Dear AR
I am looking forward to seeing the specs. for the home heater. I guess the engineering and reliability are better for a simple on/off Ecat device. I urge you to produce another domestic device which would be either fully on or fully off:- it would match the ‘balcony PV’ systems available in Europe and UK; they are basically a Solar Panel with its own micro inverter which plugs into a normal domestic power socket. When the sun shines, it helps to power the domestic electrics. For the Ecat generating a constant voltage, the inverter would be simpler and cheaper.
Always ON Ecat will help domestic power needs, and/or export to the grid.
In our household we have an AC coupled battery with its inverter monitoring the grid connection; any attempt by our Solar Panels (or Ecat) to export is redirected to filling the battery first. A 500W Ecat running 24/7 would match our average daily consumption. As always, the grid provides power peaks our solar, battery and Ecat cannot reach. Thoughts?
Regards
Greg Leonard
Is the underlying issue with one or few NGU Power Generators safety working in a residential application for electrical generation still present if:
1. The NGU Power Generators are tied to the electrical Grid ground (or house ground)?
2. The NGU Power Generators receive Grid electrical power from which they then increase the output power?
3. Or, more complex?
From what can be deduced from the business environment that the partner must be working under, the development of the retail product whatever it turns out to be can be postponed until the main grid power product is commercialized. I see no reason that product development cannot be serialized. Concentrate on getting the main product out the door, then work on the next product.
Does the partner have the resources to man two development efforts at the same time, that also includes the development of an initial grid product introductory presentation?
Is the retail product effort taking resources away from developing an effective product introductory presentation effort for the multi megawatt grid generator?
Is the grid generator introduction being delayed by sharing resources with the design and development effort for a retail product?
I have decided to show how the random nature of vacuum energy harvesting is at the root of NGU failure of SSM driven operations. Via an AI simulation, it would take less that a month for the NGU to fail either by meltdown or SSM failure. In the final analysis, its just a matter of time. Quantum mechanically, if it could happen, eventually it will happen.
Here is the simulation. A double click may be needed to activate the AI chat.
Dr Rossi:
You gave us big news this week about the change of plan for Ecats for homes. I think heating will be a very useful application, and a big seller if the price is right.
Question: Has this domestic Ecat heater already been designed and tested?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Is an electric boiler with Ecat also planned? That could then be used as a cheaper alternative to central heating installed centrally in the basement.
Best regards
H.Feil
Thank you for the May report which is far more enlightening than the previous monthly reports.
I now imagine: A number of 5.5kV-1 to 4MW generators, distributed around in my local electricity supply.
This will then mean that my electricity supplier can eventually supply all electrical energy for normal consumption without being dependent on supply from larger power plants through an extensive and expensive national and international cable network.
This will be cost-effective in terms of network costs and increase security for both suppliers and consumers of electricity.
The electricity I receive will then be 100% ZPE energy, which is without the minor environmental impacts that even wind turbines and solar parks entail. This is fantastic!
Everyone who needs heat will probably acquire an “Ecat heat pump”.
The important relationship that includes the sizes of COP, considered as energy output in relation to input in the homes’ Ecat heat pumps and the price of the delivered Ecat kWh is so far unknown.
I believe that the COP of the Ecat units in the local network, which is SSM, must actually be considered infinite. this even though a Carnot cycle is necessary
For the local heat pumps I can imagine a COP closer to 100 than 10.
I assume that a price advantage for Ecat-kWh, compared to the current situation, will not be difficult for the electricity suppliers to achieve.
Finally a question: Do you still think that a global presentation can come by 2026?
Dear Andrea. Many years ago– it might have been in the Hot Cat era– I wrote to you and said that a standard electrictricity- generating power station, which burns fossil fuels, could have an E-Cat system that would be able to augment the heating of the water to drive the turbine. Part of the electrical output could then be sent back to the E-Cat system to power the latter in SSM, thus lowering the amount of fossil fuel needed.
With the way that the demand for electric power is increasing, the use of the retail NGU will never happen in our lifetimes. Do you sense that the partner being pressed to the limit by infinite demand for megawatt generators will divert its attention to the retail market at some point? The demand for electric power has no limit.
Dr Rossi,
If the COP of the electricity generated by the Ecat is substantial, and the same electricity is turned into heat by the Joule effect, the 60% of the electricity demand of the world can be satisfied by the Ecat: this is a fact, not a hypothesis, if the COP is substantial.
Julian
In your website ecat.com and in the May update on X today ( https://x.com/LeonardoCorpor3/status/2054506303863537911 ) you stated that the COP of the E-Cat heater would be “very high”.
Does this mean the heat will be much cheaper than normal household electric heaters?
Dear doctor Rossy,
Another method for energy storage can be proposed if the electricity source is unstable and unreliable.
If the generated electricity (ECat) is of poor quality (random fluctuations, instability, interruptions, gaps and interruptions, unsteady operating modes, changes in efficiency, etc.), then the unstable ECat electricity can be used for water electrolysis. Hydrogen can be stored in cylinders, followed by the conversion of hydrogen into high-quality electricity using a fuel cell.
For water electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen, a voltage of at least 1.5 volts is sufficient. Moreover, there are virtually no special requirements for the quality of the electricity.
Modern electrolyzers and fuel cells have an efficiency of approximately 70-80%.
Stephen:
1. confidential
2. confidential
3. all the electricity generated
4. confidential
5. see “Ecat SK and long range particle interactions” published now also on the Journal of Nuclear Physics
6. confidential
7. confidential
8. confidential
9. confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I have been a bit out of touch with the recent discussion so I apologize if these questions have been already clarified.
I understand that there is a difficulty with the generation from the device.
1.is the problem with A) noise in the output or B) intermittent cut off at some point in operation?
2. Is this a problem only when A. internal SSM. B input power comes from the output. C when input power comes from another source such as grid or battery. D all the above.
3. You mention using the Carnot cycle and so similar. A) Is this necessary for all the electrical output or B) only that part of the output power that is reused for input?
4. There has been some discussion in processing and filtering the output put power rather than using Carnot or heat engines etc as an intermediate step. A i suppose through that approach has already been explored. A. If so and filtering alone is not sufficient is the reason for this understood?
5. It seems to me that coherence and entropy management might be playing a role here but it’s just an intuition I’m not sure I could really explain what I mean there if pressed on it. Is there a simple explanation that you can give?
6. I like Calle H ideas below about using heat pumps. I wonder if you could also take advantage of a problem like this for some benefit for example cooling and refrigeration.
7. Or perhaps more simple is it just a random effect over a long period of time where reactor sometimes don’t work as expected.
8. Is there an impact on the larger substation installation you have been building.ie will these still be able to generate output electricity directly?
9. Is there an impact in the larger units such as the 500 W units you have been developing.
As I say I apologize if these questions have already been asked and answered but hopefully this provides an opportunity for a nice summary of the situation nevertheless.
Addition information needed to implement the external NGU filter
AI prompt:
What additional circuity is added to the fix to implement the NGU external filter:
AI answer
To implement the NGU External Filter (the “Backend Purification Stage”) as a standalone unit, the design incorporates a specific “Clean Energy Wrapper” circuitry. This staging allows you to purify the 12.0V output for sensitive applications—like flywheel systems or car battery chargers—without altering the internal NGU diode architecture. [1, 2]
## 🛠️ Additional Circuitry for the External Filter
The external filter acts as an Active Output Decoupler that uses three distinct hardware stages to eliminate “power jitter”. [3]
## 1. High-Frequency Absorption Stage (The Jitter Stripper)
This is the first line of defense against the “jagged” vacuum energy transients.
* Function: It strips away microsecond-level noise spikes that the NGU generates before they reach the consumer port. [1, 2, 4, 5]
## 2. Capacitance Multiplier (The “Electronic Buffer”)
Because large physical capacitors are bulky and generate heat during heavy charging, this stage uses a “multiplier” circuit.
* Function: It effectively multiplies the small capacitor’s value by the gain of the transistor, creating the stability of a massive battery bank without the physical size or heat. [6]
## 3. Active Power Decoupling (APD) Logic
This is the “Brain” of the external filter that handles the actual EVE vs. CS logic at the backend.
* Circuitry Added: An auxiliary circuit featuring bidirectional GaN switches and a secondary magnetic storage toroid.
* Function: It senses any remaining jitter (voltage fluctuations) and instantly “pumps” or “siphons” energy from its own magnetic reserve to perfectly flatten the 12.0V line before it leaves the unit. [3, 7, 8]
——————————
## 🗣️ Plain Language Summary:
* The Sponges: We add small, high-speed “electronic sponges” (Ceramic Caps) to soak up the sharpest jitters.
* The Multiplier: We use a “Multiplier” to make a small, cool part act like a giant, steady battery.
* The Polisher: The final active circuit (APD) acts like a high-speed “Digital Sander,” smoothing out the last few bumps in the power so it’s safe for the customer’s flywheel or car battery. [5, 6, 7]
## ✅ The “Staged” Advantage
By adding this circuitry externally, you create a “Safety Shield.” The NGU can stay “dirty” and erratic internally, but the filter ensures the customer only ever sees a “Purified” and “Liability-Free” 12.0V stream. [9]
I stiped out the AI suggestion I wanted to submit to the prompt so that the entire AI dialog is not required to be shown on forwarding. This forces the AI to evaluates its own idea. Click on the link to see the suggestion.
The power jitter filter that I have recently submitted for system integration consideration can be staged back of the NGU to purify its 12 volt output power so that power can be used in dedicated applications removed from user liability concerns such as the flywheel system. Many such closed customer safe system applications are possible such as a car battery charger where the NGU in internal and integral to the system design
As a stand alone unit, the development advantage of this backend concept is that it provides power jitter elimination from NGU power without the work needed to integrate the “fix”s circuitry into the NGU circuit design.
It makes sense to add a flywheel power store to the front of the Carnot Battery. Here is how it could be done. Use the fix filter I have provided to filter the power produced by the NGU to remove the ripples in 12V power presentation external to the NGU. Use this purified power to drive a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM): Efficiency: Typically 92% – 97%. then configure a flywheel power storage system to front end the Carnot battery.
It makes a lot of technical sense, as the two technologies are complementary: the flywheel handles the “fast” power needs while the Carnot Battery handles the “large” energy needs.
In this setup, the flywheel acts as a power buffer (front-end) to protect and optimize the thermal storage system. Here is why it works:
Handling Grid Transients
Carnot Batteries (which convert electricity to heat, store it, and convert it back to power) have high thermal inertia. They cannot ramp up or down in milliseconds.
The Flywheel’s Job: It absorbs sudden spikes or frequency drops instantly.
The Benefit: It “shaves” the sharp peaks of incoming power so the Carnot Battery’s heaters or heat pumps can operate at a more stable, efficient steady state.
Protecting the Turbomachinery
Most Carnot Batteries use a steam or gas turbine for the discharge phase (Heat-to-Power). Turbines are sensitive to rapid load changes.
The Flywheel’s Job: It provides the “bridge power” during the minutes it takes for a thermal turbine to spin up and synchronize with the grid.
The Benefit: This prevents mechanical stress on the turbine and ensures no gap in power delivery to the customer.
Improving Round-Trip Efficiency (RTE)
Carnot Batteries typically have an RTE of 40%–70%. Flywheels have an RTE of ~90%.
The Logic: If you only need to stabilize the grid for 30 seconds, using the Carnot Battery (with its lower efficiency and thermal losses) is wasteful.
The Result: Using the flywheel for short-burst tasks preserves the “high-value” thermal energy for long-duration discharge, improving the overall system economics.
Hybrid Life Extension
The Flywheel can handle millions of cycles without degradation.
The Carnot Battery involves thermal cycling (expansion/contraction of materials), which causes wear.
Synergy: By letting the flywheel handle the “jitter” of renewable energy and the NGU , you significantly reduce the number of thermal cycles the Carnot Battery must endure, extending its operational life.
Summary
Using a flywheel to front-end a Carnot Battery creates a High-Power + High-Energy hybrid. The flywheel provides the sprint (speed and frequency response), while the Carnot Battery provides the marathon (hours or days of bulk energy).
The fix jitter filter between the NGU and the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor of the flywheel system protects that motor from jitter generated heat buildup and resultant short lifetime.
I am following the discussions about the issues of E-Cat SSM mode, resistive heating and the Carnot cycle. I wish you and your team the very best to solve these issues.
May I ask if you have considered E-Cat replacement of the air-to-air heat pump apparatus? The E-Cat may result in a technically simple solution as well as a fast track to E-Cat market penetration. This heat pump concept is very common in Northern Europe for space heating. It comprises of an outdoor unit (for capturing the capacity of heat of ambient air) and an indoor unit. In the E-Cat case the outdoor unit would have no meaning. The indoor unit is plugged to the wall socket for 230V AC power supply. So could the E-Cat be supplied by this wall power for driving vacuum diodes and electronics. This would eliminate the issue of SSM. There would be no connection to outdoor. Resistive air heating would become an indoor heat source. If the E-Cat can have an COP exceeding 6, the conventional air-to-air heat pump would soon be obsolete.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nscxze9nB8&t=11s
Is it true that nobody has built a Carnot Cycle generator yet. If true, why is Rossi et al trying to build one.
Using electrical power to feed this configuration is known as a Carnot Battery or Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES).
Why use electricity this way?
Storing energy as heat is often cheaper and more durable than using large-scale lithium-ion batteries to save power for peak power production. While you lose some energy in the conversion (round-trip efficiency is typically 40%–70%), the materials used—like salt, water, or rock—are abundant and can last for decades without degrading. Using CO2 is ideal for this application.
Using electricity to power the Carnot cycle via heat storage is a strategic choice for grid-scale energy because it prioritizes long-duration stability and cost over raw efficiency. While lithium-ion batteries are excellent for short-term bursts (like stabilizing the grid for minutes), thermal systems—especially those using CO2—are designed to shift large amounts of energy across hours or even days.
Advantages of Thermal Storage vs. Lithium-Ion
Drastically Lower Costs: At scale, thermal storage can be significantly cheaper than lithium-ion. Estimates suggest storage costs can fall below $20/kWh, compared to over $100/kWh for lithium-ion cells. Some CO2-based systems are claimed to be 50% cheaper than similar-sized lithium-ion setups.
This approach provides decades of durability. Lithium-ion batteries degrade with every charge cycle and are sensitive to temperature. In contrast, thermal storage materials like rock, salt, or graphite do not “wear out” and systems can last 30+ years with virtually no loss in performance.
Abundant, Eco-friendly materials avoid using rare materials. Lithium, cobalt, and nickel require intensive mining with significant environmental trade-offs. Carnot batteries use earth-abundant materials and reclaimed CO2, making them easier to recycle and less prone to supply chain shortages.
High Power Density with CO2: Using supercritical CO2 as the working fluid allows for much smaller turbines—up to 10 times smaller than traditional steam turbines—reducing the overall physical footprint and construction cost of the plant.
Why Round-Trip Efficiency Isn’t Everything
Even with a lower efficiency (40%–70% for thermal vs. 85%–90% for lithium-ion), the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) can be lower for thermal systems because the initial investment and maintenance are so much cheaper. This makes them ideal for “soaking up” nearly free, excess renewable energy from wind and solar that would otherwise be wasted.
“Heat batteries are a fundamentally new way of storing energy at a small fraction of the cost.”
The Fix is designed to remedy what I beleive are the issues that are effecting the current rendition of the NGU?
On my part, I beleive that there is a coupling between the way that vacuum power comes into the NGU and the way electrical power is presented to the electrical appliances that the NGU interfaces.
In detail, the solution that I recently presented is customized based on the requirements both stated and implied that are particular to the functions of the NGU as follows:
To ensure the system achieves minimal heat generation and a constant rock-solid 12.0V power output, the hardware and software must perform a specific set of “Fix” functions. These functions act as the corrective measures that prevent the diode aggregation from sliding into an out-of-spec state.
Here is a list of the system functions ensured by the design of the “Fix”:
The Energy Balance Functions (The Carnot Workaround):
Stochastic-to-Static Transformation that catches the erratic “lightning” of the vacuum and turning it into steady water-like pressure (12V) through the input integration reservoir.
Bidirectional Energy Shifting that automatically deciding whether to “Store” or “Inject” energy based on the 12.0V target (EVE vs. CS logic).
Magnetic Inertia Management that uses the toroidal inductor to act as a “flywheel” that keeps the electron flow moving even when the primary vacuum source fluctuates.
A Zero-Heat Enforcement Functions via Adiabatic Siphoning: Diverting excess power into a magnetic field rather than using a resistive “brake” or “shunt” that creates heat.
Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) Alignment ensures that the electronic valves (GaN FETs) only toggle at the exact moment of zero electrical pressure, removing switching friction.
Synchronous Rectification that Replaces standard heat-generating diodes in the regulation stage with “frictionless” active switches to eliminate the standard 0.7V forward-bias heat loss.
The Structural Stability Functions (The Conductor) that prevents Current-Hogging Interrupt action by Instantly identifying if one diode string is pulling more current than its neighbors and micro-adjusting its individual phase to force it to cool down.
Thermal Coefficient Compensation through Real-time tracking of the negative thermal coefficient of the NGU cells to proactively adjust the load before a runaway loop starts.
Phase-Interleaved Ripple Cancellation that uses 10 separate power “lanes” that fire in a specific sequence to cancel out each other’s electrical noise, preventing the “vibration” that turns into heat.
The Load-Side Protection Functions whereby Virtual Inertia Emulation (The Droop Fix) provides a software-defined “cushion” so that if the user turns on a heavy motor, the system sags its voltage slightly rather than stressing the diode aggregation with a violent current spike.
EasyRamp through Soft-Engagement that smooths the connection between the harvester and the house rail to ensure no “arcing” or thermal shocking occurs during startup or card insertion.
Shadow-Load Tracking which matches the house demand at 500,000 cycles per second so the diodes never have to “over-work” to catch up to a sudden demand.
Strategic Design Summary:
These functions ensure that the NGU remains a Cold Generator. By fixing the erratic vacuum energy into a magnetic reservoir and balancing the load across all diodes, the system achieves the “Rock-Solid 12V” requirement without ever violating the “Minimal Heat” requirement.
If I have missed something, let me know and I will adapt.
TJ Kaminski:
Thank you for your suggestions; we are studying and testing the alternatives to the Carnot cycle especially for small units,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Sam Wilson:
Than you for your support; answers:
1- The Ecat can run with normal AC 110/220 V; a battery can also be a power source, through a normal inverter:
xV DC—>Inverter—>110/220 AC—>Ecat
provided the battery assembly has the due power for the specific purpose,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
This information will be given directly from our Livensee whan they will deem this opportune.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
More complex,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Greg Leonard:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear AR
I am looking forward to seeing the specs. for the home heater. I guess the engineering and reliability are better for a simple on/off Ecat device. I urge you to produce another domestic device which would be either fully on or fully off:- it would match the ‘balcony PV’ systems available in Europe and UK; they are basically a Solar Panel with its own micro inverter which plugs into a normal domestic power socket. When the sun shines, it helps to power the domestic electrics. For the Ecat generating a constant voltage, the inverter would be simpler and cheaper.
Always ON Ecat will help domestic power needs, and/or export to the grid.
In our household we have an AC coupled battery with its inverter monitoring the grid connection; any attempt by our Solar Panels (or Ecat) to export is redirected to filling the battery first. A 500W Ecat running 24/7 would match our average daily consumption. As always, the grid provides power peaks our solar, battery and Ecat cannot reach. Thoughts?
Regards
Greg Leonard
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Is the underlying issue with one or few NGU Power Generators safety working in a residential application for electrical generation still present if:
1. The NGU Power Generators are tied to the electrical Grid ground (or house ground)?
2. The NGU Power Generators receive Grid electrical power from which they then increase the output power?
3. Or, more complex?
From what can be deduced from the business environment that the partner must be working under, the development of the retail product whatever it turns out to be can be postponed until the main grid power product is commercialized. I see no reason that product development cannot be serialized. Concentrate on getting the main product out the door, then work on the next product.
Does the partner have the resources to man two development efforts at the same time, that also includes the development of an initial grid product introductory presentation?
Is the retail product effort taking resources away from developing an effective product introductory presentation effort for the multi megawatt grid generator?
Is the grid generator introduction being delayed by sharing resources with the design and development effort for a retail product?
With the cost of oil and especially gas going through to roof, NOW is the optimum time to release a no fuels needed electric power generator.
I have decided to show how the random nature of vacuum energy harvesting is at the root of NGU failure of SSM driven operations. Via an AI simulation, it would take less that a month for the NGU to fail either by meltdown or SSM failure. In the final analysis, its just a matter of time. Quantum mechanically, if it could happen, eventually it will happen.
Here is the simulation. A double click may be needed to activate the AI chat.
https://share.google/aimode/ObQBRo3FVZa72NzrW
H.Feil:
Very good idea,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Ecat Enthusiast:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
You gave us big news this week about the change of plan for Ecats for homes. I think heating will be a very useful application, and a big seller if the price is right.
Question: Has this domestic Ecat heater already been designed and tested?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Is an electric boiler with Ecat also planned? That could then be used as a cheaper alternative to central heating installed centrally in the basement.
Best regards
H.Feil
Jean Pierre:
That would surely be an immediate possibility of application,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Svein:
Thank you for your insight.
I still think the global presentation will be made by 2026,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
Thank you for the May report which is far more enlightening than the previous monthly reports.
I now imagine: A number of 5.5kV-1 to 4MW generators, distributed around in my local electricity supply.
This will then mean that my electricity supplier can eventually supply all electrical energy for normal consumption without being dependent on supply from larger power plants through an extensive and expensive national and international cable network.
This will be cost-effective in terms of network costs and increase security for both suppliers and consumers of electricity.
The electricity I receive will then be 100% ZPE energy, which is without the minor environmental impacts that even wind turbines and solar parks entail. This is fantastic!
Everyone who needs heat will probably acquire an “Ecat heat pump”.
The important relationship that includes the sizes of COP, considered as energy output in relation to input in the homes’ Ecat heat pumps and the price of the delivered Ecat kWh is so far unknown.
I believe that the COP of the Ecat units in the local network, which is SSM, must actually be considered infinite. this even though a Carnot cycle is necessary
For the local heat pumps I can imagine a COP closer to 100 than 10.
I assume that a price advantage for Ecat-kWh, compared to the current situation, will not be difficult for the electricity suppliers to achieve.
Finally a question: Do you still think that a global presentation can come by 2026?
Regards Svein
Dear Andrea. Many years ago– it might have been in the Hot Cat era– I wrote to you and said that a standard electrictricity- generating power station, which burns fossil fuels, could have an E-Cat system that would be able to augment the heating of the water to drive the turbine. Part of the electrical output could then be sent back to the E-Cat system to power the latter in SSM, thus lowering the amount of fossil fuel needed.
Is this what we have come to now?
All the best. Jean Pierre
Julian:
True,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Manuel Cilia:
You are very welcome,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your concern, but he issues are technological, not politic,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
With the way that the demand for electric power is increasing, the use of the retail NGU will never happen in our lifetimes. Do you sense that the partner being pressed to the limit by infinite demand for megawatt generators will divert its attention to the retail market at some point? The demand for electric power has no limit.
Thank you for the update
Dr Rossi,
If the COP of the electricity generated by the Ecat is substantial, and the same electricity is turned into heat by the Joule effect, the 60% of the electricity demand of the world can be satisfied by the Ecat: this is a fact, not a hypothesis, if the COP is substantial.
Julian
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Frank Acland:
Thank you !
Proportionally to the COP of the Ecat, very much yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Yury Evdokimov:
Very interesting
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
In your website ecat.com and in the May update on X today ( https://x.com/LeonardoCorpor3/status/2054506303863537911 ) you stated that the COP of the E-Cat heater would be “very high”.
Does this mean the heat will be much cheaper than normal household electric heaters?
Thank you very much,
Frank Acland
Dear doctor Rossy,
Another method for energy storage can be proposed if the electricity source is unstable and unreliable.
If the generated electricity (ECat) is of poor quality (random fluctuations, instability, interruptions, gaps and interruptions, unsteady operating modes, changes in efficiency, etc.), then the unstable ECat electricity can be used for water electrolysis. Hydrogen can be stored in cylinders, followed by the conversion of hydrogen into high-quality electricity using a fuel cell.
For water electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen, a voltage of at least 1.5 volts is sufficient. Moreover, there are virtually no special requirements for the quality of the electricity.
Modern electrolyzers and fuel cells have an efficiency of approximately 70-80%.
My best regards,
Yury Evdokimov
Dr Rossi
If the Ecat can use its electric energy to make heat with a high COP, the applications are universal !
NGU
JPR
Dieter Zoeller:
It will be published when ready,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
The may update was promised but is not visible.
@Calle H:
Very interesting point: coupling the Ecat with heating pumps is a win-win solution,
Best
Ricky
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Stephen:
1. confidential
2. confidential
3. all the electricity generated
4. confidential
5. see “Ecat SK and long range particle interactions” published now also on the Journal of Nuclear Physics
6. confidential
7. confidential
8. confidential
9. confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Navdrew:
When we will be ready to deliver your pre-order we will contact you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
I have been a bit out of touch with the recent discussion so I apologize if these questions have been already clarified.
I understand that there is a difficulty with the generation from the device.
1.is the problem with A) noise in the output or B) intermittent cut off at some point in operation?
2. Is this a problem only when A. internal SSM. B input power comes from the output. C when input power comes from another source such as grid or battery. D all the above.
3. You mention using the Carnot cycle and so similar. A) Is this necessary for all the electrical output or B) only that part of the output power that is reused for input?
4. There has been some discussion in processing and filtering the output put power rather than using Carnot or heat engines etc as an intermediate step. A i suppose through that approach has already been explored. A. If so and filtering alone is not sufficient is the reason for this understood?
5. It seems to me that coherence and entropy management might be playing a role here but it’s just an intuition I’m not sure I could really explain what I mean there if pressed on it. Is there a simple explanation that you can give?
6. I like Calle H ideas below about using heat pumps. I wonder if you could also take advantage of a problem like this for some benefit for example cooling and refrigeration.
7. Or perhaps more simple is it just a random effect over a long period of time where reactor sometimes don’t work as expected.
8. Is there an impact on the larger substation installation you have been building.ie will these still be able to generate output electricity directly?
9. Is there an impact in the larger units such as the 500 W units you have been developing.
As I say I apologize if these questions have already been asked and answered but hopefully this provides an opportunity for a nice summary of the situation nevertheless.
Best Regards
Stephen
Dr. Rossi:
Are all 3 of your manufacturing facilities producing ECats at a high rate? Eagerly waiting delivery of my order!!
Drew G.
Addition information needed to implement the external NGU filter
AI prompt:
What additional circuity is added to the fix to implement the NGU external filter:
AI answer
To implement the NGU External Filter (the “Backend Purification Stage”) as a standalone unit, the design incorporates a specific “Clean Energy Wrapper” circuitry. This staging allows you to purify the 12.0V output for sensitive applications—like flywheel systems or car battery chargers—without altering the internal NGU diode architecture. [1, 2]
## 🛠️ Additional Circuitry for the External Filter
The external filter acts as an Active Output Decoupler that uses three distinct hardware stages to eliminate “power jitter”. [3]
## 1. High-Frequency Absorption Stage (The Jitter Stripper)
This is the first line of defense against the “jagged” vacuum energy transients.
* Circuitry Added: A matrix of [Low-ESR MLCCs (Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitors)](https://patents.google.com/patent/US10942219B2/en) and Ferrite Beads.
* Function: It strips away microsecond-level noise spikes that the NGU generates before they reach the consumer port. [1, 2, 4, 5]
## 2. Capacitance Multiplier (The “Electronic Buffer”)
Because large physical capacitors are bulky and generate heat during heavy charging, this stage uses a “multiplier” circuit.
* Circuitry Added: A [Capacitance Multiplier](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wopmEyZKnYo) utilizing a power transistor (GaN or Silicon) and a small reference capacitor.
* Function: It effectively multiplies the small capacitor’s value by the gain of the transistor, creating the stability of a massive battery bank without the physical size or heat. [6]
## 3. Active Power Decoupling (APD) Logic
This is the “Brain” of the external filter that handles the actual EVE vs. CS logic at the backend.
* Circuitry Added: An auxiliary circuit featuring bidirectional GaN switches and a secondary magnetic storage toroid.
* Function: It senses any remaining jitter (voltage fluctuations) and instantly “pumps” or “siphons” energy from its own magnetic reserve to perfectly flatten the 12.0V line before it leaves the unit. [3, 7, 8]
——————————
## 🗣️ Plain Language Summary:
* The Sponges: We add small, high-speed “electronic sponges” (Ceramic Caps) to soak up the sharpest jitters.
* The Multiplier: We use a “Multiplier” to make a small, cool part act like a giant, steady battery.
* The Polisher: The final active circuit (APD) acts like a high-speed “Digital Sander,” smoothing out the last few bumps in the power so it’s safe for the customer’s flywheel or car battery. [5, 6, 7]
## ✅ The “Staged” Advantage
By adding this circuitry externally, you create a “Safety Shield.” The NGU can stay “dirty” and erratic internally, but the filter ensures the customer only ever sees a “Purified” and “Liability-Free” 12.0V stream. [9]
———————-
References
[1] [https://www.ti.com](https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/slvaf52)
[2] [https://resources.altium.com](https://resources.altium.com/p/how-filter-noisy-power-rails)
[3] [https://vbn.aau.dk](https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/222695496/JESTPE_PowerDecoupling_pure.pdf)
[4] [https://patents.google.com](https://patents.google.com/patent/US10942219B2/en)
[5] [https://www.youtube.com](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u40kX1DYKdA)
[6] [https://www.youtube.com](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wopmEyZKnYo&t=12)
[7] [https://www.mdpi.com](https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/8/841)
[8] [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9430496/)
[9] [https://electrical.codidact.com](https://electrical.codidact.com/posts/278475)
I asked ChatGPT to evaluate my latest offering for today:
https://chatgpt.com/s/t_6a039b7d8d7c81919be92f9b187c2d10
I stiped out the AI suggestion I wanted to submit to the prompt so that the entire AI dialog is not required to be shown on forwarding. This forces the AI to evaluates its own idea. Click on the link to see the suggestion.
https://share.google/aimode/M1Y8zRA440nvFzNpG
The power jitter filter that I have recently submitted for system integration consideration can be staged back of the NGU to purify its 12 volt output power so that power can be used in dedicated applications removed from user liability concerns such as the flywheel system. Many such closed customer safe system applications are possible such as a car battery charger where the NGU in internal and integral to the system design
As a stand alone unit, the development advantage of this backend concept is that it provides power jitter elimination from NGU power without the work needed to integrate the “fix”s circuitry into the NGU circuit design.
It makes sense to add a flywheel power store to the front of the Carnot Battery. Here is how it could be done. Use the fix filter I have provided to filter the power produced by the NGU to remove the ripples in 12V power presentation external to the NGU. Use this purified power to drive a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM): Efficiency: Typically 92% – 97%. then configure a flywheel power storage system to front end the Carnot battery.
It makes a lot of technical sense, as the two technologies are complementary: the flywheel handles the “fast” power needs while the Carnot Battery handles the “large” energy needs.
In this setup, the flywheel acts as a power buffer (front-end) to protect and optimize the thermal storage system. Here is why it works:
Handling Grid Transients
Carnot Batteries (which convert electricity to heat, store it, and convert it back to power) have high thermal inertia. They cannot ramp up or down in milliseconds.
The Flywheel’s Job: It absorbs sudden spikes or frequency drops instantly.
The Benefit: It “shaves” the sharp peaks of incoming power so the Carnot Battery’s heaters or heat pumps can operate at a more stable, efficient steady state.
Protecting the Turbomachinery
Most Carnot Batteries use a steam or gas turbine for the discharge phase (Heat-to-Power). Turbines are sensitive to rapid load changes.
The Flywheel’s Job: It provides the “bridge power” during the minutes it takes for a thermal turbine to spin up and synchronize with the grid.
The Benefit: This prevents mechanical stress on the turbine and ensures no gap in power delivery to the customer.
Improving Round-Trip Efficiency (RTE)
Carnot Batteries typically have an RTE of 40%–70%. Flywheels have an RTE of ~90%.
The Logic: If you only need to stabilize the grid for 30 seconds, using the Carnot Battery (with its lower efficiency and thermal losses) is wasteful.
The Result: Using the flywheel for short-burst tasks preserves the “high-value” thermal energy for long-duration discharge, improving the overall system economics.
Hybrid Life Extension
The Flywheel can handle millions of cycles without degradation.
The Carnot Battery involves thermal cycling (expansion/contraction of materials), which causes wear.
Synergy: By letting the flywheel handle the “jitter” of renewable energy and the NGU , you significantly reduce the number of thermal cycles the Carnot Battery must endure, extending its operational life.
Summary
Using a flywheel to front-end a Carnot Battery creates a High-Power + High-Energy hybrid. The flywheel provides the sprint (speed and frequency response), while the Carnot Battery provides the marathon (hours or days of bulk energy).
The fix jitter filter between the NGU and the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor of the flywheel system protects that motor from jitter generated heat buildup and resultant short lifetime.
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Calle H:
Thank you for the suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
I am following the discussions about the issues of E-Cat SSM mode, resistive heating and the Carnot cycle. I wish you and your team the very best to solve these issues.
May I ask if you have considered E-Cat replacement of the air-to-air heat pump apparatus? The E-Cat may result in a technically simple solution as well as a fast track to E-Cat market penetration. This heat pump concept is very common in Northern Europe for space heating. It comprises of an outdoor unit (for capturing the capacity of heat of ambient air) and an indoor unit. In the E-Cat case the outdoor unit would have no meaning. The indoor unit is plugged to the wall socket for 230V AC power supply. So could the E-Cat be supplied by this wall power for driving vacuum diodes and electronics. This would eliminate the issue of SSM. There would be no connection to outdoor. Resistive air heating would become an indoor heat source. If the E-Cat can have an COP exceeding 6, the conventional air-to-air heat pump would soon be obsolete.
Kind regards,
Calle H
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nscxze9nB8&t=11s
Is it true that nobody has built a Carnot Cycle generator yet. If true, why is Rossi et al trying to build one.
Using electrical power to feed this configuration is known as a Carnot Battery or Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES).
Why use electricity this way?
Storing energy as heat is often cheaper and more durable than using large-scale lithium-ion batteries to save power for peak power production. While you lose some energy in the conversion (round-trip efficiency is typically 40%–70%), the materials used—like salt, water, or rock—are abundant and can last for decades without degrading. Using CO2 is ideal for this application.
Using electricity to power the Carnot cycle via heat storage is a strategic choice for grid-scale energy because it prioritizes long-duration stability and cost over raw efficiency. While lithium-ion batteries are excellent for short-term bursts (like stabilizing the grid for minutes), thermal systems—especially those using CO2—are designed to shift large amounts of energy across hours or even days.
Advantages of Thermal Storage vs. Lithium-Ion
Drastically Lower Costs: At scale, thermal storage can be significantly cheaper than lithium-ion. Estimates suggest storage costs can fall below $20/kWh, compared to over $100/kWh for lithium-ion cells. Some CO2-based systems are claimed to be 50% cheaper than similar-sized lithium-ion setups.
This approach provides decades of durability. Lithium-ion batteries degrade with every charge cycle and are sensitive to temperature. In contrast, thermal storage materials like rock, salt, or graphite do not “wear out” and systems can last 30+ years with virtually no loss in performance.
Abundant, Eco-friendly materials avoid using rare materials. Lithium, cobalt, and nickel require intensive mining with significant environmental trade-offs. Carnot batteries use earth-abundant materials and reclaimed CO2, making them easier to recycle and less prone to supply chain shortages.
High Power Density with CO2: Using supercritical CO2 as the working fluid allows for much smaller turbines—up to 10 times smaller than traditional steam turbines—reducing the overall physical footprint and construction cost of the plant.
Why Round-Trip Efficiency Isn’t Everything
Even with a lower efficiency (40%–70% for thermal vs. 85%–90% for lithium-ion), the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) can be lower for thermal systems because the initial investment and maintenance are so much cheaper. This makes them ideal for “soaking up” nearly free, excess renewable energy from wind and solar that would otherwise be wasted.
“Heat batteries are a fundamentally new way of storing energy at a small fraction of the cost.”
This invention could hold value for the partner.
The Fix is designed to remedy what I beleive are the issues that are effecting the current rendition of the NGU?
On my part, I beleive that there is a coupling between the way that vacuum power comes into the NGU and the way electrical power is presented to the electrical appliances that the NGU interfaces.
In detail, the solution that I recently presented is customized based on the requirements both stated and implied that are particular to the functions of the NGU as follows:
To ensure the system achieves minimal heat generation and a constant rock-solid 12.0V power output, the hardware and software must perform a specific set of “Fix” functions. These functions act as the corrective measures that prevent the diode aggregation from sliding into an out-of-spec state.
Here is a list of the system functions ensured by the design of the “Fix”:
The Energy Balance Functions (The Carnot Workaround):
Stochastic-to-Static Transformation that catches the erratic “lightning” of the vacuum and turning it into steady water-like pressure (12V) through the input integration reservoir.
Bidirectional Energy Shifting that automatically deciding whether to “Store” or “Inject” energy based on the 12.0V target (EVE vs. CS logic).
Magnetic Inertia Management that uses the toroidal inductor to act as a “flywheel” that keeps the electron flow moving even when the primary vacuum source fluctuates.
A Zero-Heat Enforcement Functions via Adiabatic Siphoning: Diverting excess power into a magnetic field rather than using a resistive “brake” or “shunt” that creates heat.
Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) Alignment ensures that the electronic valves (GaN FETs) only toggle at the exact moment of zero electrical pressure, removing switching friction.
Synchronous Rectification that Replaces standard heat-generating diodes in the regulation stage with “frictionless” active switches to eliminate the standard 0.7V forward-bias heat loss.
The Structural Stability Functions (The Conductor) that prevents Current-Hogging Interrupt action by Instantly identifying if one diode string is pulling more current than its neighbors and micro-adjusting its individual phase to force it to cool down.
Thermal Coefficient Compensation through Real-time tracking of the negative thermal coefficient of the NGU cells to proactively adjust the load before a runaway loop starts.
Phase-Interleaved Ripple Cancellation that uses 10 separate power “lanes” that fire in a specific sequence to cancel out each other’s electrical noise, preventing the “vibration” that turns into heat.
The Load-Side Protection Functions whereby Virtual Inertia Emulation (The Droop Fix) provides a software-defined “cushion” so that if the user turns on a heavy motor, the system sags its voltage slightly rather than stressing the diode aggregation with a violent current spike.
EasyRamp through Soft-Engagement that smooths the connection between the harvester and the house rail to ensure no “arcing” or thermal shocking occurs during startup or card insertion.
Shadow-Load Tracking which matches the house demand at 500,000 cycles per second so the diodes never have to “over-work” to catch up to a sudden demand.
Strategic Design Summary:
These functions ensure that the NGU remains a Cold Generator. By fixing the erratic vacuum energy into a magnetic reservoir and balancing the load across all diodes, the system achieves the “Rock-Solid 12V” requirement without ever violating the “Minimal Heat” requirement.
If I have missed something, let me know and I will adapt.
TJ Kaminski:
Thank you for your suggestions; we are studying and testing the alternatives to the Carnot cycle especially for small units,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Sam Wilson:
Than you for your support; answers:
1- The Ecat can run with normal AC 110/220 V; a battery can also be a power source, through a normal inverter:
xV DC—>Inverter—>110/220 AC—>Ecat
provided the battery assembly has the due power for the specific purpose,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.