose a risk to humanity. Already in 1968, the IARGA book described the importance of balancing technological advancement with global security. A possible solution could be the adoption of a protocol inspired by Isaac Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics, to ensure that AIs remain tools at the service of man and not threats to his future.
Room Temperature Superconductors
Room temperature superconductors represent another epochal breakthrough. LK-99 is a recently studied material that shows promising, but still incomplete, properties. The main challenge is to find a method to protect conduction from external perturbations, as also suggested by Marco Todeschini and Pier Luigi Ighina. The latter argued that surrounding the material with layers of absorbing materials, tuned to specific vibration frequencies, could be the key to making the phenomenon stable.
Conclusions
The next decade could bring extraordinary changes in many fields. However, to ensure that these discoveries are used for the good of humanity, a balanced and conscious approach is essential. The future will be determined by the choices we make today: will we be able to manage free energy, artificial intelligence and superconductivity responsibly? The challenge is open.
In cosmology, “negative energy” is considered the driving force behind inflation because it creates a repulsive gravitational field, causing the universe to rapidly expand during the inflationary period; essentially, a field with negative pressure acts like an anti-gravity force, pushing space itself apart at an exponential rate.
The concept of a “false vacuum” is often used to explain this negative energy, where a field exists in a high-energy state with a negative potential energy density, leading to a repulsive gravitational effect.
When this false vacuum state decays, the energy is released, driving the rapid expansion of space during inflation. This explosion of the false vacuum called a Bosenova is what actually produces the fast electrons and photons when the Exciton polariton comes apart. Dr. Rossi uses these fast particles to form the electrical current which is the product of the Ecat. The micron sized Bosonic cluster (AKA BEC) is inherently unstable. This bubble grows naturally until it becomes unstable. When the bubble called a domain wall that encloses the BEC grows to the extent where the surface of the bubble no longer can support its volume, then the bubble explodes.
This inflationary phase is thought to solve several cosmological problems, including the horizon problem and the flatness problem, by smoothing out the universe and making it appear remarkably flat on large scales.
A unifying theory of dark energy and dark matter: Negative masses and matter creation within a modified ΛCDM framework… this is a good one that solves all the problems in cosmology only if negative energy was real.
Details are important. I wanted to know exactly how Dr. Rossi is able to extract energy from the vacuum. His paper is light on the details that I am interested in. The question to be answered is how does the Exciton polariton condensate (BEC) produce negative energy in the vacuum and why does the light that the BEC produces effect the vacuum?
To begin, an experiment with a number of interacting lasers has shown that Casimir like negative vacuum energy can be produced.
I asked the AI for details on this method as follows:
Yes, an experiment involving interacting lasers can potentially demonstrate the existence of a “Casimir-like” negative vacuum energy, although directly extracting usable energy from this effect is currently highly challenging and remains a topic of theoretical exploration; by manipulating the light field interactions within a carefully designed setup, researchers can observe phenomena analogous to the Casimir effect, where the altered vacuum energy distribution results in a measurable force or energy density variation.
The standard Casimir effect arises from the modification of quantum vacuum fluctuations between two closely spaced conducting plates, leading to an attractive force between them. This is interpreted as a manifestation of negative vacuum energy density in the region between the plates.
By using carefully arranged optical cavities or fiber optic systems with interacting laser beams, researchers can create situations where the light field distribution mimics the behavior of the electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations in the Casimir setup, leading to observable effects related to “negative vacuum energy”.
Small magnitude: The Casimir effect, even in its optical analog, generates very small forces, making precise measurement challenging.
While experiments can demonstrate the presence of a negative energy density in a specific region, extracting usable energy from this “vacuum energy” is highly theoretical and currently not feasible with current technology.
Optical cavities with moving mirrors are the methods that can be used in the production of negative vacuum energy.
By rapidly changing the distance between mirrors in an optical cavity, researchers can potentially stimulate the creation of photons from the vacuum, a phenomenon known as the dynamical Casimir effect.
Nonlinear optical interactions can be utilized in nonlinear optical processes in specially designed optical setups that can lead to interactions between light fields that mimic the behavior of the quantum vacuum fluctuations.
In this Reference [41] in Dr. Rossi’s theory paper, the production of energy from the vacuum is explained in detail as follows:
Squeezed light has been used to produce negative energy in the vacuum.
I asked the AI if the Exciton polariton can produce squeezed light and it said:
Yes, light emissions from an exciton polariton condensate can produce squeezed light; research has demonstrated that under certain conditions, the light emitted from a polariton condensate exhibits characteristics of squeezed states, meaning there is a reduced level of noise in one quadrature of the light field while the other quadrature experiences increased noise.
Exciton polaritons are quasiparticles formed by the strong coupling between photons and excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) within a semiconductor microcavity, essentially creating a hybrid light-matter particle.
The squeezing mechanism in a polariton condensate is often linked to the nonlinear interactions within the system, where the strong coupling between light and matter leads to fluctuations in the light field that can be manipulated to produce squeezed states.
Several studies have reported the observation of squeezed light emission from exciton polariton condensates, particularly in systems with coupled microcavities where the nonlinear effects are enhanced.
There is current research in optical signal transmission to use BECs to reduce noise in optical singles using BECs. This noise originates in the vacuum and this distortion effects all EMF signals.
“Any electromagnetic signal is subject to the laws of quantum mechanics. This means that due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, any optical measurement will have on top of it, noise due to quantum fluctuations, even if you are measuring the vacuum itself. This limits many measurements to having a minimum non-zero noise, called shot noise, or the standard quantum limit.”
This limit can be beaten however by using a special quantum state of light called a “squeezed state”. Squeezed light exhibits non-classical statistics where we can measure noise levels below the shot noise limit. If we consider light in the quadrature picture.
What is squeezed light
In the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known.
A squeezed state is one in which one of the physical properties in increased so that the other property is reduced or squeezed. For example, we can make the position of a particle more precise by making it momentum less precise.
Applying squeezed light to a region of the vacuum neutralizes the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle acting on that vacuum thereby killing off or neutralizing the virtual particles that define the nature of the vacuum. This lowers the vacuum expectation value which essentially changes the vacuum to another vacuum type: from positive to negative.
Dr. Rossi has found a way to naturally produce and apply squeezed light to the vacuum. The BEC acts like a single processor that filters out the noise produced by the vacuum. This squeezed light is then able to modify the vacuum so that uncertainty in it is reduced and in so doing, change the nature of the vacuum.
A company (Ecat competitor) working to produce vacuum energy from squeezed light
Dr. Rossi naturally produces squeezed light to transform the vacuum so that it can produce energy. It can’t be said that Dr. Rossi is doing something unheard of or crackpot, it is something that is done everyday in signal processing but now Dr. Rossi has applied squeezed light on a macroscopic level to extract usable substantial energy from the vacuum.
Simon:
Good question.
This is a problem to be resolved in the Countries where we will not have local sublicensees; surely we will cover all the main languages of the world, but not all the languages of the world.
Thank you for raising the issue,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
your answer to Greg:
“..they will discuss with our experts their specific situations and have all the necessary specific information..”
Will it be possible to discuss the specific situations in the mother language of these customers? or just in english?
Best regards
Simon
Greg:
Good question.
All the Clients that sent us the pre-order forms will be contacted when we will be ready to deliver, and in that occasion they will discuss with our experts their specific situations and have all the necessary specific information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
when the persons that sent the pre-orders will be able to discuss their specific applications to understand how to put in operation the Ecat assemblies they pre-ordered ?
Thank you if you can answer,
Thank you for your work, and the work of your team,
Greg
Alexw:
The Clients that will receive the products will have obviously the right to publish their opinions: that’s a constitutional rights consequence.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Prior to starting production, the E-Cat NGU version #1 will require a “design freeze”.
The addition of an internal battery is of couse a design change,
How close are you and your team to a design freeze at this time? 50%?
Regarding your comments about some of the fundamental features of the universe – mass and energy for example – being able to exist with negative values: While obviously not the currently most-favoured view, I have long wondered if gravity might operate by means of the graviton having negative mass. So, when gravitons are emitted, the mass of the object emitting them increases. And when the emitted graviton hits an object and is absorbed by it, its mass declines and, by negative momentum, is ‘attracted’.
This leads to the thought that perhaps in the Big Bang, equal quantities of positive and negative ‘entities’ were created, with a large proportion of the ‘negative entities’ being in the form of gravitons.
Are you aware if any of this has been explored?
[I realize this will likely sound naive to experts in the field, of which I, most certainly, am not!]
Dear Dr. Rossi,
now i have another question:
How many jobs would you estimate this one production plant with 100 MW ecat will create in the long term?
Many thanks for all your answers!
Best regards
Simon
Given the importance of the rollout of deliveries when the ECAT starts production, is there a plan for some of the early pre-order customers to share their reviews of the product? I assume there will be no restrictions on customers sharing this information?
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
I have been solicited by friends to read http://www.ingandrearossi.com
and I am glad I did it: what an unbelievable resiliency !
Best,
Peter Oliver
Dear Andrea
Your response to Simon and me regarding the production capacity shows that there is an open opportunity for all nations to contribute here.
This has also been previously raised.
We therefore look forward to contributing after your production partner is ready for a collaboration.
Svein
Yet another NGU application – powering Diego Garcia island
“The island can run on 7.4 to 8.3 megawatts (MW) of power, depending on the energy demand, and the island uses generators that produce 1.1 MW, 2.2 MW, and 4.4 MW.”
“An estimated 164 homes can run on one megawatt, all depending on the amount of electricity used.”
“As the demand goes up, the amount of power produced goes up,” said Schultz. “Without power to the island, a lot of the things that need to be done wouldn’t be possible; although, certain places do have back-up generators.”
Replace the diesel generators with NGU units and inverters. This would result in less shipping by sea for diesel fuel and significant cost saving both in fuel and maintenance costs.
Dear Andrea
The figures you gave Simon with 50/100 MW seem very low.
It should have been at least 50/100 TW.
1 million units of 100W alone will be 100 MW.
Svein
The monumental contribution that Dr. Rossi has made to science is not yet appreciated not even by Rossi himself. By controlling the Casimir vacuum, Dr. Rossi makes possible technologies based on negative matter and energy that have only been envisioned in science fiction. Dr. Rossi is truly the new age Leonardo da Vinci, a Polymath that is centuries ahead of all his contemporaries. Dr. Rossi has opened the path to a new age that all will eventually follow.
Please allow me to explain how the vacuum can be suppressed to form a situation where vacuum decay occurs and negative mass and energy are created. This is the Holy Grail that science had thought to be impossible but still wants to make real.
To begin this explanation, the first concept to understand is how negative frequency works in wave mechanics.
An example of how negative frequency is applied in everyday experience is the case for noise canceling headphones.
A “noise-canceling” earphone, works by using a microphone to detect ambient sound, then generating an opposite sound wave through its speaker to effectively cancel out the unwanted noise by creating destructive interference with the original sound wave; essentially, it “listens” to the surrounding sounds and produces a sound that is the exact opposite to counteract it, resulting in a quieter listening experience. The mechanism used to do this wave canceling process is the production of negative frequency sound.
Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) is the core of noise suppression, where the earphone actively monitors and cancels out external noise using microphones and signal processing. This signal processing involves the production of negative frequency sound waves that when added to the ambient sound will cancel out those waves of noise that the user does not want to listen to.
Signal Processing uses tiny microphones on the earphone pick up the surrounding sounds. This captured sound is analyzed by a processor which then generates an inverted sound wave (opposite phase).
A speaker outputs the generated “anti-noise” produced through the earphone speaker, effectively canceling out the original noise when it reaches your ear.
Manipulating the vacuum to suppress it involves the same wave cancellation process of generating negative frequency photons to suppress the virtual particles activity that define and form the nature of the vacuum.
Wave cancellation of the vacuum involves EMF waves instead of sound waves. It is this process that produces the negative mass behavior of the dispersion produced by the Exciton polariton condensate (BEC).
Also wave cancellation technology will someday be used to power warp drives and build worm holes using negative mass production.
Does a negative frequency wave cancel a positive frequency wave?
Yes, in the context of Fourier analysis, a negative frequency wave can effectively “cancel out” a positive frequency wave of the same magnitude, resulting in a net signal of zero when combined, as the concept of negative frequency is primarily a mathematical construct used to represent the phase relationship within a complex wave form.
When analyzing waves using Fourier transform, a single sine wave can be represented as a sum of two complex exponentials, one with a positive frequency and one with a negative frequency.
While negative frequencies don’t physically exist in the same way as positive frequencies, they are useful for describing the phase and direction of a wave.
When you add a positive frequency wave with the same amplitude and frequency to its corresponding negative frequency wave, the resulting waveform cancels out due to their opposite phases.
The “wave vector” which describes the direction and wavelength of the wave associated with a particle is a vector quantity in physics; meaning it has both magnitude and direction.
The waveform of a particle is typically represented by a wave function, which is a mathematical function that gives the amplitude of the wave at each point in space and time. This function is a scalar value at each point, not a vector.
However, when analyzing wave properties, the “wave vector” is used, which is a vector with a magnitude related to the wavelength and a direction defining the movement of wave propagation.
In quantum mechanics, the state of a particle is represented by a wave function, which can be considered as a vector in a complex Hilbert space.
While the waveform itself is not a vector, it can be visualized as a vector in certain contexts where the amplitude and direction of the wave are the primary focus.
Getting a feel for the way virtual particle creation occurs.
In hawking radiation, why is the negative frequency photon always absorbed by the black hole?
The creation of a virtual photon in the vacuum involves the production of a positive frequency photon and a negative frequency photon of the same magnitude. Even though two real photons are created in this process, this mode of virtual phonon production is required to force the cancelation of the virtual proton before the time limit on energy cancelation is reached as defined by the (time/momentum) uncertainty principle.
In Hawking radiation, a negative frequency photon is absorbed by the black hole because, according to the theory, when a virtual particle pair is created near the event horizon, the particle with negative energy is pulled into the black hole, effectively reducing its mass, while the positive energy particle escapes as Hawking radiation; this is due to the way negative energy is interpreted in the context of curved space-time near a black hole, allowing the black hole to “absorb” negative energy without violating field theory conservation laws.
Hawking radiation arises from the concept of quantum fluctuations where particle-antiparticle pairs spontaneously appear and annihilate each other.
Near a black hole’s event horizon, the negative frequency particle is pulled into the black hole while the positive frequency particle escapes.
The particle that falls into the black hole is considered to have negative energy relative to an outside observer, allowing the black hole to effectively “lose mass” by absorbing it.
How does an Exciton polariton condensate (BEC) produce negative energy photons in its dispersion channel?
An Exciton polariton condensate can produce “negative energy photons” in its dispersion channel due to a phenomenon called “negative mass” which occurs when the dispersion curve of the lower polariton branch is inverted, meaning it has a negative curvature at certain momentum values, effectively causing the particles to behave as if they have a negative mass; this can happen when the coupling between excitons and cavity photons generates an anomalous dispersion relation within the system, particularly under conditions of strong light-matter coupling and specific detuning between the exciton and photon energies.
Exciton-polaritons are hybrid quasiparticles formed when excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) strongly interact with photons inside an optical micro-cavity, creating a new entity with properties of both light and matter.
A dispersion curve is a plot showing the relationship between the energy of a particle and its momentum, and the shape of this curve can vary based on the system parameters.
Negative mass presents when the dispersion curve is inverted, it results in a negative effective mass, meaning that the particles will accelerate in the opposite direction when a force is applied.
Strong coupling regime means that within a high-quality optical micro-cavity, strong coupling between excitons and photons can be achieved, leading to the formation of well-defined upper and lower polariton branches.
A detuning process occurs when the energy difference between the exciton and the cavity photon energy occurs (detuning). Such energy variations play a crucial role in shaping the dispersion curve.
Dispersion naturally occurs when the cavity geometry and material properties in a superconductive molecule forms a seed around which the BEC forms , this situation produces a system where the lower polariton branch has a negative curvature at conformant momentum values, leading to negative effective mass.
Unusual dynamics manifests where negative mass polaritons exhibit peculiar behaviors like propagating in the opposite direction when momentum is changed.
How does dispersion in a exciton polariton condensate occur as the condensate loses energy over time?
As an exciton polariton condensate loses energy over time, dispersion occurs because the lower energy polaritons within the condensate tend to accumulate near the bottom of the dispersion curve (the “Γ-point”), effectively causing a redistribution of the polariton population towards lower momentum states, leading to a narrowing of the momentum distribution and a more localized condensate in real space.
The dispersion curve of an exciton polariton describes the relationship between its energy and momentum, and its shape is crucial to understanding how the condensate evolves as it loses energy. When the condensate loses energy, the polaritons naturally tend to occupy lower energy states, which are located near the bottom of the dispersion curve. This shift towards lower energy states leads to a narrowing of the momentum distribution of the polaritons, meaning they become more localized in momentum space.
Due to the wave-particle duality, the narrowing of the momentum distribution corresponds to a spreading out of the condensate in real space, potentially leading to spatial localization in certain situations.
The strength of interactions between polaritons can influence how the condensate disperses, with stronger interactions leading to more pronounced spatial localization.
The manner in which the condensate is pumped can affect the initial momentum distribution and thus how it evolves as it loses energy. The specific mechanisms causing the energy loss (e.g., scattering with other particles) can also influence the dispersion behavior.
How does the negative energy photon appear in the spectrum of the Exciton polariton condensate?
The negative energy photon appears as a blue shift in the spectrum of the BEC.
A blue shift in the light output of an exciton polariton condensate is primarily caused by the repulsive interactions between the polaritons themselves, which arise from their underlying excitonic components, leading to an increase in the energy of the ground state as the polariton density increases when the system undergoes Bose-Einstein condensation; essentially, the higher density of polaritons results in a net repulsive force that pushes the emission energy to higher wavelengths (blue shift).
In the polariton-polariton interaction, the primary mechanism behind the blue shift is the interaction between the polaritons within the condensate, which are essentially hybrid particles composed of light and matter (excitons).
These interactions are typically repulsive, meaning that as more polaritons occupy the same space, they push each other away, leading to a higher energy state and a blue shift in the emitted light. Stronger pumping produces high polariton density which increases the blueshift. This implies that the increase pumping produces more negative energy photons.
The magnitude of the blue shift is directly related to the density of the polariton condensate; as the pump power (and therefore the polariton density) increases, the blue shift becomes more pronounced.
There is a process called the Bogoliubov transformation that generates blue-shift in the BECs spectrum. This process produces an independent condensate that relates to super-fluidity and dispersion of the polaritons. Since this process generates blue-shift in the spectrum, this process may increase the production of negative energy photons through an independent dispersion mechanism.
If a region of negative vacuum energy is created, how would that region of negative energy interact with the universe (aka space-time). In other words, what does a domain wall do in the vacuum reaction?
In regards to space-time, a domain wall is a hypothetical, large-scale boundary separating regions of space-time where a fundamental field has taken on different values, essentially acting as a “wall” between different phases of the universe. As an example, a domain wall developed during a phase transition in the early universe when symmetry was spontaneously broken; its primary function is to represent a topological defect in space-time with significant energy density, potentially impacting the expression of the universe depending on its properties and abundance.
A domain wall can arise when a scalar field, which permeates space-time, undergoes a phase transition where it settles into different “vacuum states” in different regions, creating a boundary between these regions.
Depending on the situation, a domain walls can be unstable and may eventually annihilate the two regions that the Domain wall held apart, releasing significant energy in the process.
How does the formation of a domain wall separating a region of negative energy create a dynamic Casimir Effect?
“In a field theory, there may be more than one vacuum state (state of lowest energy). This may lead to configurations of fields where the field is in one of the vacuum in one region and another in another region. The number of vacua regions is (in some theories anyway) an invariant, meaning that it is impossible for the field to simply settle to a single vacuum. Therefore, in such cases, there is a transitional region where the field goes from one vacuum to the other. This region is referred to as a domain wall. While typically quite thin, it is not typically an actual surface.
Using various field configurations, it’s possible to create a set of several domain walls. A good toy model for this for instance is the scalar field theory.
In other words, we have a field that can create “walls”, which can interact with another field. This can give us a very simplified (at least as far as QFT is concerned) model of the Casimir effect.
It has been shown that such a system does have negative energy density near a single wall. I don’t know if more specific configurations with, let’s say, two walls or an oscillating wall have been tried, though, to show more Casimir-like effects.”
I asked the AI: “If a region of space-time developed a reduced vacuum energy potential, what would be the effects of this vacuum decay on the structure of energy and matter inside that region”
Answer:
If a region of space-time developed a reduced vacuum energy potential, a process called “vacuum decay” could occur, leading to a dramatic restructuring of energy and matter within that region, potentially causing the complete annihilation of existing structures and particles, effectively rewriting the fundamental laws of physics within that space due to the transition to a lower energy vacuum state.
The decay would likely begin with the formation of a “bubble” where the lower energy vacuum state starts to expand, originating from a quantum fluctuation or other process.
As this bubble grows, its boundary would rapidly expand outward at near light speed, converting all matter and energy it encounters into the new vacuum state, effectively destroying any existing structures.
The properties of particles and forces could drastically change within the bubble, as the new vacuum state would dictate different physical laws.
The exact nature of the changes would depend on the specific characteristics of the new vacuum state, making the consequences highly speculative.
Existing particles could be completely annihilated as they transition to the new vacuum state.
New particles with different properties could be created within the bubble, depending on the new vacuum state.
The rapid expansion of the bubble could cause significant distortions in the fabric of spacetime.
There is uncertainty in the triggering mechanism:
It is unclear what could initiate a vacuum decay event, but some theories suggest high-energy collisions or quantum fluctuations could potentially trigger it.
Author’s note:
Fortunately, over decades of R&D, mechanisms have been developed where the negative properties of accumulated negative vacuum energy have been developed. In the future, it may be possible to expand this control to develop warp drive, time travel, and wormholes.
What does the AI think about this subject?
If scientists could control negative vacuum energy, it would open up the potential to develop technologies like warp drive, time travel, and wormholes, as these theoretical concepts all rely on the manipulation of space-time curvature which can be achieved by harnessing the unique properties of negative energy density, allowing for the bending and warping of space itself to facilitate faster-than-light travel or movement through different points in space-time.
Key points about negative vacuum energy and its potential applications:
Warp Drive:
The Alcubierre drive, a theoretical concept for warp drive, requires the creation of a “bubble” of negative energy density around a spacecraft to effectively warp space-time in front of it, allowing for faster-than-light travel without violating the laws of relativity within the bubble itself.
Wormholes:
To create a stable wormhole (a hypothetical shortcut through space-time), negative energy is needed to counteract the gravitational collapse of the wormhole’s throat, enabling travel between distant points in the universe seemingly instantaneously.
Time Travel:
While highly speculative, some theories suggest that manipulating negative energy could potentially allow for time travel by creating closed time-like curves, although the feasibility and paradoxes associated with this are still intensely debated.
Important considerations:
Existence of Negative Energy:
While negative energy is theoretically possible based on quantum field theory, scientists have not yet experimentally observed or produced large quantities of it in a controlled manner.
Technological Challenges:
Even if negative energy is found, developing technology to manipulate it on a scale large enough to create practical warp drives or wormholes would likely require significant advancements in our understanding of physics and engineering.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
thank you for the answer! With just a production of 100 MW ecat one can produce about only 0.9 TWh in a year. Alone germany needs 3000 TWh of energy per year. For example China needs about 50,000 TWh in a year. Of course this is the primary energy consumption – so maybe the half should be enough. But every 11 years new ecats are needed.
This shows how much you have to expand the production lines all over the world. There is much to do.
Best regards
Simon
Yet another NGU application – Alaska Residential electric power generation
“Alaska’s rural communities rely on diesel-fueled generators for power, and electricity prices can be three to five times higher than in urban areas.
Alaska has a non-binding goal to generate 50% of its electricity from renewable and alternative energy sources by 2025.”
NGU units coupled with off-the-shelf inverters should be a “no brainer” for Alaskan remote communities. The optimal solution might be a community-based power system as opposed to individual residential units.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
how many MW or GW of capacity will or can your licence holder’s production plant complete per year once it is ready?
Best regards
Simon
Dr Rossi,
which kind of research has better helped you to reach your results: experimental try and error or theoretical intuition ?
All the best for your important work,
Olaf
According to your answer of parallel and series units, I consider the solution with series.
The reason is that if one e-cat fails you just have a small reduction of voltage and power. For instance if you have 30 e-cats 3 kW 360VDC and you lose one e-cat resulting in 2.9kW 348V instead.
Is this correct?
Is it possible to get 3kW and 360VDC delivered?
Best regards and good luck with your important work,
The Future of Technology:
Energy, AI, and Superconductors In recent years, the world has seen unprecedented advances in energy, artificial intelligence (AI), and advanced materials, such as room-temperature superconductors. These innovations could mark the beginning of a new technological era, but they also pose crucial challenges that require thoughtful solutions.
Andrea Rossi’s Generator
Andrea Rossi has developed an innovative energy device, which is expected to be commercialized by the end of 2025. According to initial tests, this generator produces 10 watts, but multiple units can be stacked to achieve greater power. The ability to power a car without traditional fuels represents a revolution in the energy sector. However, questions remain about its scalability and how the major energy companies will respond to this innovation.
The Danger of Artificial Intelligence
The development of AI is accelerating rapidly, and many experts fear that, without adequate control, it could pose a risk to humanity. Already in 1968, the IARGA book described the importance of balancing technological advancement with global security. A possible solution could be the adoption of a protocol inspired by Isaac Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics, to ensure that AIs remain tools at the service of man and not threats to his future.
Room Temperature Superconductors
Room temperature superconductors represent another epochal breakthrough. LK-99 is a recently studied material that shows promising, but still incomplete, properties. The main challenge is to find a method to protect conduction from external perturbations, as also suggested by Marco Todeschini and Pier Luigi Ighina. The latter argued that surrounding the material with layers of absorbing materials, tuned to specific vibration frequencies, could be the key to making the phenomenon stable.
Conclusions
The next decade could bring extraordinary changes in many fields. However, to ensure that these discoveries are used for the good of humanity, a balanced and conscious approach is essential. The future will be determined by the choices we make today: will we be able to manage free energy, artificial intelligence and superconductivity responsibly? The challenge is open.
Frank Acland:
Thank you for the link.
Answer to your question: as for the theoretical understanding , as shown from our progress and also the replications that our Readers made, the more lead came from paragraphs 2,3,4,5,6,7 of this paper:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Rik:
Normal is 12 V, custom can be also 24, 48
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Is there a way we can charge our 48v lithium batteries or do we need 12v batteries for this system with the Ecat?
Dear Andrea,
Congratulations! On X I see you have received another recognition from ResearchGate for 170,000 reads of your theoretical paper: https://x.com/LeonardoCorpor3/status/1889764284156051812
Has your theoretical understanding of the E-Cat changed since your last update in 2022?
Best wishes,
Frank Acland
@Rodney Nicholson
In cosmology, “negative energy” is considered the driving force behind inflation because it creates a repulsive gravitational field, causing the universe to rapidly expand during the inflationary period; essentially, a field with negative pressure acts like an anti-gravity force, pushing space itself apart at an exponential rate.
The concept of a “false vacuum” is often used to explain this negative energy, where a field exists in a high-energy state with a negative potential energy density, leading to a repulsive gravitational effect.
When this false vacuum state decays, the energy is released, driving the rapid expansion of space during inflation. This explosion of the false vacuum called a Bosenova is what actually produces the fast electrons and photons when the Exciton polariton comes apart. Dr. Rossi uses these fast particles to form the electrical current which is the product of the Ecat. The micron sized Bosonic cluster (AKA BEC) is inherently unstable. This bubble grows naturally until it becomes unstable. When the bubble called a domain wall that encloses the BEC grows to the extent where the surface of the bubble no longer can support its volume, then the bubble explodes.
This inflationary phase is thought to solve several cosmological problems, including the horizon problem and the flatness problem, by smoothing out the universe and making it appear remarkably flat on large scales.
Some papers on negative energy and cosmology
https://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4522
An exposition on Friedmann Cosmology with Negative Energy Densities
https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2018/12/aa32898-18/aa32898-18.html
A unifying theory of dark energy and dark matter: Negative masses and matter creation within a modified ΛCDM framework… this is a good one that solves all the problems in cosmology only if negative energy was real.
Details are important. I wanted to know exactly how Dr. Rossi is able to extract energy from the vacuum. His paper is light on the details that I am interested in. The question to be answered is how does the Exciton polariton condensate (BEC) produce negative energy in the vacuum and why does the light that the BEC produces effect the vacuum?
To begin, an experiment with a number of interacting lasers has shown that Casimir like negative vacuum energy can be produced.
I asked the AI for details on this method as follows:
Yes, an experiment involving interacting lasers can potentially demonstrate the existence of a “Casimir-like” negative vacuum energy, although directly extracting usable energy from this effect is currently highly challenging and remains a topic of theoretical exploration; by manipulating the light field interactions within a carefully designed setup, researchers can observe phenomena analogous to the Casimir effect, where the altered vacuum energy distribution results in a measurable force or energy density variation.
The standard Casimir effect arises from the modification of quantum vacuum fluctuations between two closely spaced conducting plates, leading to an attractive force between them. This is interpreted as a manifestation of negative vacuum energy density in the region between the plates.
By using carefully arranged optical cavities or fiber optic systems with interacting laser beams, researchers can create situations where the light field distribution mimics the behavior of the electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations in the Casimir setup, leading to observable effects related to “negative vacuum energy”.
Small magnitude: The Casimir effect, even in its optical analog, generates very small forces, making precise measurement challenging.
While experiments can demonstrate the presence of a negative energy density in a specific region, extracting usable energy from this “vacuum energy” is highly theoretical and currently not feasible with current technology.
Optical cavities with moving mirrors are the methods that can be used in the production of negative vacuum energy.
By rapidly changing the distance between mirrors in an optical cavity, researchers can potentially stimulate the creation of photons from the vacuum, a phenomenon known as the dynamical Casimir effect.
Nonlinear optical interactions can be utilized in nonlinear optical processes in specially designed optical setups that can lead to interactions between light fields that mimic the behavior of the quantum vacuum fluctuations.
In this Reference [41] in Dr. Rossi’s theory paper, the production of energy from the vacuum is explained in detail as follows:
Experimental Concepts for Generating Negative Energy in
the Laboratory
E. W. Davis and H. E. Puthoff
https://www.earthtech.org/publications/davis_STAIF_conference_1.pdf
Squeezed light has been used to produce negative energy in the vacuum.
I asked the AI if the Exciton polariton can produce squeezed light and it said:
Yes, light emissions from an exciton polariton condensate can produce squeezed light; research has demonstrated that under certain conditions, the light emitted from a polariton condensate exhibits characteristics of squeezed states, meaning there is a reduced level of noise in one quadrature of the light field while the other quadrature experiences increased noise.
Exciton polaritons are quasiparticles formed by the strong coupling between photons and excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) within a semiconductor microcavity, essentially creating a hybrid light-matter particle.
The squeezing mechanism in a polariton condensate is often linked to the nonlinear interactions within the system, where the strong coupling between light and matter leads to fluctuations in the light field that can be manipulated to produce squeezed states.
Several studies have reported the observation of squeezed light emission from exciton polariton condensates, particularly in systems with coupled microcavities where the nonlinear effects are enhanced.
There is current research in optical signal transmission to use BECs to reduce noise in optical singles using BECs. This noise originates in the vacuum and this distortion effects all EMF signals.
https://physics.wm.edu/~inovikova/psrsqueezing.html
“Any electromagnetic signal is subject to the laws of quantum mechanics. This means that due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, any optical measurement will have on top of it, noise due to quantum fluctuations, even if you are measuring the vacuum itself. This limits many measurements to having a minimum non-zero noise, called shot noise, or the standard quantum limit.”
This limit can be beaten however by using a special quantum state of light called a “squeezed state”. Squeezed light exhibits non-classical statistics where we can measure noise levels below the shot noise limit. If we consider light in the quadrature picture.
What is squeezed light
In the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known.
A squeezed state is one in which one of the physical properties in increased so that the other property is reduced or squeezed. For example, we can make the position of a particle more precise by making it momentum less precise.
Applying squeezed light to a region of the vacuum neutralizes the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle acting on that vacuum thereby killing off or neutralizing the virtual particles that define the nature of the vacuum. This lowers the vacuum expectation value which essentially changes the vacuum to another vacuum type: from positive to negative.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeezed_states_of_light
Dr. Rossi has found a way to naturally produce and apply squeezed light to the vacuum. The BEC acts like a single processor that filters out the noise produced by the vacuum. This squeezed light is then able to modify the vacuum so that uncertainty in it is reduced and in so doing, change the nature of the vacuum.
A company (Ecat competitor) working to produce vacuum energy from squeezed light
https://www.hathawayresearch.com/portfolios/squeezed-light-negative-energy-density-quantum-states/
Dr. Rossi naturally produces squeezed light to transform the vacuum so that it can produce energy. It can’t be said that Dr. Rossi is doing something unheard of or crackpot, it is something that is done everyday in signal processing but now Dr. Rossi has applied squeezed light on a macroscopic level to extract usable substantial energy from the vacuum.
Simon:
Good question.
This is a problem to be resolved in the Countries where we will not have local sublicensees; surely we will cover all the main languages of the world, but not all the languages of the world.
Thank you for raising the issue,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
your answer to Greg:
“..they will discuss with our experts their specific situations and have all the necessary specific information..”
Will it be possible to discuss the specific situations in the mother language of these customers? or just in english?
Best regards
Simon
Greg:
Good question.
All the Clients that sent us the pre-order forms will be contacted when we will be ready to deliver, and in that occasion they will discuss with our experts their specific situations and have all the necessary specific information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
when the persons that sent the pre-orders will be able to discuss their specific applications to understand how to put in operation the Ecat assemblies they pre-ordered ?
Thank you if you can answer,
Thank you for your work, and the work of your team,
Greg
Alexw:
The Clients that will receive the products will have obviously the right to publish their opinions: that’s a constitutional rights consequence.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Simon:
I will answer when it will be done,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Daniel G. Zavela:
It’s a process in course, will be completed in due time,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Prior to starting production, the E-Cat NGU version #1 will require a “design freeze”.
The addition of an internal battery is of couse a design change,
How close are you and your team to a design freeze at this time? 50%?
Looking forward to receiving my orders.
Best Regards,
Danie Zavela
To Axil:
Regarding your comments about some of the fundamental features of the universe – mass and energy for example – being able to exist with negative values: While obviously not the currently most-favoured view, I have long wondered if gravity might operate by means of the graviton having negative mass. So, when gravitons are emitted, the mass of the object emitting them increases. And when the emitted graviton hits an object and is absorbed by it, its mass declines and, by negative momentum, is ‘attracted’.
This leads to the thought that perhaps in the Big Bang, equal quantities of positive and negative ‘entities’ were created, with a large proportion of the ‘negative entities’ being in the form of gravitons.
Are you aware if any of this has been explored?
[I realize this will likely sound naive to experts in the field, of which I, most certainly, am not!]
Rodney.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
now i have another question:
How many jobs would you estimate this one production plant with 100 MW ecat will create in the long term?
Many thanks for all your answers!
Best regards
Simon
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Given the importance of the rollout of deliveries when the ECAT starts production, is there a plan for some of the early pre-order customers to share their reviews of the product? I assume there will be no restrictions on customers sharing this information?
Svein:
OK
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Peter Oliver:
Thank you for your attention to my work,
Warm Regards,
Andrea Rossi
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
I have been solicited by friends to read
http://www.ingandrearossi.com
and I am glad I did it: what an unbelievable resiliency !
Best,
Peter Oliver
Dear Andrea
Your response to Simon and me regarding the production capacity shows that there is an open opportunity for all nations to contribute here.
This has also been previously raised.
We therefore look forward to contributing after your production partner is ready for a collaboration.
Svein
Axil:
Thank you for your insight and considerations,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Svein:
Please read my answer to Simon,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thank you for your suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Simon:
I agree, but the expansion can be exponential, also exploiting the outsourcing and expanding the manufacturing licenses,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Yet another NGU application – powering Diego Garcia island
“The island can run on 7.4 to 8.3 megawatts (MW) of power, depending on the energy demand, and the island uses generators that produce 1.1 MW, 2.2 MW, and 4.4 MW.”
“An estimated 164 homes can run on one megawatt, all depending on the amount of electricity used.”
“As the demand goes up, the amount of power produced goes up,” said Schultz. “Without power to the island, a lot of the things that need to be done wouldn’t be possible; although, certain places do have back-up generators.”
Replace the diesel generators with NGU units and inverters. This would result in less shipping by sea for diesel fuel and significant cost saving both in fuel and maintenance costs.
Thoughts?
Dear Andrea
The figures you gave Simon with 50/100 MW seem very low.
It should have been at least 50/100 TW.
1 million units of 100W alone will be 100 MW.
Svein
The monumental contribution that Dr. Rossi has made to science is not yet appreciated not even by Rossi himself. By controlling the Casimir vacuum, Dr. Rossi makes possible technologies based on negative matter and energy that have only been envisioned in science fiction. Dr. Rossi is truly the new age Leonardo da Vinci, a Polymath that is centuries ahead of all his contemporaries. Dr. Rossi has opened the path to a new age that all will eventually follow.
Please allow me to explain how the vacuum can be suppressed to form a situation where vacuum decay occurs and negative mass and energy are created. This is the Holy Grail that science had thought to be impossible but still wants to make real.
To begin this explanation, the first concept to understand is how negative frequency works in wave mechanics.
An example of how negative frequency is applied in everyday experience is the case for noise canceling headphones.
A “noise-canceling” earphone, works by using a microphone to detect ambient sound, then generating an opposite sound wave through its speaker to effectively cancel out the unwanted noise by creating destructive interference with the original sound wave; essentially, it “listens” to the surrounding sounds and produces a sound that is the exact opposite to counteract it, resulting in a quieter listening experience. The mechanism used to do this wave canceling process is the production of negative frequency sound.
Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) is the core of noise suppression, where the earphone actively monitors and cancels out external noise using microphones and signal processing. This signal processing involves the production of negative frequency sound waves that when added to the ambient sound will cancel out those waves of noise that the user does not want to listen to.
Signal Processing uses tiny microphones on the earphone pick up the surrounding sounds. This captured sound is analyzed by a processor which then generates an inverted sound wave (opposite phase).
A speaker outputs the generated “anti-noise” produced through the earphone speaker, effectively canceling out the original noise when it reaches your ear.
Manipulating the vacuum to suppress it involves the same wave cancellation process of generating negative frequency photons to suppress the virtual particles activity that define and form the nature of the vacuum.
Wave cancellation of the vacuum involves EMF waves instead of sound waves. It is this process that produces the negative mass behavior of the dispersion produced by the Exciton polariton condensate (BEC).
Also wave cancellation technology will someday be used to power warp drives and build worm holes using negative mass production.
What is negative frequency?
Negative frequency
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_frequency#:~:text=A%20negative%20frequency%20causes%20the,)%20by%201%2F4%20cycle.&text=whose%20corollary%20is%3A&text=can%20have%20only%20one%20sign,function%20and%20a%20complex%20one
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvFfVtRT1UI&t=2s
Does a negative frequency wave cancel a positive frequency wave?
Yes, in the context of Fourier analysis, a negative frequency wave can effectively “cancel out” a positive frequency wave of the same magnitude, resulting in a net signal of zero when combined, as the concept of negative frequency is primarily a mathematical construct used to represent the phase relationship within a complex wave form.
When analyzing waves using Fourier transform, a single sine wave can be represented as a sum of two complex exponentials, one with a positive frequency and one with a negative frequency.
While negative frequencies don’t physically exist in the same way as positive frequencies, they are useful for describing the phase and direction of a wave.
When you add a positive frequency wave with the same amplitude and frequency to its corresponding negative frequency wave, the resulting waveform cancels out due to their opposite phases.
The “wave vector” which describes the direction and wavelength of the wave associated with a particle is a vector quantity in physics; meaning it has both magnitude and direction.
The waveform of a particle is typically represented by a wave function, which is a mathematical function that gives the amplitude of the wave at each point in space and time. This function is a scalar value at each point, not a vector.
However, when analyzing wave properties, the “wave vector” is used, which is a vector with a magnitude related to the wavelength and a direction defining the movement of wave propagation.
In quantum mechanics, the state of a particle is represented by a wave function, which can be considered as a vector in a complex Hilbert space.
While the waveform itself is not a vector, it can be visualized as a vector in certain contexts where the amplitude and direction of the wave are the primary focus.
Getting a feel for the way virtual particle creation occurs.
In hawking radiation, why is the negative frequency photon always absorbed by the black hole?
The creation of a virtual photon in the vacuum involves the production of a positive frequency photon and a negative frequency photon of the same magnitude. Even though two real photons are created in this process, this mode of virtual phonon production is required to force the cancelation of the virtual proton before the time limit on energy cancelation is reached as defined by the (time/momentum) uncertainty principle.
In Hawking radiation, a negative frequency photon is absorbed by the black hole because, according to the theory, when a virtual particle pair is created near the event horizon, the particle with negative energy is pulled into the black hole, effectively reducing its mass, while the positive energy particle escapes as Hawking radiation; this is due to the way negative energy is interpreted in the context of curved space-time near a black hole, allowing the black hole to “absorb” negative energy without violating field theory conservation laws.
Hawking radiation arises from the concept of quantum fluctuations where particle-antiparticle pairs spontaneously appear and annihilate each other.
Near a black hole’s event horizon, the negative frequency particle is pulled into the black hole while the positive frequency particle escapes.
The particle that falls into the black hole is considered to have negative energy relative to an outside observer, allowing the black hole to effectively “lose mass” by absorbing it.
How does an Exciton polariton condensate (BEC) produce negative energy photons in its dispersion channel?
An Exciton polariton condensate can produce “negative energy photons” in its dispersion channel due to a phenomenon called “negative mass” which occurs when the dispersion curve of the lower polariton branch is inverted, meaning it has a negative curvature at certain momentum values, effectively causing the particles to behave as if they have a negative mass; this can happen when the coupling between excitons and cavity photons generates an anomalous dispersion relation within the system, particularly under conditions of strong light-matter coupling and specific detuning between the exciton and photon energies.
Exciton-polaritons are hybrid quasiparticles formed when excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) strongly interact with photons inside an optical micro-cavity, creating a new entity with properties of both light and matter.
A dispersion curve is a plot showing the relationship between the energy of a particle and its momentum, and the shape of this curve can vary based on the system parameters.
Negative mass presents when the dispersion curve is inverted, it results in a negative effective mass, meaning that the particles will accelerate in the opposite direction when a force is applied.
Strong coupling regime means that within a high-quality optical micro-cavity, strong coupling between excitons and photons can be achieved, leading to the formation of well-defined upper and lower polariton branches.
A detuning process occurs when the energy difference between the exciton and the cavity photon energy occurs (detuning). Such energy variations play a crucial role in shaping the dispersion curve.
Dispersion naturally occurs when the cavity geometry and material properties in a superconductive molecule forms a seed around which the BEC forms , this situation produces a system where the lower polariton branch has a negative curvature at conformant momentum values, leading to negative effective mass.
Unusual dynamics manifests where negative mass polaritons exhibit peculiar behaviors like propagating in the opposite direction when momentum is changed.
How does dispersion in a exciton polariton condensate occur as the condensate loses energy over time?
As an exciton polariton condensate loses energy over time, dispersion occurs because the lower energy polaritons within the condensate tend to accumulate near the bottom of the dispersion curve (the “Γ-point”), effectively causing a redistribution of the polariton population towards lower momentum states, leading to a narrowing of the momentum distribution and a more localized condensate in real space.
The dispersion curve of an exciton polariton describes the relationship between its energy and momentum, and its shape is crucial to understanding how the condensate evolves as it loses energy. When the condensate loses energy, the polaritons naturally tend to occupy lower energy states, which are located near the bottom of the dispersion curve. This shift towards lower energy states leads to a narrowing of the momentum distribution of the polaritons, meaning they become more localized in momentum space.
Due to the wave-particle duality, the narrowing of the momentum distribution corresponds to a spreading out of the condensate in real space, potentially leading to spatial localization in certain situations.
The strength of interactions between polaritons can influence how the condensate disperses, with stronger interactions leading to more pronounced spatial localization.
The manner in which the condensate is pumped can affect the initial momentum distribution and thus how it evolves as it loses energy. The specific mechanisms causing the energy loss (e.g., scattering with other particles) can also influence the dispersion behavior.
How does the negative energy photon appear in the spectrum of the Exciton polariton condensate?
The negative energy photon appears as a blue shift in the spectrum of the BEC.
A blue shift in the light output of an exciton polariton condensate is primarily caused by the repulsive interactions between the polaritons themselves, which arise from their underlying excitonic components, leading to an increase in the energy of the ground state as the polariton density increases when the system undergoes Bose-Einstein condensation; essentially, the higher density of polaritons results in a net repulsive force that pushes the emission energy to higher wavelengths (blue shift).
In the polariton-polariton interaction, the primary mechanism behind the blue shift is the interaction between the polaritons within the condensate, which are essentially hybrid particles composed of light and matter (excitons).
These interactions are typically repulsive, meaning that as more polaritons occupy the same space, they push each other away, leading to a higher energy state and a blue shift in the emitted light. Stronger pumping produces high polariton density which increases the blueshift. This implies that the increase pumping produces more negative energy photons.
The magnitude of the blue shift is directly related to the density of the polariton condensate; as the pump power (and therefore the polariton density) increases, the blue shift becomes more pronounced.
There is a process called the Bogoliubov transformation that generates blue-shift in the BECs spectrum. This process produces an independent condensate that relates to super-fluidity and dispersion of the polaritons. Since this process generates blue-shift in the spectrum, this process may increase the production of negative energy photons through an independent dispersion mechanism.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogoliubov_transformation
If a region of negative vacuum energy is created, how would that region of negative energy interact with the universe (aka space-time). In other words, what does a domain wall do in the vacuum reaction?
In regards to space-time, a domain wall is a hypothetical, large-scale boundary separating regions of space-time where a fundamental field has taken on different values, essentially acting as a “wall” between different phases of the universe. As an example, a domain wall developed during a phase transition in the early universe when symmetry was spontaneously broken; its primary function is to represent a topological defect in space-time with significant energy density, potentially impacting the expression of the universe depending on its properties and abundance.
A domain wall can arise when a scalar field, which permeates space-time, undergoes a phase transition where it settles into different “vacuum states” in different regions, creating a boundary between these regions.
Depending on the situation, a domain walls can be unstable and may eventually annihilate the two regions that the Domain wall held apart, releasing significant energy in the process.
How does the formation of a domain wall separating a region of negative energy create a dynamic Casimir Effect?
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/499166/casimir-effect-for-other-interactions
“In a field theory, there may be more than one vacuum state (state of lowest energy). This may lead to configurations of fields where the field is in one of the vacuum in one region and another in another region. The number of vacua regions is (in some theories anyway) an invariant, meaning that it is impossible for the field to simply settle to a single vacuum. Therefore, in such cases, there is a transitional region where the field goes from one vacuum to the other. This region is referred to as a domain wall. While typically quite thin, it is not typically an actual surface.
Using various field configurations, it’s possible to create a set of several domain walls. A good toy model for this for instance is the scalar field theory.
In other words, we have a field that can create “walls”, which can interact with another field. This can give us a very simplified (at least as far as QFT is concerned) model of the Casimir effect.
It has been shown that such a system does have negative energy density near a single wall. I don’t know if more specific configurations with, let’s say, two walls or an oscillating wall have been tried, though, to show more Casimir-like effects.”
I asked the AI: “If a region of space-time developed a reduced vacuum energy potential, what would be the effects of this vacuum decay on the structure of energy and matter inside that region”
Answer:
If a region of space-time developed a reduced vacuum energy potential, a process called “vacuum decay” could occur, leading to a dramatic restructuring of energy and matter within that region, potentially causing the complete annihilation of existing structures and particles, effectively rewriting the fundamental laws of physics within that space due to the transition to a lower energy vacuum state.
The decay would likely begin with the formation of a “bubble” where the lower energy vacuum state starts to expand, originating from a quantum fluctuation or other process.
As this bubble grows, its boundary would rapidly expand outward at near light speed, converting all matter and energy it encounters into the new vacuum state, effectively destroying any existing structures.
The properties of particles and forces could drastically change within the bubble, as the new vacuum state would dictate different physical laws.
The exact nature of the changes would depend on the specific characteristics of the new vacuum state, making the consequences highly speculative.
Existing particles could be completely annihilated as they transition to the new vacuum state.
New particles with different properties could be created within the bubble, depending on the new vacuum state.
The rapid expansion of the bubble could cause significant distortions in the fabric of spacetime.
There is uncertainty in the triggering mechanism:
It is unclear what could initiate a vacuum decay event, but some theories suggest high-energy collisions or quantum fluctuations could potentially trigger it.
Author’s note:
Fortunately, over decades of R&D, mechanisms have been developed where the negative properties of accumulated negative vacuum energy have been developed. In the future, it may be possible to expand this control to develop warp drive, time travel, and wormholes.
What does the AI think about this subject?
If scientists could control negative vacuum energy, it would open up the potential to develop technologies like warp drive, time travel, and wormholes, as these theoretical concepts all rely on the manipulation of space-time curvature which can be achieved by harnessing the unique properties of negative energy density, allowing for the bending and warping of space itself to facilitate faster-than-light travel or movement through different points in space-time.
Key points about negative vacuum energy and its potential applications:
Warp Drive:
The Alcubierre drive, a theoretical concept for warp drive, requires the creation of a “bubble” of negative energy density around a spacecraft to effectively warp space-time in front of it, allowing for faster-than-light travel without violating the laws of relativity within the bubble itself.
Wormholes:
To create a stable wormhole (a hypothetical shortcut through space-time), negative energy is needed to counteract the gravitational collapse of the wormhole’s throat, enabling travel between distant points in the universe seemingly instantaneously.
Time Travel:
While highly speculative, some theories suggest that manipulating negative energy could potentially allow for time travel by creating closed time-like curves, although the feasibility and paradoxes associated with this are still intensely debated.
Important considerations:
Existence of Negative Energy:
While negative energy is theoretically possible based on quantum field theory, scientists have not yet experimentally observed or produced large quantities of it in a controlled manner.
Technological Challenges:
Even if negative energy is found, developing technology to manipulate it on a scale large enough to create practical warp drives or wormholes would likely require significant advancements in our understanding of physics and engineering.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
thank you for the answer! With just a production of 100 MW ecat one can produce about only 0.9 TWh in a year. Alone germany needs 3000 TWh of energy per year. For example China needs about 50,000 TWh in a year. Of course this is the primary energy consumption – so maybe the half should be enough. But every 11 years new ecats are needed.
This shows how much you have to expand the production lines all over the world. There is much to do.
Best regards
Simon
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thank you for the information and suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Simon:
I hope 50/100 MW
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Yet another NGU application – Alaska Residential electric power generation
“Alaska’s rural communities rely on diesel-fueled generators for power, and electricity prices can be three to five times higher than in urban areas.
Alaska has a non-binding goal to generate 50% of its electricity from renewable and alternative energy sources by 2025.”
NGU units coupled with off-the-shelf inverters should be a “no brainer” for Alaskan remote communities. The optimal solution might be a community-based power system as opposed to individual residential units.
Thoughts?
Dear Dr. Rossi,
how many MW or GW of capacity will or can your licence holder’s production plant complete per year once it is ready?
Best regards
Simon
Olaf:
The synthesis of both, as you can easily see reading
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
which kind of research has better helped you to reach your results: experimental try and error or theoretical intuition ?
All the best for your important work,
Olaf
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
I did an analysis on the current NGU Power Generator using a Ragone Plot.
Power Density (W/kg) = 1,000 W / 2 kg = 500 W/kg = 0.5kW/kg.
Energy Density (kJ/kg) assuming an operating lifetime of 100,000 hours = 0.5kW/kg * 100,000 hrs * 3,600 sec/hr = 1.8 * 10+8 kJ/kg.
Using Joules of energy = Power (Watt) * time(sec).
This Ragone metric places the NGU Power Generator in the performance level of Pu-238 or Sr-90 (or above) in terms of power and energy generation.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thak you for your insight, obviously to be defined in the specific situations,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Frank Acland:
I hope within this year,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Possible Voltage and Current Outputs from NGU Power generators using 100W subunits
NGU Power Generator NGU 1kW NGU 2kW NGU 3kW NGU 5kW NGU 10kW
number of 100W subunits 10 20 30 50 100
All Serial by 1 parallel
Output Voltage 120 240 360 600 1200
Current – Amps 8.33 8.33 8.33 8.33 8.33
1/2 Serial by 2 parallel
Output Voltage 60 120 180 300 600
Current – Amps 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67
1/3 Serial by 3 parallel
Output Voltage 120
Current – Amps 25
1/4 Serial by 4 parallel
Output Voltage 60 300
Current – Amps 41.67 41.67
1/5 Serial by 5 parallel
Output Voltage 24 48 72 120 240
Current – Amps 41.67 41.67 41.67 41.67 41.67
1/6 Serial by 6 parallel
Output Voltage 60
Current – Amps 50
1/7 Serial by 7 parallel
Output Voltage
Current – Amps
1/8 Serial by 8 parallel
Output Voltage
Current – Amps
1/9 Serial by 9 parallel
Output Voltage
Current – Amps
1/10 Serial by 10 parallel
Output Voltage 12 24 36 60 120
Current – Amps 83.33 83.33 83.33 83.33 83.33
Dear Andrea,
Do you believe that you will be able start the production and distribution of E-Cats within the next six months?
Best wishes,
Frank Acland
Mats Heijkenskjold:
1- correct
2- yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Diego:
OK
Warm Regards,
A.R.
egr mr Rossi
thanks you opened my eyes
diego
Dear Andrea,
According to your answer of parallel and series units, I consider the solution with series.
The reason is that if one e-cat fails you just have a small reduction of voltage and power. For instance if you have 30 e-cats 3 kW 360VDC and you lose one e-cat resulting in 2.9kW 348V instead.
Is this correct?
Is it possible to get 3kW and 360VDC delivered?
Best regards and good luck with your important work,
Mats Heijkenskjold
Gavino Mamia:
Good points.
Thank you for your support and you too have a nice day with your family !
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. yes
2. possible, but not convenient: better DC connected to an inverter
3. 230 VDC
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Richard:
No: the Ecat is not a battery,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Clifford Robert Bradley:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.