by Dott. Giuliano Bettini
Retired. Earlier: Selenia SpA, Rome and IDS SpA, Pisa
Also Adjunct Professor at the University of Pisa
Adjunct Professor at Naval Academy, Leghorn (Italian Navy)
Abstract
In the present article I would like to answer a question posed by L. Kowalsky in a recent paper: how can 30% of nickel in Rossi’s reactor be transmuted into copper? “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler”, says a guy. I apologizes if I am too simplistic here.
Introduction
The interest on Andrea Rossi’s Nickel-Hydrogen Cold Fusion technology is accelerating [1]. However, Rossi says that about 30% of nickel was turned into copper, after 6 months of uninterrupted operation. Kowalski [2]. says that “this seems to be impossible because the produced copper isotopes rapidly decay into Ni”. But how it works?
How it works
Following Focardi Rossi [3]. a Ni58 nucleus produces a Copper nucleus according to the reaction
Ni58 + p → Cu59
Copper nucleus Cu59 decays with positron (e+) and neutrino (ν) emission in Ni59 nucleus according to
Cu59 → Ni59 + ν + e+
Then (e+) annichilates with (e-) in two gamma-rays
e- + e+ → γ + γ
Starting [3] from Ni58 which is the more abundant isotope, we can obtain as described in the two above processes Copper formation and its successive decay in Nickel, producing Ni59, Ni60, Ni61 and Ni62. Because Cu63, which can be formed starting by Ni62, is stable and does not decay in Ni63, the chain stops at Ni62 (i.e. Cu63). Each process means some MeV.
Of course how can a proton p gets captured by the Ni58 nucleus? (and subsequent Ni59, Ni60, Ni61 and Ni62). Following Stremmenos [4]. a neutron-like particle, an electron proton pair, a mini-atom, a proton masked as a neutron, gets captured by the Ni58.
If the masked proton becomes a neutron the result is Ni59.
In order to have Cu59 (increase of atomic number from 28 to 29) the electron (of the masked proton) gets ejected from the nucleus. The masked proton becomes a proton.
The same process holds for all the subsequent transformations, until Cu63.
It remains to be understood the issue of the gamma radiation in the MeV range.
Numbers
I am an electronic engineer, so I need easy numbers in order to understand.
However “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler”, says a guy. Maybe I am too simple here.
Let’s calculate.
MeV for each Ni transformation
I read that starting from Ni58 we can obtain Copper formation and its successive decay in Nickel, producing Ni59, Ni60, and Ni62. The chain stops at Cu63 stable.
For simplicity I assume all the Nickel in the reactor in the form Ni58.
For simplicity I suppose for each Ni58 the whole sequence of events from Ni58 to Cu63 and as a rough estimate I calculate the mass defect between (Ni58 plus 5 nucleons) and the final state Cu63.
Ni58 mass is calculated to be 57.95380± 15 amu
The actual mass of a copper-Cu63 nucleus is 62.91367 amu
Mass of Ni58 plus 5 nucleons is 57.95380+5=62.95380 amu
Mass defect is 62.95380-62.91367=0.04013 amu
1 amu = 931 MeV is used as a standard conversion
0.04013×931 MeV=37.36 MeV
So each transformation of Ni58 into Cu63 releases 37.36MeV of nuclear energy.
Nickel consumption
According to many blogs in the Internet “One hundred grams of nickel powder can power a 10 kW unit for a minimum of six months”.
How much of Ni58 should be transformed, in six months of continuous operation, in order to generate 10 kW?
I follow a procedure outlined in [2].
10 kW is thermal or electrical (?) power. The nuclear power must be larger. Assume a nuclear power twice:
20 kW = 20,000 J/s = 1.25 x 10**17 MeV/s.
Each transformation of Ni58 into Cu63 releases 37.36MeV of nuclear energy.
The number of Ni58 transformations should thus be equal to (1.25 x 10**17)/37.36 = 3.346 x 10**15 per second.
Multiplying by the number of seconds in six months (1.55 x 10**7) the total number of transformed Ni58 nuclei is 5.186 x 10**22.
This means 5 grams.
The order of magnitude is not exactly the same but seems to be plausible. This means also 5 grams of Nickel in Rossi’s reactor transmuted into (stable) Copper after six months of continuous operation at the rate of 10 kW.
Conclusions
Rossi says that about 30% of nickel was turned into copper, after 6 months of uninterrupted operation. At first glance this seems to agree with calculations based on simple assumptions.
References
Dear Ing. Dal Pozzo:
Thank you for your very interesting comment, it is a pity you wrote it in Italian, because for the 95% our Readers speak English. For this reason, I prefer to answer you in English, and I am sure you can understand because all the Engineers of ENEL speak English.
First of all, thank you for your kind attention. Actually, I am Phylosophy Doctor in Philosophy and I made my Ph. D. thesis on the Relativity . I got an honoris causa Engineering degree for a work i had made in 1987 ( the same work for which I got tremendous troubles, see
http://www.ingandrearossi.com
About your calculations: to get thermal energy from our reactors you do not need to make electric power, you have heat as primary source. Therefore the cost of the heat is less than 1/3 of cent of Euro per thermal kWh. The cost of electric power will be three times higher, for the efficiency limits of the Carnot Cycle.
Please restart from here.
Also: we need persons like you, so please contact me in November. Until November I have not even time to breath, the only luxury I allow to myself is to answer to our Readers: I just can’t waive this.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Chi scrive è un vecchio ingegnere, elettrotecnico, impiantista, tuttora attivo, quasi mezzo secolo di esperienza, anche notevole tipo Direzione Enel dove almeno fino agli inizi degli anni 80 le cose erano impostate in maniera molto seria. La mia è l’ultima generazione di ingegneri laureati col regolo calcolatore,generalisti,abituati come si diceva a fare i conti.
Ho letto la sua storia. Ne ho viste di peggio. Aziende fatte fallire anche senza interventi amministrativi, semplicemente perchè aziende più grandi hanno detto alla banca “o togli a quella il fido o non lavoro più con te”. Bisogna ammettere che lei ha mostrato una vis reattiva notevole. La maggior parte delle persone si sarebbero abbattute. Complimenti. C’è una nota però che da vecchio ingegnere mi permetto di farle. Lei dà troppa importanza al titolo di ingegnere. Se da giovane avesse fatto il politecnico probabilmente oggi non avrebbe quella elasticità mentale che l’ha portata ai risultati ottenuti.
Vengo al suo Ecat che seguo con interesse. Ho già impostato dei progetti, in particolare per alcuni Istituti Salesiani che spesso equivalgono a medie aziende per quanto riguarda i consumi d’energia, per cercare di capire i limiti di convenienza dell’Ecat. Perchè è ovvio che qualunque apparecchiatura va inserita in un impianto che va progettato e vanno calcolati i costi. Naturalmente non avendo le curve di flessibilità e di risposta dell’Ecat ho dovuto fare molte ipotesi, e in ciò l’esperienza aiuta molto.
Sintetizzo alcuni dati, in lire, perchè cosi mi esprimo meglio. Oggi, luglio 2011, in una media azienda il kWh elettrico costa circa 350 lire (45% per costoc energia, 12% per trasporto e distribuzione,
18% per alimentare il fondo energie alternative, 25% tasse e balzelli).
Trasformando il kWh elettrico in kWh termico, tenendo conto del rendimento, il costo del kWh termico, da kWh elettrico, è circa 400 lire (a). Invece il kWh termico da gas sempre considerando il rendimento costa 230 lire (b). La flessibilità di queste energie è totale, non c’è bisogno di altri impianti.
Leggo che l’Ecat sarebbe venduto a 1380 euro/kW + 2 ricariche/anno a 70 euro ciascuna. Consideriamo un Ecat da 1 kW che duri 10 anni. Se oggi chiedo un finanziamento a 10 anni di 1380 euro pago 230 euro/anno. Cioè l’Ecat costerebbe 230 + 2×70=370 euro/anno. Cioè lire 716500. L’energia termica che posso produrre è (rendimento 90%) 7500kWh/anno. Cioè il kWh termico costa quasi 100 lire. La flessibilità è zero. Se voglio realizzare un impianto per sfruttare in toto l’energia che posso produrre l’esperienza insegna che il costo dell’energia praticamente raddoppia, cioè diventa 200 lire, molto vicina a (b). Basta un balzello neanche eccessivo per rendere l’ipotesi non conveniente. In passato macchine come il TOTEM o le microturbine a gas di provenienza aeronautica non hanno avuto successo perchè la mancanza di flessibilità faceva precipitare il rendimento e aumentare il costo dell’energia in modo da renderla alla fine non competitiva.
Ora una macchina come quella da lei ideata che produce energia pulita va in ogni modo sostenuta e diffusa e la relativa ingegneria va sviluppata al massimo.
Ancora, ho parlato con alcuni responsabili di Centri Formazione Professionale Salesiani (diffusi nel mondo) perchè appena le cose saranno più chiare e sarà possibile sviluppare un’ingegneria di sistema allora classi di giovani siano addestrati a lavorare in questo nuovo campo, e creare buoni posti di lavoro dappertutto nel mondo non è cosa da poco.
Dovessi aver bisogno di una qualche informazione mi permetterò di disturbarla.
Auguri e ancora complimenti.
mario del pozzo
Dear Ing Rossi,
i try contact mail stsalo.. but i dont receive
any answer. Why?
I’m sorry , i know your lot of working
It’s important to start some little information abaut issue.
Thank for your time
Warm regards.
a.zap.
I miei complimenti per quanto pubblicati il 23.6.11
Dear Andrea Rossi,
I am keenly following your invention since I am a keen environmentalist… and to be honest your invention sounds too good to be true! However, if I told someone a 100 years ago that I could talk to my mum from Kenya and see her live, they’d have though I’m crazy.
I just hope your invention works out to be a huge success. I ask you that if you are confident about your technology, and you seem to be, please do as many demonstrations as possible in front of a very skeptical media. Show them what you’ve got, and stun them into believing you. That way you will gain more scientific credibility and more recognition.
When is your next demonstration?
Kind Regards,
John
Dear Franco Ragazzi:
There are gamma rays inside the reactor during the operation.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi.
the absence of gamma ray is due to internal shield or to intrinsic operating principle of the catalyzer?
Best Regards
Dear Keith Thomson:
In case of black out the intrinsic safety system of the E-Cat stops the reactions. Please see in this same blog the answers already given regarding this issue.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
In an industrial situation where water was supllied by an electric pump, what would happen if there was a power supply failure and both water and electric heater supply were cut to the E-Cat(power cuts are a high possibility for Greece in the near future), would heat build up in the nickel to the point of melting the lead shielding. would the E-Cat then require a back up electricity supply.
Dear Bruno Vernaglione:
Probably there has been a misunderstanding: the modulation ON/OFF is possible. (La modulazione ON-OFF è possibile, forse mi sono spiegato male e mi scuso).
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Gent. Ing. Rossi,
può dare maggiori informazioni circa la possibilità di modulare, anche ON/OFF, l’energia termica prodotta? Ho letto la sua risposta negativa al riguardo, ma chiedo se è prevista una futura implementazione di tale controllo o se il principio di funzionamento esclude a priori tale possibilità. La questione è di fondamentale importanza per molte applicazioni in campo civile ed industriale.
Cordiali saluti.
Dear Charles M.:
In cars there are problemsof elasticity in the erogation ofenergy. Besides, problems of certification, approvals…I think it will take years. I agree with you that in due time is not impossible an application in cars, but so far it’s technological fiction.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
And what about this? http://www.infinityturbine.com/ORC/Build_Your_Own_Brand_ORC_10-12_kw_hr.html
I’m not sure why electric car application is so difficult. It requires only say 3 to 5kW continuous charge to battery (24 hrs a day). So perhaps a 10kW e-cat coupled with small electric generator (assuming say 60% losses) would be adequate. So is the problem finding small electric generators? Or is it that car movement would stop the e-cat working?
Thanks for your generous time in answering these questions as usual. I’m sure you have better things to do.
Charles
Dear Mirko Romanato:
1- (very serious): your proposal is very interesting, we will go through it. No, no questions from them so far.
2- (not silly at all): yes.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Wade:
1-We did not try more than 6 mo for a charge, because every 6 mo I wanted to check.
2- The charge was not depleted at that time, but so far I prefer to avoid risks and change. In time we will test longer periods.
3-4: I do not know.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Scott Trow:
Thank you, I appreciate a lot your approach to the issue. Congratulations and see you soon:
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear David:
I think that before we can reach the car issue, it will take some years.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Mr Rossi
I’m curious as to whether the E-Cat could power a small car. The Nissan Leaf (for example) uses an 80kw motor and produces reasonable enough performance.
Is it possible an E-Cat could power the car, rather than a bank of Lithium Ion batteries?
Many thanks
Dear Sir
Thank you for your frank response to my earlier message.
It is my pleasure to correspond with you in November when your product is ready for commercial launch.
I, like you deal in what is, not what might be, nor what will be, let other fools speculate. I am not a physicist and frankly I care not how you invention works, this is far above my intellectual realm, I need the result, clean and simple through commercial endeavorers, I believe change can be brought to those that need it.
Please feel free to email me at trow.scott@gmail.com at your convenience.
Kind regards,
Scott Trow
I have a question similar to something that was just asked…
1) Have you ever done experiments to see just how long you can make a given fuel mass last? It seems you’ve gone to six months, but do you change it just for the sake of it, or is it really depleated at that time?
Like if you have 50 grams of Nickel and just see how long it goes before it runs out? Will it last A year or two?
Dear Dr. Rossi, a two questions:
1) (serious) Was there any inquiry from people interested in shale oil extraction?
There are huge oil reserves in shale oil formation around the world, like Canada, US, Israel. The technology for shale oil extraction use hot rod inserted inside the underground into the shale, heating the rock and releasing from it natural gas and light liquids. It appear to me that the e-cat technology is perfectly suited for this use. The low cost of the heat produced by the e-cat would lower the break-even from the current 35-40$/barrel.
2) (a bit silly) In a previous answer, you stated that the reaction is mainly driven by the temperature inside the chamber. Practical considerations aside, could it be possible to start the reaction and controlling it using two bunsen burners (regulating the gas flow) instead of the electric resistors?
It would be a cool steampunk e-cat.
Dear Scott Trow:
1- not yet, they will be for sale starting from November
2- contact me, I will address you to the proper contact, depending on where you are
3- contact us in Novenmber for this issue, but the price, I think, will be around 2 k$/kW
4- from November. As you know, the first one will be started up in October.
Thank you for your businesslike questions.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Sir,
At the expense of sounding too businesslike,
1) Are your units available for sale “commercially” at present?
2) If so, where can I buy 1?
3) How much do they cost?
4) When specifically is the 1 MW unit available commercially?
I am fascinated by your invention and if it is as advertised. An earlier posting on your blog addressed a very real consideration in regards to you effectively upsetting the apple cart, simply put there are a lot of people who would not want you to succeed due to their vested interests. I truly hope you stay true to your vision and please get the product to MARKET asap, this is needed now!
Kind regards
Scott Trow
Dear K. Dobrolecki:
You are right.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dir Mr. Rossi
Congratulation and thanks for your good work. I think that your associates are working in many directions how your device can be used. As a former machine assembler in USA I am always looking forward. Since as you say the primary use of the device is for heating of water or air.
Why not design it for both. While connected to device making electricity, the steam still can heat water or building. And by turning switch, the hot air could be recycled trough kitchen equipment for cooking. It would be useful in places without electricity and gas. Or in food preparing industries. Like baking “pizzas” :))
Cooperation with businesses making such equipment or creating new ones would be useful for creating many new jobs.
Best regards
K. D.
Dear Paul Harmans:
Please contact us in November, after the start up of our 1 MW plant in Greece for this issue.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi,
If a Dutch mainstream media scientific tv-station (http://www.vpro.nl) (http://www.wetenschap24.nl) wants to do an interview and shoot some footage, what can you offer them? A working E-Cat unit? And where do you want them to go for the best results? (They are really interested.)
Regards,
Paul Harmans
the Netherlands
Dear Andrea Rossi,
I have followed your remarkable invention since early Jan,11. Not since Nikola Tesla has anyone produced something with potential to literally change quality of life on earth in such a significant way. Most of us who have followed your progress can not understand the lack of media coverage in USA.
Perhaps the owners(media) are thinking of way to change their stock portfolio before informing the general public as this could severely impact value of conventional energy investments.
In any event congratulations and look forward to the production release.
Best regards, Don
Dear John L Miller-George:
Thank you very much for your kind and encouraging attention.
Warm Regards,
Andrea Rossi
I am writing you from the USA, and most people here are completely unaware of your discovery, patent and the 1MW project as yet.
As you may know the USA is mired in an economic recession for ‘the little people’ while huge corporations grow fat.
I pray that you find a way to make sure that ‘the little people’ in every country can sell andor service E-Cat devices. Please license production liberally so that there are no Wall Street Weasels sitting on and choking off this energy source that the world so desperately needs.
One very telling thing about your personality is that you ‘get fun’ from your work! I can really relate to that feeling. I’ve had projects where I worked for several days without more than a nap in a chair I was so excited. I can sense your ‘fun’ in your replies here.
I would so appreciate a brief reply… I want to be able to tell my grandchildren that you saw and replied to a message from me. My grandchildren’s lives will be much better thanks to energy from your research, sir!
JLMG
Physis:
Thank you, very useful.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Christian Scholl:
1- yes
2- No, but it is possible
3- We did, and we got the same efficiency. We did this two years ago, also, in a particular occasion, with two Scientists from India.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Rossi,
I watch your video on PESWIKi site today. Your Ecat looks like a steaming machine.
1 Is it possible to heat water directly (without boiler)?
2 Are you using a secondary coil to extract calories ?
3 Have you ever considered the possibility to heat air directly ?
Thanks you for all
Best regards,
C.SCHOLL
I have translated a lot of information for spanish people.
1. Introduction
2. Torrealta and Focardi about cold fusion
3. Experimental and public tests
4. Interview to Kullander and Essén
5. 10% copper inside the reactor
6. How can 30% of nickel in Rossi’s reactor be transmuted into copper?
Thanks a lot to Mr. Focardi and Mr. Rossi. I hope the best for the E-Cat.
E’ mia sincera speranza che tutte queste opere possono essere ricompensati presto.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAJnZZi41YA
Brian Josephson has checked in on this. This is a link to his YouTube discussion.
Peter
Dear Dr. Rossi,
congratulations for your work, I wish it will be successful.
I’m a nuclear chemistry, employed in the last four years in the characterization of new nuclear reactions, in gas and liquids, induced by cavitation.
I’m working for a scientific department in eastern Europe (Poland), and I must admit that we all are following you with great interest.
Thus far, in all characterized reactions we’ve obtained good results using fluorine salts as catalyst, but the energy balance only few times results exoenergetic, with a ratio up to 320%.
We never tried induced nuclear reactions on solids. Probably, when we’ll have new funds, and thanks to you and your job, maybe we’ll be able to produce new materials and alloys.
Thank you,
Anja Z.
[…] bien, ¿qué debe estar sucediendo dentro de la cámara del energy catalyzer? Eso es lo que intenta explicar de forma simple pero precisa por el doctor Giuliano Bettini. En el momento de traducirlo esa entrada del Journal of Nuclear Physics tiene 670 comentarios, […]
Dear Tony:
1- the protocol used since now has found confirmation in the actual utilization of the reactors we are already making. Anyway we will make a test similar to the one you proposed
2- We used wattmeters in series and got the same value. As for the energy production, please see the reports
3- We will consider
4- standard lab eqpmt
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hello Mr Rossi. I am hopeful and optimistic about your discovery but I have a few questions that have stuck in my mind for some time.
1) Is there any reason that the demonstrations were not with a closed water system such as a relatively large volume of water, say a hut tub, heated from room temperature with the E-Cat? A controlled experiment could have used an identical volume of water heated with the same electrical input power but without an E-Cat. The difference in the rate of change in temperature between the two setups would easily convince anyone of the 6x or more energy output of the E-Cat.
2) When the input AC voltage and AC current was measured with simple meters, how do you know that the Power Factor = 1? If the PF was less then 1 or there was distortion in the current then you may get better results if you compensated for this.
3) Have you ever consider using a watt-meter with a serial / USB interface so that you could log the true input power along with the thermocouple measurements? Using a GFI (Ground Fault Interrupter) with a DC/AC watt-meter would prove that there was no current in the ground wire and that there was no DC current in the lines and no high frequency AC power delivered to your setup from the wall plug. Perhaps no future demos are planned but a watt-meter would satisfy many critics of your input power measurement. Perhaps you have such data that you gave to your investors that you could now share with us?
4) Is the blue control box that you use standard lab equipment or is it something that was a custom designed for you?
All the best since it seems we are counting on this discovery to save us from ourselves. Thank you.
Dear LBG:
The important is not what mass media and competitors say or do not say, the important is that the plants work properly and the Customers are satisfied.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
I used the term “steampunk” in a previous post to indicate that your invention will take us down a different path in the future, which will save Earth form pollution, etc. Your invention will make the world a safer place for my children. I’m surprised that your invention is not mentioned in the mass media. Would you like people to leave comments to articles on newspaper websites, especially those that refer to energy, etc.
Respect and Regard,
LBG
Dear Rick Meisinger:
1- yes
2- yes
3- yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Thank you for answering our many curiosities as your break though technology nears implementation. I hope these questions concerning performance can be answered without giving out any secret information or interrupting your progress.
1. Can the output heat be varied (throttled) in a controlled manner within the limits of stability?
2. I understand from the blog that the E-Cat can be remotely shut down. Will the E-Cat have the ability to sustain frequent starts and stops as with a thermostatic control?
3. I understand that fuel lasts approximately 6 mo. assuming continuous operation. Assuming that output can be throttled or stopped frequently, will the E-Cat monitor a time for fuel replacement beyond 6 mo. based on usage?
With much support and anticipation;
Rick Meisinger – USA
Dear Paul Segers:
1- No, we change the charge before it
2- No
3- Few dollars, we will decide the price, but not relevant it will be
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi,
The conclusion on this page says the following:
“Rossi says that about 30% of nickel was turned into copper, after 6 months of uninterrupted operation. At first glance this seems to agree with calculations based on simple assumptions.”
Time permitting, here are my questions that I would appreciate your response to:
1) Without giving the verbose scientific description of what happened, what events occurred at the end of the 6 months? Did the device simply run out of fuel and stop functioning?
2) Towards the end of the 6 months, was there any degradation in the efficiency of the device, as the fuel source came to it’s end?
3) I have been looking for it, but I cannot seem to find the price to have the reactor replaced; could you please provide an approximate price for this?
Thank you for your diligence in maintaining communication though this journal, despite all of the work you have to do! If it comes down to the wire though, please put off answering responses so that you can work on your E-Cats; those who matter will understand :]
God bless!
-Paul
Dear Mr. Rossi, I keep finding lot of comments underlining that you and Mr. Focardi will rise up to the Olympus of the science world: I do agree and though – as you often repeat – it is not yet time to celebrate, I think that as you’ll be in the top of celebrity, when people will hang on your every word, you should also warn the world about the hazard that low cost energy could carry inside. I think to the consequent low cost of the concrete spread all over the environment, the greenhouse effect of the heat produced and so on. Big fame, big responsability…..besides, obviously, worldwide gratitude!
Dear Stefano Cicchiello:
La ringrazio, ma per ore penso solo a lavorare.
Cordiali saluti,
A.R.
Egregio Dott. Rossi , lei sarà insieme al Prof. Focardi , catapultato nel mito . Se ne rende conto ? Che effetto le fa pensare di essere accostato a Newton , Faraday , Leonardo ?
Gent. Antonio S.:
Ho già risposto ripetutamente a questa domanda su questo blog.
Distinti saluti,
A.R.
Gentile Dott. Rossi,
a seguito delle analisi svolte in Svezia dal Laboratorio Angstrom sui campioni di materiale “usato”, risulta che la composizione trovata degli isotopi di rame 63 e 65 è identica a quella naturale. Dal processo di fusione sarebbe stato legittimo attendersi un risultato completamente diverso (presenza di isotopo 63 prossima al 100%). Questa anomalia è sta ben evidenziata dal Prof. Kullander.
Avete cercato di dare una spiegazione di questo risultato?
Se sì, quale?
Distinti saluti