As a failback contingency, if the NGU has issues with reactive feedback from home appliances, or unsolvable issues with SSM, these issues can be mitigated much like the resistive version of the NGU by making available a grid tie in version where the only function that the NGU performs is feeding constant VDC current into the grid. In this approach, there is no reactive feedback issues to deal with or SSM difficulties.
Could a lower cost version of the NGU be engineered to greatly simplified the hardware design of the NGU so that interacting with any application under the Sun could be avoided allowing the revised hardware design of the NGU to be greatly simplified such as removing supercapacitors an analog logic which might allow a lower price point to allow a grid payback version hardware simplification.
The value of a grid payback version of the NGU is that its reduced parts nature would allow for a extended operational lifetime and ease of replacement with resultant lower cost upon failure.
In the US, you have to be out of your mind not to take advantage of the grid connection using a 1:1 payback policy.
In the US, roughly 20 to 25 states plus Washington D.C. still maintain true, 1:1 full retail net metering policies.
For exmple, Pennsylvania is widely considered to have one of the most favorable solar policies in the country, it shares this 1:1 retail credit structure with numerous other states.
States with Top-Tier 1:1 Net Metering Policies
The highest-rated 1:1 net metering states do not just offer equal value for sent and received power; they also protect customers from extra solar fees and have stable long-term outlooks:
New Jersey: Often ranked as having the strongest overall policy, offering a 1:1 retail credit with no capacity limits, plus extra performance payouts.
Massachusetts:
Provides full 1:1 billing credits along with a standalone incentive program that pays owners extra for what they produce.
New York:
Uses a favorable 1:1 credit calculation format across its major investor-owned utilities.
Maine:
Features true 1:1 net metering at some of the highest base electrical retail rates in the Northeast, maximizing savings.
Other 1:1 States:
Maryland, Illinois, Colorado, and Minnesota also enforce state mandates requiring full retail rate valuation for residential solar exports.
The Rest of the Country: Falling Into Three Buckets
Outside of the 1:1 retail states, policies generally fall into three distinct categories across the rest of the country:
Net Billing (Reduced Payouts): In these states, utilities give a “haircut” to the power you export. While you buy power at full retail price, excess solar sent back to the grid is only credited at a lower “avoided-cost” or wholesale rate—usually worth 30% to 70% of retail.
California (under its NEM 3.0 rules), Arizona, Nevada, and Utah operate this way.
Wholesale / Avoided Cost (Minimal Payouts):
These states credit solar exports at the bare-minimum wholesale market rate, often equating to just 2 to 5 cents per kWh.
Kentucky and parts of Texas follow this model.
No State Mandates:
Alabama, South Dakota, and Tennessee have no statewide rules requiring utilities to pay solar customers.
Compensation is left entirely up to the discretion of individual utility companies.
Why Policy Stability Matters Right Now
If you are planning a system, the landscape is changing quickly. Multiple state utility commissions are actively reviewing their net metering structures, with a national trend moving away from 1:1 models toward reduced net billing.
Even within Pennsylvania, utilities like PPL have proposed shifting away from traditional 1:1 billing toward dynamic hourly wholesale pricing.
Because utilities typically grandfather existing systems into current 1:1 rules for 15 to 20 years, completing an installation before local policy updates occur is the best way to secure high payback rates.
The Into presentation should explain how the NGU can cut the cost of grid power by using and example of 24/7 low power grid payback connection and how the strategy pays for the NGU is a few years.
Realizing that these factors can change, what is the latest preliminary thinking on the part of the partner to the preview price per watt of the NGU, the guarantee, and the replacement policy.
@Ambrogio:
If the SSM Ecat can produce reliable and safe AC electricity 24/7, I think issues like inverters, solar integration and grid connections become very minor. There has never been anything like this before, it would be a fundamental change in how energy is produced and thus revolutionary.
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
About the 100W Alternating Current (AC) e-cats, this idea in my humble opinion is not practical at all. To merge the output of two or more AC e-Cat units, one will need to synchronize the frequency of the units to keep the frequency in synchronous conditions all the time to avoid serious consequences.
Multiple e-Cats with a DC output are easily merged by connecting all the e-Cats in parallel and feed an inverter of the right capacity according to the number of E-Cats x 100 Watts each. So, if I need to have, let’s say a 10kW AC source, I will connect 11
units x 100W DC output, connect in parallel and feed a 12KVA DC-AC inverter. WEith the very high CoP of the e-Cats, any minimal losses will be irrelevant.
Dear Ambrogio, you are absolutely right. This site is filled with uninteresting and unnecessary discussions related to purely engineering solutions (using inverters, controllers, etc.). These solutions are of no value, as they can be solved by a middling engineer.
Meanwhile, the most fundamental and interesting invention—Rossi’s new ECat energy source—remains on the sidelines and out of discussion.
On Rossi’s site, we have the rare opportunity to personally discuss his most important invention with Rossi. But we are wasting Rossi’s time answering our trivial questions unrelated to ECat.
It would be much more interesting to discuss and converse with Rossi about ECat than to ask him answers to questions that are completely unrelated to ECat.
Best regards,
Yury E.
I find so funny all these comment that criticize the Ecat SSM for minimalities like the inverters, etc: guys, we are talking of SSM: Self Sustained Mode, means that the Ecat ( IF… ) consumes zero W to produce x Watts with x>0, these comments sound to me like to watch Jesus walking on the surface of the water and say: “Hey, watch that guy: 33 years old, yet he doesn’t swim…”
IF the Ecat SSM will work, that’s just miraculous in itself.
Ambrogio
Dr. Rossi,
In terms of your most basic Ecat product, I’d suggest something very simple– for example, something that looks like a battery, with an intrinsic voltage, and a built-in current limiter (i.e., no built-in fuse or circuit breaker, but a current limiter, instead).
“Simple” improves reliability, scalability and manufacturing cost.
Less-basic products, such as A/C power stations, can then be built utilizing the battery-Ecat as a subcomponent(s).
Dear Andrea, from what I’ve read on your blog, I understand you’re finally leaning more toward the 100W SSM ECAT certification rather than getting bogged down in MW high voltage systems.
And rightly so, someone has also warned you that adding DC-AC converters, in addition to complicating matters and increment the dimensions of the ECAT, risks running into approval difficulties depending on the countries that have specific requirements for converters. I’ve told you many times that the DC 100W ECAT will change the world. “The simpler the system, the fewer failures there are,” experience confirms.
Just think of the energy-hungry AI centers, if every rack or even every processor had its own generator…..
Dear Dr Rossi
I read that you are looking at producing an Ecat that will produce AC electricity directly. Having worked with AC inverters for many years and knowing how hard and expensive it is to get inverters approved in all countries my suggestion for what it is worth is to produce a DC output and use inverters that are already approved in that country that the Ecat is introduced whether it be for domestic or industrial use the required testing, software and cost required to intergrate into a countries grid network is substantial and could take 12-24 months for each country.
So a DC ouput would be a much quicker and cheaper option to get the Ecat out to market from what i can see from what infomation that I can gather from this website and others such as Frank Acland website..
My recent studies of the green ecosystem has informed my opinion that the Chinese have made it difficult for outsiders to break into the solar market in there efforts to standardize solar equipment that complies with all sorts of qualifying complications.
In particular, China has made it exceptionally difficult for outsiders like the partner to break into the solar market. However, this barrier is driven less by arbitrary compliance complications and more by China’s hyper-scale ecosystem, unmatched cost structures, and strategic industrial standardization. While international regulations and trade barriers are actually tightening against China, China’s internal consolidation and technological gatekeeping have cemented its control over 80% of the global solar supply chain.
Extreme Cost and Scale Dominance
Foreign firms struggle to compete primarily because Chinese manufacturing operates at an unbeatable scale.
The Price Floor:
Intensive government backing and subsequent domestic overcapacity have caused global solar panel prices to collapse. This has forced multiple foreign competitors out of business and pushed domestic Chinese firms into consolidation.
Manufacturing Disadvantage:
According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), production costs in China are 10% lower than in India, 20% lower than in the US, and 35% lower than in Europe.
Standardization as a Weaponized Moat
China’s standardization strategy serves as a dual-layer barrier for outsiders trying to enter the market:
Controlling Next-Gen Tech Standards:
China dictates the standards for high-efficiency emerging technologies. It has rapidly phased out older PERC technology to mandate high-efficiency N-type (TOPCon and HJT) cells. Because Chinese firms write the technical specifications for these modules, foreign entrants must constantly chase moving, capital-intensive technical targets.
Weaponized Supply Chokepoints:
China is moving to codify its dominance by standardizing what can leave the country. The Chinese government has actively weighed export curbs on advanced solar manufacturing equipment. If a foreign company wants to build a factory to break into the market, they are often blocked from buying the precise, standardized Chinese machinery required to make panels efficiently.
The Regulatory Complication
ParadoxIronically, the most complex “qualifying complications” are currently being built by Western governments trying to shield themselves from China. However, these rules often backfire on local startups:
The “China-Linked” Trap:
U.S. laws like the One Big Beautiful Bill Act block tax credits for any factory with Chinese ties. Because China standardizes and controls the upstream supply chain (ingots, wafers, and polysilicon), new Western market entrants find it nearly impossible to source completely “clean,” non-Chinese components to qualify for local subsidies.
Grid and Inverter Restrictions:
The EU and U.S. have placed heavy restrictions on Chinese-made solar inverters due to cyber security and grid-disruption concerns. Navigating these changing compliance structures adds massive legal and engineering costs to non-Chinese solar projects.
Dear Andrea,
congratulations on the results achieved with the SSM. Does this bring us closer to a future where consumer appliances with “E-Cat Inside” become available? In other words, could I one day buy, for example, a refrigerator with an embedded E-Cat and no longer have to worry about its power supply?
Regards, Giuseppe
Dr Rossi,
Great news is your update about the progress with the SSM mode, although it is still close, but not there, as you repeated here.
I have one question: IF the SSM will be the subject of the next global presentation will we be able to power any kind of load by mweans of the Ecat ?
Best,
Yuri
There is an entire multi-billion dollar commercial industry dedicated to products that enable a dumb external power sources to connect to the utility grid. These devices are globally known as Grid-Tie Inverters or Utility-Interactive Inverters.
Because modern power grids have strict regulations to prevent blackouts and protect electrical workers, you cannot simply wire a raw solar panel, wind turbine, NGU or battery directly to a wall outlet. You must use an intermediate commercial device that safely synchronizes your power source with the grid’s voltage and frequency.
Crucial Legal and Safety Standards
Before buying any commercial grid-tie device, ensure it bears specific regulatory stamps. In North America, electric utility companies will legally refuse to let you connect a device unless it is certified under UL 1741 (specifically the UL 1741 SB revision).
This standard guarantees that the product has mandatory “anti-islanding” safety systems, meaning if the utility power grid shuts down due to an accident, the inverter will automatically disconnect your power source within milliseconds to prevent electrocuting utility repair workers.
Common Commercial Form Factors
Microinverters (Small Scale / DIY-Friendly)Microinverters are small, weatherized boxes meant to handle one or two power sources at a time. They are widely popular because they output standard household AC voltage directly from the unit.
How they work: You plug a DC source (like a solar panel) or NGU into one side, and the other side plugs directly into a standard household circuit.
Commercial Examples: Microinverters from companies like Enphase Energy or Northern Electric Power (NEP) are highly rated and fully certified.
For instance, the NEP 600W/700W series is a popular plug-and-play choice for small entry-level setups.
String Inverters (Medium to Large Scale)
If you have a large array of solar panels or a high-voltage DC source, a string inverter is used. These are large boxes typically mounted on a garage wall or the side of a building.
How they work:
They combine massive amounts of DC power from multiple sources into a high-voltage line, convert it to AC power, and feed it directly into your main electrical breaker panel.
Commercial Examples:
Brands like Growatt, SMA Solar, and Solis dominate this market. You can find models ranging from residential sizes, like the Growatt 11.4kW Grid-Tie Inverter sold at Signature Solar, up to massive industrial options like the Solis 75kW Three Phase Inverter found at Green Vista Living.
Hybrid / Storage Inverters (For Battery Systems)If your power source is a battery bank, a standard solar grid-tie inverter will not work because it does not know how to manage battery state-of-charge. You need a Hybrid Inverter.
How they work:
They act as a two-way traffic controller. They can pull power from the grid to charge your battery, or pull power from your battery to feed your home and push excess back to the utility grid.
Commercial Examples:
The OutBack Power Vented Grid-Hybrid Inverter available via EcoDirect.com is a highly reliable commercial option built specifically for managing 48V battery systems while remaining fully compliant with utility grid rules.
In summary, a standard DC power source like the NGU does not need to actively react, communicate, or change its behavior to transfer power to a basic grid-tie inverter.
From the perspective of the DC power source, it can remain completely passive. The grid-tie inverter does 100% of the active work required to pull power out of the source and push it onto the utility grid.
How Power Transfer Works Passively
If you connect a “dumb,” unmanaged VDC source like the NGU—the inverter will successfully drain power from it using two main techniques:
• Current Sucking (MPPT): Solar grid-tie inverters feature a system called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The inverter deliberately acts like an adjustable electrical load. It slowly sweeps its own internal resistance to “suck” more current out of your DC source. Your power source doesn’t “push” energy; the inverter forcefully extracts it based on whatever voltage and current the source naturally makes available.
• Voltage Following: As long as the VDC source supplies a raw voltage that falls within the inverter’s acceptable physical operating window (e.g., between 150V and 500V DC), the inverter’s internal electronics will accept it. The source just sits there providing raw DC potential.
The Crucial Exception: Battery-Specific Hybrid Inverters
While raw VDC sources don’t need to react, commercial hybrid inverters designed for batteries introduce a massive caveat. If you buy a product specifically labeled as a “Battery Storage Inverter” or “Hybrid Inverter,” the inverter will legally and digitally refuse to pull power from the VDC source unless the source “talks back.”
As established previously, modern smart battery systems require a digital Battery Management System (BMS) handshake. If the VDC source cannot “react” to the inverter’s digital queries by broadcasting its State of Charge (SOC) and safety limits over a CAN bus or RS485 connection, the hybrid inverter will open its internal safety relays and block all power transfer.
The NGU is not capable of connecting to a smart inverter because it is a dumb box that is not directed by a microprocessor. The NGU cannot simulate the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) test that identifies it as a solar panel.
But maybe a simulated battery interface?
No. The NGU is too dumb for that; here is why…
To trick a “smart” hybrid or storage inverter into recognizing a Variable DC (VDC) power source as a functional battery, the VDC source must replicate both the electrical behavior and the communication protocols of a real chemical battery.
If you hook up a standard, one-way bench power supply, the smart inverter will likely throw a fault code (such as “Battery Voltage Abnormal” or “BMS Communication Failure”) and refuse to operate.
The VDC source (NGU) must simulate the following conditions to be recognized:
Two-Quadrant “Bidirectional” Current FlowA standard VDC power supply can only push power out (source current). A battery must be capable of absorbing power (sinking current) during charging cycles.
The Requirement: The VDC source must be bidirectional. When the smart inverter tries to charge the “battery,” the VDC source must gracefully sink that current without tripping over-voltage protection (OVP) or shutting down. Specialized regenerative DC power supplies are typically used for this in laboratory testing.
Digital BMS Communication (The Handshake)Modern smart inverters rarely rely on voltage alone; they require a digital handshake with a Battery Management System (BMS) over a communication bus, usually via CAN bus or RS485 (Modbus).
The Requirement: You must use a simulator or micro-controller (like an Arduino or Raspberry Pi) to spoof the CAN/RS485 data packets.
The Payload: The smart inverter will refuse to close its internal relays unless the VDC source sends continuous data streams indicating:
State of Charge (SOC) (e.g., reporting 50%).
State of Health (SOH) (e.g., reporting 100%).Maximum
Allowable Charge/Discharge Current (dynamic limits based on simulated temperature).
No Fault Status (reporting that individual cell voltages and temperatures are perfectly balanced and safe).
Internal Resistance (Rᵢ) and Voltage SagReal batteries possess internal resistance. When an inverter suddenly draws 50 Amps, a real battery’s voltage will instantly drop slightly.
The Requirement: Smart inverters monitor the relationship between current draw and voltage stability to verify a battery is attached. If an inverter draws massive current and the voltage remains perfectly frozen (as it would on a cheap regulated power supply), the inverter’s safety algorithms may flag it as an unstable or artificial source. The VDC source must actively adjust its voltage dynamically based on current output to mimic this internal resistance curve.
Realistic State of Charge (SOC) Voltage CurvesBatteries do not maintain a completely flat voltage. A lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) or lithium-ion battery follows a strict curve where voltage slowly drops as it empties and rises as it fills.
The Requirement: The VDC source must dynamically float its voltage output according to how much energy (Amp-hours) the inverter has pushed into it or pulled out of it. If the inverter feeds 2 kWh of power into the “battery,” the VDC source must slowly raise its voltage level to simulate a charging profile.
High Capacitance and Fast Transient ResponseInverters pull power in high-frequency pulses rather than a perfectly smooth line.
The Requirement: A battery naturally absorbs these fast ripples due to its immense chemical capacitance. A standard power supply has sluggish control loops and might lag, causing the inverter’s DC ripple detection mechanics to trip. The VDC source must feature a fast transient response to adjust to rapid load shifts within milliseconds.
Thank for your response.
1. I assume when multiple parallel units are connected, there is a mechanism included to phase align the AC voltages so that a single frequency of AC power is produced?
2. Given that such a phase and frequency alignment occurs, the combined AC output could be fed in the Generator input of a solar inverter system so safely provide power to either Off Grid or Grid Tied systems.
Thoughts?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. 100 W modules and combined assemblies
2. yes
3. we grant only independent connections; for external connections the Clients will be responsible for authorizations and connections that will have to be made by certified experts of the art,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Regarding the AC output variants of the NGU units:
1. What unit power will be made available to the Public: 10W; 100W; 1kW; 2kW; 5kW; and/or 10kW or other power values?
2. Can AC output units be paralleled – increasing the current while retaining the Voltage?
3. Are these AC output units only units only to be used in Off Grid applications? Grid-Tie?
Thank you for the suggestion!
I have already contact with some solarinveter companies which are suitable,safe and certified for swedish grid applications.
Thank you anyway!
Intelligent inverters perform strict physical and digital validation to determine if a connected DC input is “qualified” before accepting power.
Connecting a raw, unverified DC source to an inverter can destroy the power electronics or cause a battery thermal event. The microprocessor inside a smart inverter acts as a strict digital gatekeeper, using a multi-step sequence to validate the input.
1. Electrical “Qualifications” the Inverter Checks
Before the inverter closes its internal physical relays to let power flow, its microprocessor continuously samples the DC input terminals to verify several precise parameters:
Voltage Window Validation:
Every inverter has a hard-coded input voltage range (e.g., a residential solar inverter might require between 150V and 600V DC). If the voltage is too low, the microprocessor stays in sleep mode. If the voltage is even a single volt too high, it locks out the system to prevent overvoltage arcs from blowing the internal transistors.
Polarity Verification: If a technician accidentally wires the positive DC cable to the negative terminal, the microprocessor detects the reversed voltage vector via internal sensing diodes and blocks operation instantly, protecting the system from a dead short circuit.
Insulation Resistance Testing (Ground Fault Check): Before drawing power, the inverter injects a microscopic test signal into the DC lines to measure the electrical isolation between the DC conductors and the physical earth ground. If it detects a breakdown in cable insulation (a “ground fault”), it marks the input as disqualified and triggers an alarm.
2. Identifying the Type of Input (Solar vs. Battery)
Advanced “hybrid” inverters are designed to accept both solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and chemical batteries on their DC inputs. They validate and distinguish between these two sources automatically using specific testing methods:
The Voltage-Sag Test: When an inverter begins to draw current from a Solar Panel Array, the voltage will naturally sag or fluctuate depending on the sun’s intensity. The inverter identifies this behavior and immediately boots its Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) software. The MPPT continuously sweeps the voltage up and down to find the optimal curve for solar extraction.
The Rigid-Rail Test: When an inverter draws current from a Battery Bank, the voltage remains rigidly flat and stable, showing almost no drop as current increases. If the inverter sees a zero-sag rigid voltage rail, it realizes a battery is attached. It immediately disables the MPPT software (as sweeping a battery’s voltage would destroy it) and switches to constant-current or constant-voltage battery management mode.
3. The Digital Handshake (The Highest Tier of Validation)
For the high-power applications discussed earlier—such as an Electric Vehicle connected to a Level 3 DC Fast Charger or a Smart Home Battery System—the inverter relies on more than just reading raw electrical values. It requires a formal digital handshake to qualify the input:
[Vehicle/Battery BMS] ──( Can I have 412V @ 200A? ) ──> [Inverter Microprocessor]
[Vehicle/Battery BMS] <──( ISO 15118 / CAN Bus)────── [Inverter Microprocessor]
The Protocol: The inverter communicates directly with the battery's internal Battery Management System (BMS) using high-speed industrial data networks like a CAN bus or Power-Line Communication (PLC) protocols (such as ISO 15118).
The Validation: The battery sends encrypted digital packets containing its real-time state-of-charge, internal cell temperatures, and maximum instantaneous voltage limits.
The Qualification: If the data connection drops for even a fraction of a second, or if the battery reports an internal temperature error, the inverter flags the DC input as disqualified and opens its safety contactors within milliseconds to cut off power completely.
———————————–
Home solar batteries qualify their input types, but the exact mechanism depends entirely on whether the system is "DC-coupled" or "AC-coupled".
A standalone chemical battery cell cannot think; it relies fully on the Battery Management System (BMS) and the associated charging circuitry to actively analyze, qualify, and accept or reject the incoming power.
DC-Coupled Battery Systems (Direct Solar Input)
In a DC-coupled architecture, solar panels feed raw DC power directly into a hybrid inverter/charger, which routes it straight to the battery without converting it to AC first. Examples include the Tesla Powerwall 3 (which features an integrated solar inverter) or hybrid systems like SolarEdge.
These systems qualify the input using precise physical checks:
The Voltage and Current Profile: Solar panels behave as a variable "current source" rather than a steady voltage rail. The battery system checks the open-circuit voltage. For example, a Tesla Powerwall 3 validates that the incoming DC voltage sits between 60V and 550V DC. Anything outside this window is disqualified.
The MPPT Scan: To qualify the input as functional solar, the system runs a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) sweep. If it sweeps the voltage and the current responds in a predictable curve matching solar physics, it qualifies the source and begins charging.
Polarity Check: If the positive and negative strings are reversed, the input hardware detects a negative voltage vector and locks out the system before closing the charging circuits.
2. AC-Coupled Battery Systems (Grid/Microinverter Input)
In an AC-coupled architecture—such as the Enphase IQ Battery 5P—the battery unit houses its own built-in bidirectional microinverters. It does not connect directly to solar panels; it plugs straight into your home's main AC breaker panel.
Instead of checking DC panel voltage, these batteries qualify their inputs digitally:
Grid Qualification Phase:
When the battery boots up, it monitors the home's AC wiring for up to 5 minutes. It will only qualify the input if the voltage sits tightly around 240VAC and the grid frequency rests exactly at 60 Hz (or 50 Hz). If a nearby generator is producing "dirty" power with fluctuating frequencies, the battery disqualifies the input and refuses to charge.
Frequency Droop Sensing:
If the home goes off-grid during a blackout, the battery has to manage other grid-tied solar microinverters on the roof. It qualifies the safety of the system by manipulating the AC frequency. If the battery is full and needs the rooftop solar to stop sending power, it artificially spikes the home's AC frequency (e.g., from 60 Hz to 62 Hz). The rooftop solar inverters recognize this shift, disqualify their own environment, and safely shut down.
3. Smart Communications (BMS Qualification)
If you attempt to plug an unapproved, third-party battery expansion pack into a smart solar battery, it will fail validation.
Modern solar batteries rely on an encrypted CAN bus or proprietary wireless handshake to communicate with expansion cabinets. For example, a Powerwall 3 Expansion unit communicates directly via a dedicated data harness. If the master battery cannot read the authorized digital signature, firmware version, and cell health metrics from the connected input device, it flags the input type as generic or uncertified and opens its internal safety relays.
———————————
In summery, many NGU retail customers will be surprised when their plans to integrated a NGU system into the current power equipment configuration. Because the NGU is not yet controlled by a microprocessor (as far as I know), it is incapable of interacting via protocols to pass validation required by existing customer equipment's.
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An ACV EV charger inherently produces both problematic reactive feedback and harmonic distortion. Because an electric vehicle battery can only store Direct Current (DC), the charger must act as a massive power electronics converter to bridge the gap from the grid’s Alternating Current (AC). Without a micro processor capability, This interface will be difficult. The best way to meet the EV charger requirement is to offer a direct DCV power station solution as explained below.
The partner should offer a direct DC input DCV EV charger interface as a future option.
Residential Infrastructure: Emerging “DC-Coupled” Home Chargers
Standard Level 1 and Level 2 home chargers are technically not “chargers” at all—they are just smart extension cords (EVSE) that pass raw AC power directly to the car’s built-in onboard converter.
However, specialized Direct DC-to-DC home chargers do exist for advanced off-grid and solar applications:
Solar-Direct EV Charging: Companies like Sigenergy and SolarEdge design bidirectional, DC-coupled home energy ecosystems. For those who have rooftop solar panels, they generate DC electricity. Instead of converting that solar power to AC (via a home inverter) and then converting it back to DC (via the car’s onboard converter), these specialized systems route the high-voltage DC electricity directly from the solar panels/home battery into the car’s battery pack.
Low-Power Wall Superchargers: Boutique manufacturers like EV Bandit offer compact, residential-grade 21 kW to 28 kW DC Home Superchargers. These units plug into standard 240V residential AC panels but contain internal power electronics to perform the DC conversion on your garage wall, allowing you to bypass the car’s slower onboard charger limits.
The Partner could partner with a direct DCV EV charger provider to offer a DC EV charger option.
EV cars allow for a direct DC charging interface.
Using the Public Infrastructure Interface: Standard DC Fast Chargers (Level 3) Every commercial DC Fast Charger (such as Electrify America towers, Blink Charging pedestals, or Tesla Superchargers) is a direct DC charger.
The Architecture: The massive enclosure on the sidewalk houses the grid-tie rectifiers and liquid-cooled power electronics. It takes high-voltage AC from the utility company, converts it to DC internally, and dumps that DC electricity directly into the car’s battery pack through heavy pins in the CCS or NACS plug. The new NGU DCV EV supercharger can do the same in a future product release using the 22 kV grid power product as a base energy generation system.
On average, a Level 3 DC Fast Charger takes 15 to 30 minutes to charge a low EV battery (at 10% capacity) up to 80%.
The Power Tier Spectrum
Low-Power Tiers (24 kW – 50 kW): These are compact, urban DC chargers found at car dealerships, local grocery stores, or small fleet depots. They require less intense grid upgrades and deliver a full charge in roughly 45 to 90 minutes.
Mid-Power Tiers (60 kW – 150 kW): Standard highway corridor chargers and shopping mall hubs utilize this range. They can take a typical 400V EV battery from 10% to 80% in about 30 to 40 minutes.
High-Power Tiers (150 kW – 350+ kW): Designed for rapid highway travel, systems like Electrify America or Tesla V4 Superchargers push 250 kW to 350 kW (and up to 500 kW in elite configurations). They can add 100 miles of range in under 10 minutes to compatible 800V vehicles.
New Bissiness that the NGU large systems could quailify and should be addressed in the upcoming presentation.
1. Heavy-Duty Corridor Projects (The 1 MW+ Monster Hubs)
The most technologically aggressive projects being let involve the commercialization of Megawatt Charging Systems (MCS) for long-haul freight.
• The Tesla & Pilot Flying J Mega-Network: Tesla announced a major commercial partnership with Pilot Flying J to deploy massive 1.2 Megawatt (MW) Megachargers at major truck stops. They are aggressively breaking ground on a targeted corridor of 46 high-power operational truck sites.
• The BP Pulse International Ashford Hub: BP Pulse is letting contracts and initiating construction on its massive Ashford International Truckstop. This project features cutting-edge 1 MW MCS dispensers with a site master plan scalable up to 20 megawatt-class charging bays.
• European MCS Corridor Rollouts: Large utilities are letting bids across the EU’s TEN-T network regulation corridors (which mandates 350kW+ hubs every 60km). Companies like Iberdrola are letting out their first 1 MW commercial charger sites in Spain, while Kempower and Ekoenergetyka are executing high-power truck hub deliveries across Scandinavia.
2. Next-Gen Passenger Mega-Hubs (500 kW – 600 kW Architectures)
For passenger and light-commercial vehicles, hardware vendors are rolling out new “Express Grid” architectures that double the power of older 300 kW dispensers.
ChargePoint & Eaton Express Grid Project: ChargePoint has partnered with global energy giant Eaton to let out a radically downsized, ultra-efficient modular architecture. This initiative introduces 600 kW charging stations across flagship “Express Grid” locations. This system is designed to deliver a full 10-to-80% recharge in just 10 minutes for next-generation vehicle battery architectures.
IONNA Network Deployment: Backed by a joint venture of major automakers (including Mercedes-Benz, BMW, GM, and Honda), IONNA is actively letting real estate, engineering, and construction bids. The mega-project aims to construct over 30,000 ultra-fast DC fast-charging ports across North America by 2030, leveraging high-power tiers to establish premium “Rechargery” rest centers.
3. Government & Utility-Funded “Make-Ready” Programs
A massive volume of these high-tier projects are being let via public-private partnerships funded by massive economic injection loans.
The EVgo $1.25 Billion Grid Expansion: Backed by a massive conditional loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy, EVgo is currently executing a multi-year project to build 7,500 new high-power 350 kW fast-charging stalls across states like California, Texas, New York, and Florida.
• Utility “Make-Ready” Infrastructure Bids: Because building a 4-stall 350 kW hub or a Megawatt truck station requires over 1.4 Megawatts of grid capacity, local utilities are letting out massive engineering contracts for dedicated substations, energy storage integration, and industrial 480V three-phase switchgear to support these sites.
________________________________________
An ACV EV charger inherently produces both problematic reactive feedback and harmonic distortion. Because an electric vehicle battery can only store Direct Current (DC), the charger must act as a massive power electronics converter to bridge the gap from the grid’s Alternating Current (AC). Without a micro processor capability, This interface will be difficult. The best way to meet the EV charger requirement is to offer a direct DCV power station solution as explained below.
The partner should offer a direct DC input DCV EV charger interface as a future option.
Residential Infrastructure: Emerging “DC-Coupled” Home Chargers
Standard Level 1 and Level 2 home chargers are technically not “chargers” at all—they are just smart extension cords (EVSE) that pass raw AC power directly to the car’s built-in onboard converter.
However, specialized Direct DC-to-DC home chargers do exist for advanced off-grid and solar applications:
Solar-Direct EV Charging: Companies like Sigenergy and SolarEdge design bidirectional, DC-coupled home energy ecosystems. For those who have rooftop solar panels, they generate DC electricity. Instead of converting that solar power to AC (via a home inverter) and then converting it back to DC (via the car’s onboard converter), these specialized systems route the high-voltage DC electricity directly from the solar panels/home battery into the car’s battery pack.
Low-Power Wall Superchargers: Boutique manufacturers like EV Bandit offer compact, residential-grade 21 kW to 28 kW DC Home Superchargers. These units plug into standard 240V residential AC panels but contain internal power electronics to perform the DC conversion on your garage wall, allowing you to bypass the car’s slower onboard charger limits.
The Partner could partner with a direct DCV EV charger provider to offer a DC EV charger option.
EV cars allow for a direct DC charging interface.
Using the Public Infrastructure Interface: Standard DC Fast Chargers (Level 3) Every commercial DC Fast Charger (such as Electrify America towers, Blink Charging pedestals, or Tesla Superchargers) is a direct DC charger.
The Architecture: The massive enclosure on the sidewalk houses the grid-tie rectifiers and liquid-cooled power electronics. It takes high-voltage AC from the utility company, converts it to DC internally, and dumps that DC electricity directly into the car’s battery pack through heavy pins in the CCS or NACS plug. The new NGU DCV EV supercharger can do the same in a future product release using the 22 kV grid power product as a base energy generation system.
On average, a Level 3 DC Fast Charger takes 15 to 30 minutes to charge a low EV battery (at 10% capacity) up to 80%.
The Power Tier Spectrum
Low-Power Tiers (24 kW – 50 kW): These are compact, urban DC chargers found at car dealerships, local grocery stores, or small fleet depots. They require less intense grid upgrades and deliver a full charge in roughly 45 to 90 minutes.
Mid-Power Tiers (60 kW – 150 kW): Standard highway corridor chargers and shopping mall hubs utilize this range. They can take a typical 400V EV battery from 10% to 80% in about 30 to 40 minutes.
High-Power Tiers (150 kW – 350+ kW): Designed for rapid highway travel, systems like Electrify America or Tesla V4 Superchargers push 250 kW to 350 kW (and up to 500 kW in elite configurations). They can add 100 miles of range in under 10 minutes to compatible 800V vehicles.
One of the prominent issues that the partner’s customer service departments will attempt to deal with is NGU failure. Without informed feedback from the customer, the service rep will not have any idea about the cause of the failure. It is standard practice among appliance providers to generate an error code to allow the customer to productively inform the service rep about the cause of the failure.
To implement an effective error-coding system for an NGU failure, you need a framework that translates complex technical faults into simple, readable codes for the customer. This ensures the customer service representative can immediately identify the root cause and dispatch the correct solution.
Steps to make the error code system functional for both the user and the representative, embed these deployment steps into the appliance design:
Visual Accessibility: Flash the alphanumeric code directly on the unit’s primary LED/LCD interface, or use a distinct sequence of blinking status lights if a screen is absent.
Granular Diagnostics: Ensure the internal firmware and/ir circuitry isolates the exact point of failure (e.g., distinguishing between a temporary short circuit and a permanent hardware failure).
Simplified Customer Scripting: Provide the user with a single “Status” or “Info” button on the physical unit that displays the active fault code when pressed.
Database Mapping: Equip customer service agents with an internal lookup tool that maps the code directly to a clear, non-technical explanation and an actionable script.
Sample Representative Script
When a customer calls regarding an NGU failure, the agent should follow a direct, high-utility script:
Locate: “Please look at the front display panel of your unit. Do you see a flashing light or a code starting with the letter ‘E’?” Verify:
”I see code E204 logged on your account. That tells us the power store has been exceeded and the NGU has terminated.
“Before we schedule a technician to upgrade the power store at your option is dispatched, please restart the NGU and do not use the AC outlets”.
Mats Heijkenskenkjold:
We do not get liabilities for any direct or indirect application to the grid. To make this kind of connections you must be authorized by the grid provider and the connections must be done by certified experts of the matter, not only for technical, but also for safety reasons.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
If I rectify the AC voltage from the ecatSSM and use it as input to the solar inverter (which is a legally certified by grid owner) could not that work? If not please explain!
Any home appliance that contains electromagnetic coils (inductors) or electronic power supplies (capacitors) will send reactive power back to the power source (aka NGU).
In alternating current (AC) grids, reactive power is not “consumed” like real power; instead, it is temporarily stored in an appliance’s internal fields and then spit back down the power line twice per AC cycle (120 times per second on a standard 60 Hz grid).
These are appliances driven by heavy electric motors, compressors, or transformers. They draw current to build a magnetic field, and when the AC voltage waveform flips polarity, that magnetic field collapses, forcing a wave of reverse current back to the source. This creates a lagging power factor.
Refrigerators and Freezers:
The heavy induction motor driving the cooling compressor continuously bounces reactive power back onto your lines.
Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps:
Central HVAC systems and window A/C units are the largest source of residential inductive reactive power due to their massive compressor motors.
Washing Machines and Dryers:
The electric motors that spin the drums create highly reactive loads. (Note: The heating element in a dryer is purely resistive, but the motor is highly inductive).
Ceiling Fans and Vacuum Cleaners:
Standard fan motors use simple electromagnetic coils that constantly reject energy back to the plug.
Microwave Ovens: Traditional microwaves use massive, heavy high-voltage step-up transformers that are intensely inductive.
Modern digital electronics do not use heavy transformers.
Instead, they use Switched-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) or digital drivers that utilize internal capacitors to smooth out electricity. They store energy in an electric field and push it back, causing a leading power factor:
LED and Fluorescent Lighting:
Low-quality LED bulb drivers and old fluorescent tube ballasts return significant capacitive reactive power.
Computers and Laptops:
The power bricks charging your desktop or laptop contain large capacitor banks that continuously cycle reactive energy back into the wall outlet.
Smartphones and Wi-Fi Routers:
Even small phone chargers and networked equipment act as minor capacitive endpoints, feeding tiny amounts of reactive power back onto the home circuit.
Flat-Screen Televisions:
Large LED/OLED televisions utilize complex non-linear digital power supplies that create notable phase-displacement.
For Off-Grid Systems:
If you are running your home on a battery bank and an inverter onside NGU, that reactive power cannot escape to the utility grid. It bounces back directly into your internal inverter. As detailed earlier, a “dumb” inverter will convert that returning energy into harsh heat but not in the NGU. The NGU will store that reactive power in its internal capacitor bank where it also stores the energy harvested from the vacuum.
The reactive power return is random in its power feedback. Random feedback means that the NGU will fail if the power store becomes full.
Under the assumption that the more powerful a NGU system that you buy implies that your power store will be larger. This lager store on an oversized NGU system will reduce the likelihood that the NGU will fail.
Overloading a low powered NGU relative to your appliances increases the likelihood that your NGU will fail at random times.
Maybe Dr. Rossi can sell a power store option to increase the power store capacity of a NGU system if there is excessive NGU failures due to a too small power store provided in the default configuration. Or a resistor outside of the NGU system could dissipate the overload excess power if it occurs.
A possible solution is to use a smart inverter in preference to the internal dumb one inside the NGU to protect against reactive power overload.
Intelligent Electronic Software Processing:
As established with smart inverters, a microprocessor can use advanced high-speed software algorithms to dynamically shift the timing of its transistors. This allows the inverter to active-absorb the out-of-phase current, smooth it out, and blend it safely back into its internal circuits.
Dr Rossi,
so IF the SSM will be born any kind of electric load or series of loads will be powerable by the Ecat, provided their combined power does not exceed the Ecat’s power ?
Frank Acland:
Surely there will be multiple sockets, depending on the power of the assembly: obviously the load cannot overcome the power of the specific assembly; in case of overload, the Ecat will automatically be turned off by the protection circuits,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
As a failback contingency, if the NGU has issues with reactive feedback from home appliances, or unsolvable issues with SSM, these issues can be mitigated much like the resistive version of the NGU by making available a grid tie in version where the only function that the NGU performs is feeding constant VDC current into the grid. In this approach, there is no reactive feedback issues to deal with or SSM difficulties.
Could a lower cost version of the NGU be engineered to greatly simplified the hardware design of the NGU so that interacting with any application under the Sun could be avoided allowing the revised hardware design of the NGU to be greatly simplified such as removing supercapacitors an analog logic which might allow a lower price point to allow a grid payback version hardware simplification.
The value of a grid payback version of the NGU is that its reduced parts nature would allow for a extended operational lifetime and ease of replacement with resultant lower cost upon failure.
In the US, you have to be out of your mind not to take advantage of the grid connection using a 1:1 payback policy.
In the US, roughly 20 to 25 states plus Washington D.C. still maintain true, 1:1 full retail net metering policies.
For exmple, Pennsylvania is widely considered to have one of the most favorable solar policies in the country, it shares this 1:1 retail credit structure with numerous other states.
States with Top-Tier 1:1 Net Metering Policies
The highest-rated 1:1 net metering states do not just offer equal value for sent and received power; they also protect customers from extra solar fees and have stable long-term outlooks:
New Jersey: Often ranked as having the strongest overall policy, offering a 1:1 retail credit with no capacity limits, plus extra performance payouts.
Massachusetts:
Provides full 1:1 billing credits along with a standalone incentive program that pays owners extra for what they produce.
New York:
Uses a favorable 1:1 credit calculation format across its major investor-owned utilities.
Maine:
Features true 1:1 net metering at some of the highest base electrical retail rates in the Northeast, maximizing savings.
Other 1:1 States:
Maryland, Illinois, Colorado, and Minnesota also enforce state mandates requiring full retail rate valuation for residential solar exports.
The Rest of the Country: Falling Into Three Buckets
Outside of the 1:1 retail states, policies generally fall into three distinct categories across the rest of the country:
Net Billing (Reduced Payouts): In these states, utilities give a “haircut” to the power you export. While you buy power at full retail price, excess solar sent back to the grid is only credited at a lower “avoided-cost” or wholesale rate—usually worth 30% to 70% of retail.
California (under its NEM 3.0 rules), Arizona, Nevada, and Utah operate this way.
Wholesale / Avoided Cost (Minimal Payouts):
These states credit solar exports at the bare-minimum wholesale market rate, often equating to just 2 to 5 cents per kWh.
Kentucky and parts of Texas follow this model.
No State Mandates:
Alabama, South Dakota, and Tennessee have no statewide rules requiring utilities to pay solar customers.
Compensation is left entirely up to the discretion of individual utility companies.
Why Policy Stability Matters Right Now
If you are planning a system, the landscape is changing quickly. Multiple state utility commissions are actively reviewing their net metering structures, with a national trend moving away from 1:1 models toward reduced net billing.
Even within Pennsylvania, utilities like PPL have proposed shifting away from traditional 1:1 billing toward dynamic hourly wholesale pricing.
Because utilities typically grandfather existing systems into current 1:1 rules for 15 to 20 years, completing an installation before local policy updates occur is the best way to secure high payback rates.
The Into presentation should explain how the NGU can cut the cost of grid power by using and example of 24/7 low power grid payback connection and how the strategy pays for the NGU is a few years.
Alex:
Thank you for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
I think this information will be disclosed at the global presentation; I know the price will be strongly competitive,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@Yury E. and Ecat Enthusiast
I totally agree with both of you,
Best
Ambrogio
Realizing that these factors can change, what is the latest preliminary thinking on the part of the partner to the preview price per watt of the NGU, the guarantee, and the replacement policy.
@Ambrogio:
If the SSM Ecat can produce reliable and safe AC electricity 24/7, I think issues like inverters, solar integration and grid connections become very minor. There has never been anything like this before, it would be a fundamental change in how energy is produced and thus revolutionary.
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
About the 100W Alternating Current (AC) e-cats, this idea in my humble opinion is not practical at all. To merge the output of two or more AC e-Cat units, one will need to synchronize the frequency of the units to keep the frequency in synchronous conditions all the time to avoid serious consequences.
Multiple e-Cats with a DC output are easily merged by connecting all the e-Cats in parallel and feed an inverter of the right capacity according to the number of E-Cats x 100 Watts each. So, if I need to have, let’s say a 10kW AC source, I will connect 11
units x 100W DC output, connect in parallel and feed a 12KVA DC-AC inverter. WEith the very high CoP of the e-Cats, any minimal losses will be irrelevant.
Dear Ambrogio, you are absolutely right. This site is filled with uninteresting and unnecessary discussions related to purely engineering solutions (using inverters, controllers, etc.). These solutions are of no value, as they can be solved by a middling engineer.
Meanwhile, the most fundamental and interesting invention—Rossi’s new ECat energy source—remains on the sidelines and out of discussion.
On Rossi’s site, we have the rare opportunity to personally discuss his most important invention with Rossi. But we are wasting Rossi’s time answering our trivial questions unrelated to ECat.
It would be much more interesting to discuss and converse with Rossi about ECat than to ask him answers to questions that are completely unrelated to ECat.
Best regards,
Yury E.
I find so funny all these comment that criticize the Ecat SSM for minimalities like the inverters, etc: guys, we are talking of SSM: Self Sustained Mode, means that the Ecat ( IF… ) consumes zero W to produce x Watts with x>0, these comments sound to me like to watch Jesus walking on the surface of the water and say: “Hey, watch that guy: 33 years old, yet he doesn’t swim…”
IF the Ecat SSM will work, that’s just miraculous in itself.
Ambrogio
WaltC:
Thank you for the suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
In terms of your most basic Ecat product, I’d suggest something very simple– for example, something that looks like a battery, with an intrinsic voltage, and a built-in current limiter (i.e., no built-in fuse or circuit breaker, but a current limiter, instead).
“Simple” improves reliability, scalability and manufacturing cost.
Less-basic products, such as A/C power stations, can then be built utilizing the battery-Ecat as a subcomponent(s).
Best wishes,
WaltC
Neri Accornero:
Thank you for your considerations,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea, from what I’ve read on your blog, I understand you’re finally leaning more toward the 100W SSM ECAT certification rather than getting bogged down in MW high voltage systems.
And rightly so, someone has also warned you that adding DC-AC converters, in addition to complicating matters and increment the dimensions of the ECAT, risks running into approval difficulties depending on the countries that have specific requirements for converters. I’ve told you many times that the DC 100W ECAT will change the world. “The simpler the system, the fewer failures there are,” experience confirms.
Just think of the energy-hungry AI centers, if every rack or even every processor had its own generator…..
Jean Paul Renoir:
Based on how tests are proceeding now with the SSM, I’d say I hope so,
Warm Regards
Dr Rossi,
still hoping to make the global presentation within January 2027 ?
JPR
Emmanuel Cilia:
Thank you for the suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi
I read that you are looking at producing an Ecat that will produce AC electricity directly. Having worked with AC inverters for many years and knowing how hard and expensive it is to get inverters approved in all countries my suggestion for what it is worth is to produce a DC output and use inverters that are already approved in that country that the Ecat is introduced whether it be for domestic or industrial use the required testing, software and cost required to intergrate into a countries grid network is substantial and could take 12-24 months for each country.
So a DC ouput would be a much quicker and cheaper option to get the Ecat out to market from what i can see from what infomation that I can gather from this website and others such as Frank Acland website..
Axil:
Thank you for your studies,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
My recent studies of the green ecosystem has informed my opinion that the Chinese have made it difficult for outsiders to break into the solar market in there efforts to standardize solar equipment that complies with all sorts of qualifying complications.
In particular, China has made it exceptionally difficult for outsiders like the partner to break into the solar market. However, this barrier is driven less by arbitrary compliance complications and more by China’s hyper-scale ecosystem, unmatched cost structures, and strategic industrial standardization. While international regulations and trade barriers are actually tightening against China, China’s internal consolidation and technological gatekeeping have cemented its control over 80% of the global solar supply chain.
Extreme Cost and Scale Dominance
Foreign firms struggle to compete primarily because Chinese manufacturing operates at an unbeatable scale.
The Price Floor:
Intensive government backing and subsequent domestic overcapacity have caused global solar panel prices to collapse. This has forced multiple foreign competitors out of business and pushed domestic Chinese firms into consolidation.
Manufacturing Disadvantage:
According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), production costs in China are 10% lower than in India, 20% lower than in the US, and 35% lower than in Europe.
Standardization as a Weaponized Moat
China’s standardization strategy serves as a dual-layer barrier for outsiders trying to enter the market:
Controlling Next-Gen Tech Standards:
China dictates the standards for high-efficiency emerging technologies. It has rapidly phased out older PERC technology to mandate high-efficiency N-type (TOPCon and HJT) cells. Because Chinese firms write the technical specifications for these modules, foreign entrants must constantly chase moving, capital-intensive technical targets.
Weaponized Supply Chokepoints:
China is moving to codify its dominance by standardizing what can leave the country. The Chinese government has actively weighed export curbs on advanced solar manufacturing equipment. If a foreign company wants to build a factory to break into the market, they are often blocked from buying the precise, standardized Chinese machinery required to make panels efficiently.
The Regulatory Complication
ParadoxIronically, the most complex “qualifying complications” are currently being built by Western governments trying to shield themselves from China. However, these rules often backfire on local startups:
The “China-Linked” Trap:
U.S. laws like the One Big Beautiful Bill Act block tax credits for any factory with Chinese ties. Because China standardizes and controls the upstream supply chain (ingots, wafers, and polysilicon), new Western market entrants find it nearly impossible to source completely “clean,” non-Chinese components to qualify for local subsidies.
Grid and Inverter Restrictions:
The EU and U.S. have placed heavy restrictions on Chinese-made solar inverters due to cyber security and grid-disruption concerns. Navigating these changing compliance structures adds massive legal and engineering costs to non-Chinese solar projects.
Yuri:
IF… yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Giuseppe Censorio:
We will answer your question when the global presentation of the Ecat will be made,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
congratulations on the results achieved with the SSM. Does this bring us closer to a future where consumer appliances with “E-Cat Inside” become available? In other words, could I one day buy, for example, a refrigerator with an embedded E-Cat and no longer have to worry about its power supply?
Regards, Giuseppe
Dr Rossi,
Great news is your update about the progress with the SSM mode, although it is still close, but not there, as you repeated here.
I have one question: IF the SSM will be the subject of the next global presentation will we be able to power any kind of load by mweans of the Ecat ?
Best,
Yuri
Axil:
Thank you for the information,
A.R.
There is an entire multi-billion dollar commercial industry dedicated to products that enable a dumb external power sources to connect to the utility grid. These devices are globally known as Grid-Tie Inverters or Utility-Interactive Inverters.
Because modern power grids have strict regulations to prevent blackouts and protect electrical workers, you cannot simply wire a raw solar panel, wind turbine, NGU or battery directly to a wall outlet. You must use an intermediate commercial device that safely synchronizes your power source with the grid’s voltage and frequency.
Crucial Legal and Safety Standards
Before buying any commercial grid-tie device, ensure it bears specific regulatory stamps. In North America, electric utility companies will legally refuse to let you connect a device unless it is certified under UL 1741 (specifically the UL 1741 SB revision).
This standard guarantees that the product has mandatory “anti-islanding” safety systems, meaning if the utility power grid shuts down due to an accident, the inverter will automatically disconnect your power source within milliseconds to prevent electrocuting utility repair workers.
Common Commercial Form Factors
Microinverters (Small Scale / DIY-Friendly)Microinverters are small, weatherized boxes meant to handle one or two power sources at a time. They are widely popular because they output standard household AC voltage directly from the unit.
How they work: You plug a DC source (like a solar panel) or NGU into one side, and the other side plugs directly into a standard household circuit.
Commercial Examples: Microinverters from companies like Enphase Energy or Northern Electric Power (NEP) are highly rated and fully certified.
For instance, the NEP 600W/700W series is a popular plug-and-play choice for small entry-level setups.
String Inverters (Medium to Large Scale)
If you have a large array of solar panels or a high-voltage DC source, a string inverter is used. These are large boxes typically mounted on a garage wall or the side of a building.
How they work:
They combine massive amounts of DC power from multiple sources into a high-voltage line, convert it to AC power, and feed it directly into your main electrical breaker panel.
Commercial Examples:
Brands like Growatt, SMA Solar, and Solis dominate this market. You can find models ranging from residential sizes, like the Growatt 11.4kW Grid-Tie Inverter sold at Signature Solar, up to massive industrial options like the Solis 75kW Three Phase Inverter found at Green Vista Living.
Hybrid / Storage Inverters (For Battery Systems)If your power source is a battery bank, a standard solar grid-tie inverter will not work because it does not know how to manage battery state-of-charge. You need a Hybrid Inverter.
How they work:
They act as a two-way traffic controller. They can pull power from the grid to charge your battery, or pull power from your battery to feed your home and push excess back to the utility grid.
Commercial Examples:
The OutBack Power Vented Grid-Hybrid Inverter available via EcoDirect.com is a highly reliable commercial option built specifically for managing 48V battery systems while remaining fully compliant with utility grid rules.
In summary, a standard DC power source like the NGU does not need to actively react, communicate, or change its behavior to transfer power to a basic grid-tie inverter.
From the perspective of the DC power source, it can remain completely passive. The grid-tie inverter does 100% of the active work required to pull power out of the source and push it onto the utility grid.
How Power Transfer Works Passively
If you connect a “dumb,” unmanaged VDC source like the NGU—the inverter will successfully drain power from it using two main techniques:
• Current Sucking (MPPT): Solar grid-tie inverters feature a system called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The inverter deliberately acts like an adjustable electrical load. It slowly sweeps its own internal resistance to “suck” more current out of your DC source. Your power source doesn’t “push” energy; the inverter forcefully extracts it based on whatever voltage and current the source naturally makes available.
• Voltage Following: As long as the VDC source supplies a raw voltage that falls within the inverter’s acceptable physical operating window (e.g., between 150V and 500V DC), the inverter’s internal electronics will accept it. The source just sits there providing raw DC potential.
The Crucial Exception: Battery-Specific Hybrid Inverters
While raw VDC sources don’t need to react, commercial hybrid inverters designed for batteries introduce a massive caveat. If you buy a product specifically labeled as a “Battery Storage Inverter” or “Hybrid Inverter,” the inverter will legally and digitally refuse to pull power from the VDC source unless the source “talks back.”
As established previously, modern smart battery systems require a digital Battery Management System (BMS) handshake. If the VDC source cannot “react” to the inverter’s digital queries by broadcasting its State of Charge (SOC) and safety limits over a CAN bus or RS485 connection, the hybrid inverter will open its internal safety relays and block all power transfer.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Same answer I already gave you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your opinion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
The NGU is not capable of connecting to a smart inverter because it is a dumb box that is not directed by a microprocessor. The NGU cannot simulate the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) test that identifies it as a solar panel.
But maybe a simulated battery interface?
No. The NGU is too dumb for that; here is why…
To trick a “smart” hybrid or storage inverter into recognizing a Variable DC (VDC) power source as a functional battery, the VDC source must replicate both the electrical behavior and the communication protocols of a real chemical battery.
If you hook up a standard, one-way bench power supply, the smart inverter will likely throw a fault code (such as “Battery Voltage Abnormal” or “BMS Communication Failure”) and refuse to operate.
The VDC source (NGU) must simulate the following conditions to be recognized:
Two-Quadrant “Bidirectional” Current FlowA standard VDC power supply can only push power out (source current). A battery must be capable of absorbing power (sinking current) during charging cycles.
The Requirement: The VDC source must be bidirectional. When the smart inverter tries to charge the “battery,” the VDC source must gracefully sink that current without tripping over-voltage protection (OVP) or shutting down. Specialized regenerative DC power supplies are typically used for this in laboratory testing.
Digital BMS Communication (The Handshake)Modern smart inverters rarely rely on voltage alone; they require a digital handshake with a Battery Management System (BMS) over a communication bus, usually via CAN bus or RS485 (Modbus).
The Requirement: You must use a simulator or micro-controller (like an Arduino or Raspberry Pi) to spoof the CAN/RS485 data packets.
The Payload: The smart inverter will refuse to close its internal relays unless the VDC source sends continuous data streams indicating:
State of Charge (SOC) (e.g., reporting 50%).
State of Health (SOH) (e.g., reporting 100%).Maximum
Allowable Charge/Discharge Current (dynamic limits based on simulated temperature).
No Fault Status (reporting that individual cell voltages and temperatures are perfectly balanced and safe).
Internal Resistance (Rᵢ) and Voltage SagReal batteries possess internal resistance. When an inverter suddenly draws 50 Amps, a real battery’s voltage will instantly drop slightly.
The Requirement: Smart inverters monitor the relationship between current draw and voltage stability to verify a battery is attached. If an inverter draws massive current and the voltage remains perfectly frozen (as it would on a cheap regulated power supply), the inverter’s safety algorithms may flag it as an unstable or artificial source. The VDC source must actively adjust its voltage dynamically based on current output to mimic this internal resistance curve.
Realistic State of Charge (SOC) Voltage CurvesBatteries do not maintain a completely flat voltage. A lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) or lithium-ion battery follows a strict curve where voltage slowly drops as it empties and rises as it fills.
The Requirement: The VDC source must dynamically float its voltage output according to how much energy (Amp-hours) the inverter has pushed into it or pulled out of it. If the inverter feeds 2 kWh of power into the “battery,” the VDC source must slowly raise its voltage level to simulate a charging profile.
High Capacitance and Fast Transient ResponseInverters pull power in high-frequency pulses rather than a perfectly smooth line.
The Requirement: A battery naturally absorbs these fast ripples due to its immense chemical capacitance. A standard power supply has sluggish control loops and might lag, causing the inverter’s DC ripple detection mechanics to trip. The VDC source must feature a fast transient response to adjust to rapid load shifts within milliseconds.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Thank for your response.
1. I assume when multiple parallel units are connected, there is a mechanism included to phase align the AC voltages so that a single frequency of AC power is produced?
2. Given that such a phase and frequency alignment occurs, the combined AC output could be fed in the Generator input of a solar inverter system so safely provide power to either Off Grid or Grid Tied systems.
Thoughts?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. 100 W modules and combined assemblies
2. yes
3. we grant only independent connections; for external connections the Clients will be responsible for authorizations and connections that will have to be made by certified experts of the art,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Mats Heijkenskjold:
OK
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Regarding the AC output variants of the NGU units:
1. What unit power will be made available to the Public: 10W; 100W; 1kW; 2kW; 5kW; and/or 10kW or other power values?
2. Can AC output units be paralleled – increasing the current while retaining the Voltage?
3. Are these AC output units only units only to be used in Off Grid applications? Grid-Tie?
2026-06-14 18:31 paul dodgshun
Thank you for the suggestion!
I have already contact with some solarinveter companies which are suitable,safe and certified for swedish grid applications.
Thank you anyway!
Regards,
Mats Heijkenskjold
Intelligent inverters perform strict physical and digital validation to determine if a connected DC input is “qualified” before accepting power.
Connecting a raw, unverified DC source to an inverter can destroy the power electronics or cause a battery thermal event. The microprocessor inside a smart inverter acts as a strict digital gatekeeper, using a multi-step sequence to validate the input.
1. Electrical “Qualifications” the Inverter Checks
Before the inverter closes its internal physical relays to let power flow, its microprocessor continuously samples the DC input terminals to verify several precise parameters:
Voltage Window Validation:
Every inverter has a hard-coded input voltage range (e.g., a residential solar inverter might require between 150V and 600V DC). If the voltage is too low, the microprocessor stays in sleep mode. If the voltage is even a single volt too high, it locks out the system to prevent overvoltage arcs from blowing the internal transistors.
Polarity Verification: If a technician accidentally wires the positive DC cable to the negative terminal, the microprocessor detects the reversed voltage vector via internal sensing diodes and blocks operation instantly, protecting the system from a dead short circuit.
Insulation Resistance Testing (Ground Fault Check): Before drawing power, the inverter injects a microscopic test signal into the DC lines to measure the electrical isolation between the DC conductors and the physical earth ground. If it detects a breakdown in cable insulation (a “ground fault”), it marks the input as disqualified and triggers an alarm.
2. Identifying the Type of Input (Solar vs. Battery)
Advanced “hybrid” inverters are designed to accept both solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and chemical batteries on their DC inputs. They validate and distinguish between these two sources automatically using specific testing methods:
The Voltage-Sag Test: When an inverter begins to draw current from a Solar Panel Array, the voltage will naturally sag or fluctuate depending on the sun’s intensity. The inverter identifies this behavior and immediately boots its Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) software. The MPPT continuously sweeps the voltage up and down to find the optimal curve for solar extraction.
The Rigid-Rail Test: When an inverter draws current from a Battery Bank, the voltage remains rigidly flat and stable, showing almost no drop as current increases. If the inverter sees a zero-sag rigid voltage rail, it realizes a battery is attached. It immediately disables the MPPT software (as sweeping a battery’s voltage would destroy it) and switches to constant-current or constant-voltage battery management mode.
3. The Digital Handshake (The Highest Tier of Validation)
For the high-power applications discussed earlier—such as an Electric Vehicle connected to a Level 3 DC Fast Charger or a Smart Home Battery System—the inverter relies on more than just reading raw electrical values. It requires a formal digital handshake to qualify the input:
[Vehicle/Battery BMS] ──( Can I have 412V @ 200A? ) ──> [Inverter Microprocessor]
[Vehicle/Battery BMS] <──( ISO 15118 / CAN Bus)────── [Inverter Microprocessor]
The Protocol: The inverter communicates directly with the battery's internal Battery Management System (BMS) using high-speed industrial data networks like a CAN bus or Power-Line Communication (PLC) protocols (such as ISO 15118).
The Validation: The battery sends encrypted digital packets containing its real-time state-of-charge, internal cell temperatures, and maximum instantaneous voltage limits.
The Qualification: If the data connection drops for even a fraction of a second, or if the battery reports an internal temperature error, the inverter flags the DC input as disqualified and opens its safety contactors within milliseconds to cut off power completely.
———————————–
Home solar batteries qualify their input types, but the exact mechanism depends entirely on whether the system is "DC-coupled" or "AC-coupled".
A standalone chemical battery cell cannot think; it relies fully on the Battery Management System (BMS) and the associated charging circuitry to actively analyze, qualify, and accept or reject the incoming power.
DC-Coupled Battery Systems (Direct Solar Input)
In a DC-coupled architecture, solar panels feed raw DC power directly into a hybrid inverter/charger, which routes it straight to the battery without converting it to AC first. Examples include the Tesla Powerwall 3 (which features an integrated solar inverter) or hybrid systems like SolarEdge.
These systems qualify the input using precise physical checks:
The Voltage and Current Profile: Solar panels behave as a variable "current source" rather than a steady voltage rail. The battery system checks the open-circuit voltage. For example, a Tesla Powerwall 3 validates that the incoming DC voltage sits between 60V and 550V DC. Anything outside this window is disqualified.
The MPPT Scan: To qualify the input as functional solar, the system runs a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) sweep. If it sweeps the voltage and the current responds in a predictable curve matching solar physics, it qualifies the source and begins charging.
Polarity Check: If the positive and negative strings are reversed, the input hardware detects a negative voltage vector and locks out the system before closing the charging circuits.
2. AC-Coupled Battery Systems (Grid/Microinverter Input)
In an AC-coupled architecture—such as the Enphase IQ Battery 5P—the battery unit houses its own built-in bidirectional microinverters. It does not connect directly to solar panels; it plugs straight into your home's main AC breaker panel.
Instead of checking DC panel voltage, these batteries qualify their inputs digitally:
Grid Qualification Phase:
When the battery boots up, it monitors the home's AC wiring for up to 5 minutes. It will only qualify the input if the voltage sits tightly around 240VAC and the grid frequency rests exactly at 60 Hz (or 50 Hz). If a nearby generator is producing "dirty" power with fluctuating frequencies, the battery disqualifies the input and refuses to charge.
Frequency Droop Sensing:
If the home goes off-grid during a blackout, the battery has to manage other grid-tied solar microinverters on the roof. It qualifies the safety of the system by manipulating the AC frequency. If the battery is full and needs the rooftop solar to stop sending power, it artificially spikes the home's AC frequency (e.g., from 60 Hz to 62 Hz). The rooftop solar inverters recognize this shift, disqualify their own environment, and safely shut down.
3. Smart Communications (BMS Qualification)
If you attempt to plug an unapproved, third-party battery expansion pack into a smart solar battery, it will fail validation.
Modern solar batteries rely on an encrypted CAN bus or proprietary wireless handshake to communicate with expansion cabinets. For example, a Powerwall 3 Expansion unit communicates directly via a dedicated data harness. If the master battery cannot read the authorized digital signature, firmware version, and cell health metrics from the connected input device, it flags the input type as generic or uncertified and opens its internal safety relays.
———————————
In summery, many NGU retail customers will be surprised when their plans to integrated a NGU system into the current power equipment configuration. Because the NGU is not yet controlled by a microprocessor (as far as I know), it is incapable of interacting via protocols to pass validation required by existing customer equipment's.
Axil:
Thank you for your insights,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Paul Dodgshun:
Thank you for your suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@2026-06-14 05:03 Mats Heijkenskjold
Should meet your needs.
Plenty of Advanced Safety & Protection Features which I like.
https://www.solar-hub.co.uk/products/sunsynk-acure-8-0kw-single-phase-hybrid-inverter?variant=53787634893141&country=GB¤cy=GBP
Sunsynk Acure 8.0kW Hybrid Inverter & Smart Energy Management System
Take full control of your energy with the Sunsynk Acure Hybrid Inverter — a next-generation hybrid inverter and intelligent energy management system designed for advanced power optimisation, seamless connectivity, and enhanced system protection.
Built for both residential and commercial installations, the Sunsynk Acure combines smart load management, wireless integration, and advanced safety features into one powerful, installer-friendly platform.
Key Features
Intelligent energy management system
Integrated 40A smart switch
Connect up to 10 programmable wireless smart switches
Built-in Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LAN (Ethernet) & LoRa connectivity
Real-time monitoring and system analytics
Automatic load shedding functionality
New intuitive user interface
Multi-colour LED system status display
Rapid shutdown capability
Generator compatibility with dry contact start
IP65 rated for indoor & outdoor installation
Suitable Applications
The Sunsynk Acure is designed for a wide range of smart energy applications including:
Solar PV systems
Battery storage installations
EV charging integration
Wind turbine systems
Hot water tank control
Backup and off-grid power solutions
Residential smart energy management
Commercial load optimisation
Designed for Faster Installation
Engineered with installers in mind, the Acure platform helps simplify installation and improve overall system aesthetics.
Installer Benefits
Wireless CT coil reduces cabling requirements
Hinged terminal cover for quicker access
Clean and discreet cable routing
Compact, professional appearance
Indoor and outdoor installation capability
Advanced Safety & Protection
Safety is at the core of the Sunsynk Acure system, with integrated protection features designed to maximise reliability and minimise risk.
Integrated Protection Features
Arc Fault Detection (AFCI)
Solar panel theft detection
DC reverse polarity protection
AC overcurrent protection
AC overvoltage protection
Short circuit protection
Thermal protection
Ground fault detection
Earth fault monitoring
Residual current (RCD) monitoring
Surge protection
Anti-islanding protection
DC insulation monitoring
✔ G98 / G99 Compliant
Sunsynk Connect Pro
Unlock complete system visibility and remote control through Sunsynk Connect Pro.
Features Include
Real-time energy monitoring
Remote system control via app
Installer commissioning and diagnostics
Firmware updates over-the-air
Multi-site commercial monitoring
Performance tracking and analytics
Why Choose the Sunsynk Acure?
All-in-one hybrid inverter and energy management platform
Advanced smart load control functionality
Faster installation with wireless integration
Scalable for residential and commercial projects
Advanced safety and monitoring features
Compatible with modern smart energy ecosystems
An ACV EV charger inherently produces both problematic reactive feedback and harmonic distortion. Because an electric vehicle battery can only store Direct Current (DC), the charger must act as a massive power electronics converter to bridge the gap from the grid’s Alternating Current (AC). Without a micro processor capability, This interface will be difficult. The best way to meet the EV charger requirement is to offer a direct DCV power station solution as explained below.
The partner should offer a direct DC input DCV EV charger interface as a future option.
Residential Infrastructure: Emerging “DC-Coupled” Home Chargers
Standard Level 1 and Level 2 home chargers are technically not “chargers” at all—they are just smart extension cords (EVSE) that pass raw AC power directly to the car’s built-in onboard converter.
However, specialized Direct DC-to-DC home chargers do exist for advanced off-grid and solar applications:
Solar-Direct EV Charging: Companies like Sigenergy and SolarEdge design bidirectional, DC-coupled home energy ecosystems. For those who have rooftop solar panels, they generate DC electricity. Instead of converting that solar power to AC (via a home inverter) and then converting it back to DC (via the car’s onboard converter), these specialized systems route the high-voltage DC electricity directly from the solar panels/home battery into the car’s battery pack.
Low-Power Wall Superchargers: Boutique manufacturers like EV Bandit offer compact, residential-grade 21 kW to 28 kW DC Home Superchargers. These units plug into standard 240V residential AC panels but contain internal power electronics to perform the DC conversion on your garage wall, allowing you to bypass the car’s slower onboard charger limits.
The Partner could partner with a direct DCV EV charger provider to offer a DC EV charger option.
EV cars allow for a direct DC charging interface.
Using the Public Infrastructure Interface: Standard DC Fast Chargers (Level 3) Every commercial DC Fast Charger (such as Electrify America towers, Blink Charging pedestals, or Tesla Superchargers) is a direct DC charger.
The Architecture: The massive enclosure on the sidewalk houses the grid-tie rectifiers and liquid-cooled power electronics. It takes high-voltage AC from the utility company, converts it to DC internally, and dumps that DC electricity directly into the car’s battery pack through heavy pins in the CCS or NACS plug. The new NGU DCV EV supercharger can do the same in a future product release using the 22 kV grid power product as a base energy generation system.
On average, a Level 3 DC Fast Charger takes 15 to 30 minutes to charge a low EV battery (at 10% capacity) up to 80%.
The Power Tier Spectrum
Low-Power Tiers (24 kW – 50 kW): These are compact, urban DC chargers found at car dealerships, local grocery stores, or small fleet depots. They require less intense grid upgrades and deliver a full charge in roughly 45 to 90 minutes.
Mid-Power Tiers (60 kW – 150 kW): Standard highway corridor chargers and shopping mall hubs utilize this range. They can take a typical 400V EV battery from 10% to 80% in about 30 to 40 minutes.
High-Power Tiers (150 kW – 350+ kW): Designed for rapid highway travel, systems like Electrify America or Tesla V4 Superchargers push 250 kW to 350 kW (and up to 500 kW in elite configurations). They can add 100 miles of range in under 10 minutes to compatible 800V vehicles.
New Bissiness that the NGU large systems could quailify and should be addressed in the upcoming presentation.
1. Heavy-Duty Corridor Projects (The 1 MW+ Monster Hubs)
The most technologically aggressive projects being let involve the commercialization of Megawatt Charging Systems (MCS) for long-haul freight.
• The Tesla & Pilot Flying J Mega-Network: Tesla announced a major commercial partnership with Pilot Flying J to deploy massive 1.2 Megawatt (MW) Megachargers at major truck stops. They are aggressively breaking ground on a targeted corridor of 46 high-power operational truck sites.
• The BP Pulse International Ashford Hub: BP Pulse is letting contracts and initiating construction on its massive Ashford International Truckstop. This project features cutting-edge 1 MW MCS dispensers with a site master plan scalable up to 20 megawatt-class charging bays.
• European MCS Corridor Rollouts: Large utilities are letting bids across the EU’s TEN-T network regulation corridors (which mandates 350kW+ hubs every 60km). Companies like Iberdrola are letting out their first 1 MW commercial charger sites in Spain, while Kempower and Ekoenergetyka are executing high-power truck hub deliveries across Scandinavia.
2. Next-Gen Passenger Mega-Hubs (500 kW – 600 kW Architectures)
For passenger and light-commercial vehicles, hardware vendors are rolling out new “Express Grid” architectures that double the power of older 300 kW dispensers.
ChargePoint & Eaton Express Grid Project: ChargePoint has partnered with global energy giant Eaton to let out a radically downsized, ultra-efficient modular architecture. This initiative introduces 600 kW charging stations across flagship “Express Grid” locations. This system is designed to deliver a full 10-to-80% recharge in just 10 minutes for next-generation vehicle battery architectures.
IONNA Network Deployment: Backed by a joint venture of major automakers (including Mercedes-Benz, BMW, GM, and Honda), IONNA is actively letting real estate, engineering, and construction bids. The mega-project aims to construct over 30,000 ultra-fast DC fast-charging ports across North America by 2030, leveraging high-power tiers to establish premium “Rechargery” rest centers.
3. Government & Utility-Funded “Make-Ready” Programs
A massive volume of these high-tier projects are being let via public-private partnerships funded by massive economic injection loans.
The EVgo $1.25 Billion Grid Expansion: Backed by a massive conditional loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy, EVgo is currently executing a multi-year project to build 7,500 new high-power 350 kW fast-charging stalls across states like California, Texas, New York, and Florida.
• Utility “Make-Ready” Infrastructure Bids: Because building a 4-stall 350 kW hub or a Megawatt truck station requires over 1.4 Megawatts of grid capacity, local utilities are letting out massive engineering contracts for dedicated substations, energy storage integration, and industrial 480V three-phase switchgear to support these sites.
________________________________________
An ACV EV charger inherently produces both problematic reactive feedback and harmonic distortion. Because an electric vehicle battery can only store Direct Current (DC), the charger must act as a massive power electronics converter to bridge the gap from the grid’s Alternating Current (AC). Without a micro processor capability, This interface will be difficult. The best way to meet the EV charger requirement is to offer a direct DCV power station solution as explained below.
The partner should offer a direct DC input DCV EV charger interface as a future option.
Residential Infrastructure: Emerging “DC-Coupled” Home Chargers
Standard Level 1 and Level 2 home chargers are technically not “chargers” at all—they are just smart extension cords (EVSE) that pass raw AC power directly to the car’s built-in onboard converter.
However, specialized Direct DC-to-DC home chargers do exist for advanced off-grid and solar applications:
Solar-Direct EV Charging: Companies like Sigenergy and SolarEdge design bidirectional, DC-coupled home energy ecosystems. For those who have rooftop solar panels, they generate DC electricity. Instead of converting that solar power to AC (via a home inverter) and then converting it back to DC (via the car’s onboard converter), these specialized systems route the high-voltage DC electricity directly from the solar panels/home battery into the car’s battery pack.
Low-Power Wall Superchargers: Boutique manufacturers like EV Bandit offer compact, residential-grade 21 kW to 28 kW DC Home Superchargers. These units plug into standard 240V residential AC panels but contain internal power electronics to perform the DC conversion on your garage wall, allowing you to bypass the car’s slower onboard charger limits.
The Partner could partner with a direct DCV EV charger provider to offer a DC EV charger option.
EV cars allow for a direct DC charging interface.
Using the Public Infrastructure Interface: Standard DC Fast Chargers (Level 3) Every commercial DC Fast Charger (such as Electrify America towers, Blink Charging pedestals, or Tesla Superchargers) is a direct DC charger.
The Architecture: The massive enclosure on the sidewalk houses the grid-tie rectifiers and liquid-cooled power electronics. It takes high-voltage AC from the utility company, converts it to DC internally, and dumps that DC electricity directly into the car’s battery pack through heavy pins in the CCS or NACS plug. The new NGU DCV EV supercharger can do the same in a future product release using the 22 kV grid power product as a base energy generation system.
On average, a Level 3 DC Fast Charger takes 15 to 30 minutes to charge a low EV battery (at 10% capacity) up to 80%.
The Power Tier Spectrum
Low-Power Tiers (24 kW – 50 kW): These are compact, urban DC chargers found at car dealerships, local grocery stores, or small fleet depots. They require less intense grid upgrades and deliver a full charge in roughly 45 to 90 minutes.
Mid-Power Tiers (60 kW – 150 kW): Standard highway corridor chargers and shopping mall hubs utilize this range. They can take a typical 400V EV battery from 10% to 80% in about 30 to 40 minutes.
High-Power Tiers (150 kW – 350+ kW): Designed for rapid highway travel, systems like Electrify America or Tesla V4 Superchargers push 250 kW to 350 kW (and up to 500 kW in elite configurations). They can add 100 miles of range in under 10 minutes to compatible 800V vehicles.
One of the prominent issues that the partner’s customer service departments will attempt to deal with is NGU failure. Without informed feedback from the customer, the service rep will not have any idea about the cause of the failure. It is standard practice among appliance providers to generate an error code to allow the customer to productively inform the service rep about the cause of the failure.
To implement an effective error-coding system for an NGU failure, you need a framework that translates complex technical faults into simple, readable codes for the customer. This ensures the customer service representative can immediately identify the root cause and dispatch the correct solution.
Steps to make the error code system functional for both the user and the representative, embed these deployment steps into the appliance design:
Visual Accessibility: Flash the alphanumeric code directly on the unit’s primary LED/LCD interface, or use a distinct sequence of blinking status lights if a screen is absent.
Granular Diagnostics: Ensure the internal firmware and/ir circuitry isolates the exact point of failure (e.g., distinguishing between a temporary short circuit and a permanent hardware failure).
Simplified Customer Scripting: Provide the user with a single “Status” or “Info” button on the physical unit that displays the active fault code when pressed.
Database Mapping: Equip customer service agents with an internal lookup tool that maps the code directly to a clear, non-technical explanation and an actionable script.
Sample Representative Script
When a customer calls regarding an NGU failure, the agent should follow a direct, high-utility script:
Locate: “Please look at the front display panel of your unit. Do you see a flashing light or a code starting with the letter ‘E’?” Verify:
”I see code E204 logged on your account. That tells us the power store has been exceeded and the NGU has terminated.
“Before we schedule a technician to upgrade the power store at your option is dispatched, please restart the NGU and do not use the AC outlets”.
Mats Heijkenskenkjold:
We do not get liabilities for any direct or indirect application to the grid. To make this kind of connections you must be authorized by the grid provider and the connections must be done by certified experts of the matter, not only for technical, but also for safety reasons.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Ref: Your answer, June 13, 2026 at 8:48 AM.
I understand completely your statements.
If I rectify the AC voltage from the ecatSSM and use it as input to the solar inverter (which is a legally certified by grid owner) could not that work? If not please explain!
Best regards,
Mats Heijkenskjold
Any home appliance that contains electromagnetic coils (inductors) or electronic power supplies (capacitors) will send reactive power back to the power source (aka NGU).
In alternating current (AC) grids, reactive power is not “consumed” like real power; instead, it is temporarily stored in an appliance’s internal fields and then spit back down the power line twice per AC cycle (120 times per second on a standard 60 Hz grid).
These are appliances driven by heavy electric motors, compressors, or transformers. They draw current to build a magnetic field, and when the AC voltage waveform flips polarity, that magnetic field collapses, forcing a wave of reverse current back to the source. This creates a lagging power factor.
Refrigerators and Freezers:
The heavy induction motor driving the cooling compressor continuously bounces reactive power back onto your lines.
Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps:
Central HVAC systems and window A/C units are the largest source of residential inductive reactive power due to their massive compressor motors.
Washing Machines and Dryers:
The electric motors that spin the drums create highly reactive loads. (Note: The heating element in a dryer is purely resistive, but the motor is highly inductive).
Ceiling Fans and Vacuum Cleaners:
Standard fan motors use simple electromagnetic coils that constantly reject energy back to the plug.
Microwave Ovens: Traditional microwaves use massive, heavy high-voltage step-up transformers that are intensely inductive.
Modern digital electronics do not use heavy transformers.
Instead, they use Switched-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) or digital drivers that utilize internal capacitors to smooth out electricity. They store energy in an electric field and push it back, causing a leading power factor:
LED and Fluorescent Lighting:
Low-quality LED bulb drivers and old fluorescent tube ballasts return significant capacitive reactive power.
Computers and Laptops:
The power bricks charging your desktop or laptop contain large capacitor banks that continuously cycle reactive energy back into the wall outlet.
Smartphones and Wi-Fi Routers:
Even small phone chargers and networked equipment act as minor capacitive endpoints, feeding tiny amounts of reactive power back onto the home circuit.
Flat-Screen Televisions:
Large LED/OLED televisions utilize complex non-linear digital power supplies that create notable phase-displacement.
For Off-Grid Systems:
If you are running your home on a battery bank and an inverter onside NGU, that reactive power cannot escape to the utility grid. It bounces back directly into your internal inverter. As detailed earlier, a “dumb” inverter will convert that returning energy into harsh heat but not in the NGU. The NGU will store that reactive power in its internal capacitor bank where it also stores the energy harvested from the vacuum.
The reactive power return is random in its power feedback. Random feedback means that the NGU will fail if the power store becomes full.
Under the assumption that the more powerful a NGU system that you buy implies that your power store will be larger. This lager store on an oversized NGU system will reduce the likelihood that the NGU will fail.
Overloading a low powered NGU relative to your appliances increases the likelihood that your NGU will fail at random times.
Maybe Dr. Rossi can sell a power store option to increase the power store capacity of a NGU system if there is excessive NGU failures due to a too small power store provided in the default configuration. Or a resistor outside of the NGU system could dissipate the overload excess power if it occurs.
A possible solution is to use a smart inverter in preference to the internal dumb one inside the NGU to protect against reactive power overload.
Intelligent Electronic Software Processing:
As established with smart inverters, a microprocessor can use advanced high-speed software algorithms to dynamically shift the timing of its transistors. This allows the inverter to active-absorb the out-of-phase current, smooth it out, and blend it safely back into its internal circuits.
Anonymous:
IF, yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
so IF the SSM will be born any kind of electric load or series of loads will be powerable by the Ecat, provided their combined power does not exceed the Ecat’s power ?
Frank Acland:
Surely there will be multiple sockets, depending on the power of the assembly: obviously the load cannot overcome the power of the specific assembly; in case of overload, the Ecat will automatically be turned off by the protection circuits,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your analysis,
Warm Regards,
A.R.