Journal of Nuclear Physics

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by
Ch. Stremmenos
Retired Professor of the Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry
of the Faculty of Industrial Chemistry in the University of Bologna

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When it comes to energy, the first thing to consider is how little we know about it. It is defined as the ability to produce work ,. but beyond that, we are not able to describe all the relevant substantive aspects. We know that energy can take many forms (kinetic, thermal, chemical, biochemical, nuclear, electromagnetic, etc.). We also know that it is a fundamental quality, and a physical entity (… and maybe METAPHYSICAL …) of the Universe . And we know that energy and matter are closely linked and interchangeable to a certain extent (as expressed by Einstein’s most famous equation E=mc²)
We are also quite sure that the law of conservation of energy it’s real. In other words, energy is neither created nor destroyed, but only transformed. Thus, the set of methods of use are constituted by systems that convert one form of energy into another that is for our most useful needs (eg thermal engines that generate mechanical work or electricity which in turn is available for a very high number of applications, … …). Now, we also know that quantum vacuum contains an enormous amount of energy in a primitive state. This huge amount of energy, calculated mathematically amounts to 10 ^ 113 joules per cubic meter that to realize this magnitude, we will refer to the phrase of the great physicist, award .Nobel Richard Feynman who finishing his tea, to say in front of the empty cup , to his disciples…. “There is enough energy in the space of this empty cup to evaporate all the oceans of our PLANET…!”
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by
Alan C. Folmsbee
Independent Researcher
1565 Haiku Road, Haiku, HI USA 96708
July 2, 2018

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Abstract

In this proposed theory, the nucleus of the element iron has a shape that causes ferromagnetism.

That shape also causes the stability that is the best of all elements.

The protons in iron make loop shapes around the exterior of the nucleus.

The loops are coaxial.

The iron nucleus has a cube of protons and neutrons at its core.

The faces of the cube are covered by pyramids of protons and neutrons.

All ferromagnetic elements have the coaxial loop structure like Fe.

No nonferrous elements have that shape, within tolerances.

Most of the properties of the elements are related to the geometries of the nuclei.

A new periodic table articulates the silhouettes of elements that were compared with the structure of the iron nucleus to be certain that all elements are consistent with the Pyramidal Cube Theory.

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by
V.A. Uzikov, I.V. Uzikova

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Introduction
Research reactors include a wide range of civil and commercial installations, which, as a rule, are not used for power generation. Sometimes this category also includes experimental reactors, which can be more powerful than the research ones.

The main task of research reactors is to provide a source of neutrons for research and other purposes, and the process of their producing in the form of beams can be different depending on the purposes. The range of tasks that are set before these installations is wide, including analysis and testing of materials, production of radioisotopes. Among the applications are nuclear power, nuclear fusion researches, environmental studies, the development of new materials, the development of drugs and nuclear medicine.

As a rule, in such reactors circuits with forced cooling of the reactor core by the coolant pumped by pumps are used, but low-power reactors sometimes use a circuit with natural circulation of the heat carrier, for example, in the reactor IR-200 (Sevastopol, Crimea). Despite the advantages of the passive principle of reactor core cooling, it is practically not used because of the disadvantages of the circuits with lifting motion of the coolant in the core. Moreover, these schemes of heat removal from the reactor can not be called completely passive, since a secondary circuit with forced movement of the coolant is used.

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by
Ian Douglas Winters
Bachelor of Science in Materials Science and Engineering
University of Tennessee

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When light and sound simultaneously pass through a medium, the acoustic phonons of the sound wave scatter the photons of the light beam.

This scattering of light from acoustic modes is called Brillouin scattering.

More specifically, Brillouin light scattering is the nonlinear, inelastic scattering of an incident optical field by thermally or acoustically excited elastic waves.

The nonlinear nature of the scattering is caused by the nonlinearity of the medium, particularly that part of the linearity expression that is related to acoustic phonons.

This type of scattering occurs when an optical wave in solid or liquid nledium interacts with density variations and diffracts, or changes its path.

These density variations may be due to acoustic modes or temperature gradients.

The first significant study of the interaction of light and sound was carried out by Mandelstam in 1918; however, he did not publish his work until 1926.

Brillouin, after whom the effect is named, independently predicted light scattering from acoustic waves in 1922.
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by Jacques Chauveheid

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Abstract
Contrasting with dark energy cosmology seemingly viewing the universe as a star whose gravitation exclusively acts on its own source, a two-body configuration leads to Schwarzschild’s cosmological time coupled with the negative source mass of a primeval black hole.

To the end, we follow Einstein’s geometric approach in his first (static) universe, hereafter referred to as Einstein´s universe (anterior to that with cosmological constant in 1917), whose 3-space metric in standard form is structurally identical to that in the spherical Robertson-Walker metric.

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by
N.A.Mansour
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University
Zagazig, P.O.Box 44519, Egypt
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Nabil M.Hassan
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University
Zagazig, P.O.Box 44519, Egypt
Department of NORM Regulation, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS)
P.O.Box 114, Yusong, Daejeon 305-338, Republic of Korea
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S.A.Abd Elaal
Central Lab. for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis, Nuclear Research Centre
EAEA, Egypt
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M.Fayez-Hassan
Department of Experimental Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Research Centre
EAEA, Egypt
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Mohamed Saad Seoud
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University
Zagazig, P.O.Box 44519, Egypt
Calibration and Radiation Dosimetry Division, Radiation Protection Department
Ministry of Health, Kuwait
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Abstract
Petroleum waste of scale, sludge and sand that maintained various level of naturally occurring radioactive materials could also contain heavy and toxic elements which cause hazardous pollution to human health and the environment so that determination of these elements in waste petroleum samples are important to refineries, industrial processes, waste disposal and transports.
Thus, the present work will focus on the evaluation the concentrations of metals, heavy and toxics elements in waste petroleum samples from petroleum companies located in Egypt and Kuwait using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Techniques.
6 samples of scale, sludge and sand were collected, 3 samples from Kuwait petroleum companies and 3 samples from Egypt as well.
More than 17 elements of metals, heavy elements and toxic metals of (Si, Cu, Al, S, K, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, As, Br, Sr, Rh, Ba and Ti) were detected in the selected samples with various values.
All the studied samples had high concentrations of Fe, K, Ca, S and Si rather than the other elements.
The concentration of Iron in Egyptian samples was higher than in Kuwait samples whilst silicon and potassium were greater in Kuwait samples.
All the other elements were almost same in Egyptian and Kuwait samples.
Furthermore, the toxic element of barium was detected in Egyptian samples with high concentration but it was not detected in Kuwait samples (XRF).
The two measurement methods show good agreement, No significant differences.
The obtained results imply that the petroleum wastes need more monitoring in order to minimize the environmental pollution.
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by
Brent Whipple

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Part I. A Comprehensive Principle
1. The geometry of spacetime has to support objectivity. That is inescapable.
All of natural science must share a common grounding in the reality of nature.
Also the mathematics we have discovered and use to describe the reality of nature can only arise out of, and so can only refer to, the same natural reality.
Natural science and mathematics have a common foundation, they spring from a common source.
Since this reference of the complex to the simple has been realized, the quest to understand and describe our universe has become a quest for an inferred principle that comprehends all of evolution and therefore can organize the apparent diversity of nature and affect the entire course of evolution.
Because of this the quest to understand nature has become the quest for the initial condition of the universe, that is, for the initial appearance of objective reality which we think of as spacetime.
All the mysteries of the evolution of the universe are bound up with the unknown, foundational nature of spacetime.
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by
U.V.S.Seshavatharam
Honorary faculty, I-SERVE, Alakapuri,
Hyderabad-35, Telangana, India
Email: seshavatharam.uvs@gmail.com
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S. Lakshminarayana
Dept. of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam-03, AP, India
Email: lnsrirama@gmail.com

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Abstract
In the early publications, with reference to final unification, the authors suggested that

1) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge of magnitude, es~4.72058686E-19 C.

2) Like quarks, the strong interaction elementary charge is experimentally undetectable and can be called as ‘invisible elementary nuclear charge’.

3) There exists a gravitational constant associated with strong interaction, Gs~3.329560807E28 m3/kg/sec2.

4) There exists a gravitational constant associated with electromagnetic interaction, Ge~2.374335472E37 m3/kg/sec2. Based on these concepts, an attempt is made to understand the mystery of origin of ‘discrete’ angular momentum of electron in hydrogen atom. Proceeding further, estimated value of Newtonian gravitational constant is GN~6.67985603E-11 m3/kg/sec2.
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by
V.A. Uzikov
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I.V.Uzikova

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Introduction
So far, the common practice of radioactive waste treatment in Russia was controlled temporary storage – the so-called “procrastinated decision”. In Russia, the total amount of accumulated liquid radioactive waste (hereinafter LRW) is 477 million, and 77 millions of solid radioactive waste. However, as the world and Russian practice shows, that the controlled storage of radioactive waste in the long term results their accumulation and is not acceptable as a strategy of RAW treatment. Such strategy does not lead to the final safe solution of the problem, but requires the permanent overhead costs without clear prospect [1].

Thus, high production complexes for LRW treatment are needed. Key consumers interested in of liquid radioactive waste treatment plants are:

• enterprises of spent fuel treatment;
• existing nuclear power plants with power and research reactors;
• enterprises involved to decommissioning of boats and ships with nuclear power plants;
• enterprises involved to decommissioning of nuclear power plants and research reactor
installations;
• enterprises involved in the liquidation of the consequences of nuclear accidents
(Chernobyl, Fukushima , etc.).

Nowadays, mainly thermal and sorption methods are used for treatment of liquid radioactive waste. Using these methods, the main part of liquid radioactive waste, produced during the operation of nuclear installations of various purposes and other facilities using radioactive substances, is treated. These methods cannot be called original or specific for the treatment of radioactive waste (hereinafter RAW), because they were taken from various conventional industries and modified. Mainly these are methods, usually used in purification, treatment and desalination of water.
For implementing of treatment methods of non-nuclear industry and their modification, the specific requirements of industries related to radiation must be taken into account [2]:

• leak tightness of the equipment, excluding the possibility of radioactive contamination of buildings, staff and the environment;
• feasibility of the equipment operation to minimize the need for maintenance services in the radiation conditions, which require complicated and expensive works of equipment decontamination.

The most universal method for treatment of almost all types of LRW is a thermal method, in which LRW solution is evaporated to concentrate radioactive products in a small volume.
Practice of LRW treatment shows that the main source of problems in evaporation equipment are the heat exchange pipes. During the operation, their surface is covering inevitably by sediments, which have to be removed periodically by chemical washing, with interruption of the treatment process and at the same time with producing a large amount of secondary LRW. This inevitability is caused by evaporator’s design including heat exchange tubes – the process of sedimentation of the tubes cannot be prevented, it can only be decreased by using different methods: increasing the circulation velocity in heat exchange tubes or addition of special chemicals additives. The inevitability of foam-and-droplets entrainment from the evaporator is also caused by its design, so the additional special equipment have to be used for steam and condensate purification from radionuclides. Moreover, it is necessary to perform periodically the mechanical cleaning of heat exchange tubes which leads to important radiation doses to personnel.
All these problems existing in LRW evaporation technology are well known and studied, and some alternative methods are considered in [2], but it is concluded that these methods have a low productivity and heat transfer because of the lack of an organized circulation of evaporated solution [2].
The ideal comprehensive solution of the problem of LRW treatment is to create a continuous LRW evaporation technology with cementation of the concentrate at the same time, and the possible addition of used sorbents and sludge to the resulting cement compound. The main factor limiting the use of evaporation technology is a high energy costs, but with the appearance at energy market such installations as E-Cat, this problem disappears.
For comprehensive solution of the problems of LRW concentration and its subsequent cementation it is proposed to establish a technological process based on the two following principles:

1. To perform the process of LRW concentration in the evaporator equipment, that helps to prevent droplet entrainment and excludes degradation of technological parameters in time (to exclude interruptions in work of evaporation equipment due to fouling of the heating surface).
2. To make the processes of evaporation (secondary evaporation) and conditioning of LRW (inclusion in cement matrix) sequental and continuous, thereby eliminating the need for a large number of intermediate containers and dosing of separate portions.
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