Cold nuclear fusion

by E.N. Tsyganov
(UA9 collaboration) University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Texas, USA

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Abstract
Recent accelerator experiments on fusion of various elements have clearly demonstrated that the effective cross-sections of these reactions depend on what material the target particle is placed in. In these experiments, there was a significant increase in the probability of interaction when target nuclei are imbedded in a conducting crystal or are a part of it. These experiments open a new perspective on the problem of so-called cold nuclear fusion.

PACS.: 25.45 – deuterium induced reactions
Submitted to Physics of Atomic Nuclei/Yadernaya Fizika in Russian

Introduction
Experiments of Fleischmann and Pons made about 20 years ago [1], raised the question about the possibility of nuclear DD fusion at room temperature. Conflicting results of numerous experiments that followed, dampened the initial euphoria, and the scientific community quickly came to common belief, that the results of [1] are erroneous. One of the convincing arguments of skeptics was the lack in these experiments of evidence of nuclear decay products. It was assumed that “if there are no neutrons, therefore is no fusion.” However, quite a large international group of physicists, currently a total of about 100-150 people, continues to work in this direction. To date, these enthusiasts have accumulated considerable experience in the field. The leading group of physicists working in this direction, in our opinion, is the group led by Dr. M. McKubre [2]. Interesting results were also obtained in the group of Dr. Y. Arata [3]. Despite some setbacks with the repeatability of results, these researchers still believe in the existence of the effect of cold fusion, even though they do not fully understand its nature.  Some time ago we proposed a possible mechanism to explain the results of cold fusion of deuterium [4]. This work considered a possible mechanism of acceleration of deuterium contaminant atoms in the crystals through the interaction of atoms with long-wavelength lattice vibrations in deformed parts of the crystal. Estimates have shown that even if a very small portion of the impurity atoms (~105) get involved in this process and acquires a few keV energy, this will be sufficient to describe the energy released in experiments [2].  This work also hypothesized that the lifetime of the intermediate nucleus increases with decreasing energy of its excitation, so that so-called “radiation-less cooling” of the excited nucleus becomes possible. In [5], we set out a more detailed examination of the process.  Quite recently, a sharp increase of the probability of fusion of various elements was found in accelerator experiments for the cases when the target particles are either imbedded in a metal crystal or are a part of the conducting crystal. These experiments compel us to look afresh on the problem of cold fusion.

Recent experiments on fusion of elements on accelerators
For atom-atom collisions the expression of the probability of penetration through a Coulomb barrier for bare nuclei should be modified, because atomic electrons screen the repulsion effect of nuclear charge. Such a modification for the isolated atom collisions has been performed in H.J. Assenbaum and others [6] using static Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The experimental results that shed further light on this problem were obtained in relatively recent works C. Rolfs [7] and K. Czerski [8]. Review of earlier studies on this subject is contained in the work of L. Bogdanova [9]. In these studies a somewhat unusual phenomenon was observed: the sub-barrier fusion cross sections of elements depend strongly on the physical state of the matter in which these processes are taking place. Figure 1 (left) shows the experimental data [8], demonstrating the dependence of the astrophysical factor S(E) for the fusion of elements of sub-threshold nuclear reaction on the aggregate state of the matter that contains the target nucleus 7Li. The same figure (right) presents similar data [7] for the DD reaction, when the target nucleus was embedded in a zirconium crystal. It must be noted that the physical nature of the phenomenon of increasing cross synthesis of elements in the case where this process occurs in the conductor crystal lattice is still not completely clear.

Figure 1. Up – experimental data [8], showing the energy dependence of the S-factor for sub-threshold nuclear reaction on the aggregate state of matter that contains the nucleus 7Li.  Down – the similar data [7] for the reaction of DD, when the target nucleus is placed in a crystal of zirconium. The data are well described by the introduction of the screening potential of about 300 eV.

The phenomenon is apparently due to the strong anisotropy of the electrical fields of the crystal lattice in the presence of free conduction electrons. Data for zirconium crystals for the DD reactions can be well described by the introduction of the screening potential of about 300 eV. It is natural to assume that the corresponding distance between of two atoms of deuterium in these circumstances is less than the molecular size of deuterium. In the case of the screening potential of 300 eV, the distance of convergence of deuterium atoms is ~510ˆ12 m, which is about an order of magnitude smaller than the size of a molecule of deuterium, where the screening potential is 27 eV. As it turned out, the reaction rate for DD fusion in these conditions is quite sufficient to describe the experimental results of McKubre and others [2]. Below we present the calculation of the rate process similar to the mu-catalysis where, instead of the exchange interaction by the muon, the factor of bringing together two deuterons is the effect of conduction electrons and the lattice of the crystal.

Calculation of the DD fusion rate for “Metal-Crystal” catalysis
The expression for the cross section of synthesis in the collision of two nuclei can be written as

where for the DD fusion

Here the energy E is shown in keV in the center of mass. S(E) astrophysical factor (at low energies it can be considered constant), the factor 1/E reflects de Broglie dependence of cross section on energy. The main energy dependence of the fusion is contained in an expression

that determines the probability of penetration of the deuteron through the Coulomb barrier. From the above expressions, it is evident that in the case of DD collisions and in the case of DDμcatalysis, the physics of the processes is the same. We use this fact to determine the probability of DD fusion in the case of the “metal-crystalline” DD-catalysis.  In the case of DDμ- catalysis the size of the muon deuterium molecules (ion+) is ~5×10ˆ13m. Deuterium nuclei approach such a distance at a kinetic energy ~3 keV. Using the expression (1), we found that the ratio of σ(3.0 keV)/σ(0.3 keV) = 1.05×10ˆ16. It should be noted that for the free deuterium molecule this ratio [ σ(3.0keV)/σ(0.03keV)] is about 10ˆ73.  Experimental estimations of the fusion rate for the (DDμ)+ case presented in the paper by Hale [10]:

Thus, we obtain for the “metal-crystalline” catalysis DD fusion rate (for zirconium case):

Is this enough to explain the experiments on cold fusion? We suppose that a screening potential for palladium is about the same as for zirconium. 1 cmˆ3 (12.6 g) of palladium contains 6.0210ˆ23(12.6/106.4) = 0.710ˆ23 atoms. Fraction of crystalline cells with dual (or more) the number of deuterium atoms at a ratio of D: Pd ~1:1 is the case in the experiments [2] ~0.25 (e.g., for Poisson distribution). Crystal cell containing deuterium atoms 0 or 1, in the sense of a fusion reaction, we consider as “passive”. Thus, the number of “active” deuterium cells in 1 cmˆ3 of palladium is equal to 1.810ˆ22. In this case, in a 1 cmˆ3 of palladium the reaction rate will be

this corresponds to the energy release of about 3 kW. This is quite sufficient to explain the results of McKubre group [2]. Most promising version for practical applications would be Platinum (Pt) crystals, where the screening potential for d(d,p)t fusion at room temperature is about 675 eV [11]. In this case, DD fusion rate would be:

The problem of “nonradiative” release of nuclear fusion energy
As we have already noted, the virtual absence of conventional nuclear decay products of the compound nucleus was widely regarded as one of the paradoxes of DD fusion with the formation of 4He in the experiments [2]. We proposed the explanation of this paradox in [4]. We believe that after penetration through the Coulomb barrier at low energies and the materialization of the two deuterons in a potential well, these deuterons retain their identity for some time. This time defines the frequency of further nuclear reactions. Figure 2 schematically illustrates the mechanism of this process. After penetration into the compound nucleus at a very low energy, the deuterons happen to be in a quasi-stabile state seating in the opposite potential wells. In principle, this system is a dual “electromagnetic-nuclear” oscillator. In this oscillator the total kinetic energy of the deuteron turns into potential energy of the oscillator, and vice versa. In the case of very low-energy, the amplitude of oscillations is small, and the reactions with nucleon exchange are suppressed.

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the mechanism of the nuclear decay frequency dependence on the compound nucleus 4He* excitation energy for the merging deuterons is presented. The diagram illustrates the shape of the potential well of the compound nucleus. The edges of the potential well are defined by the strong interaction, the dependence at short distances  Coulomb repulsion.

The lifetime of the excited 4He* nucleus can be considered in the formalism of the usual radioactive decay. In this case,


Here ν is the decay frequency, i.e., the reciprocal of the decay time τ. According to our hypothesis, the decay rate is a function of excitation energy of the compound nucleus E. Approximating with the first two terms of the polynomial expansion, we have:

Here ν° is the decay frequency at asymptotically low excitation energy. According to quantum-mechanical considerations, the wave functions of deuterons do not completely disappear with decreasing energy, as illustrated by the introduction of the term ν°. The second term of the expansion describes the linear dependence of the frequency decay on the excitation energy. The characteristic nuclear frequency is usually about 10ˆ22  sˆ-1. In fusion reaction D+D4He there is a broad resonance at an energy around 8 MeV. Simple estimates by the width of the resonance and the uncertainty relation gives a lifetime of the intermediate state of about 0.810ˆ22 s. The “nuclear” reaction rate falls approximately linearly with decreasing energy. Apparently, a group of McKubre [2] operates in an effective energy range below 2 keV in the c.m.s. Thus, in these experiments, the excitation energy is at least 4×10ˆ3 times less than in the resonance region. We assume that the rate of nuclear decay is that many times smaller. The corresponding lifetime is less than 0.3×10ˆ18 s. This fall in the nuclear reaction rate has little effect on the ratio of output decay channels of the compound nucleus, but down to a certain limit. This limit is about 6 keV. A compound nucleus at this energy is no longer an isolated system, since virtual photons from the 4He* can reach to the nearest electron and carry the excitation energy of the compound nucleus. The total angular momentum carried by the virtual photons can be zero, so this process is not prohibited. For the distance to the nearest electron, we chose the radius of the electrons in the helium atom (3.1×10ˆ11 m). From the uncertainty relations, duration of this process is about 10ˆ-19 seconds. In the case of “metal-crystalline” catalysis the distance to the nearest electrons can be significantly less and the process of dissipation of energy will go faster. It is assumed that after an exchange of multiple virtual photons with the electrons of the environment the relatively small excitation energy of compound nucleus 4He* vanishes, and the frequency of the compound nucleus decaying with the emission of nucleons will be determined only by the term ν°. For convenience, we assume that this value is no more than 10ˆ12-10ˆ14 per second. In this case, the serial exchange of virtual photons with the electrons of the environment in a time of about 10ˆ-16 will lead to the loss of ~4 MeV from the compound nucleus (after which decays with emission of nucleons are energetically forbidden), and then additional exchange will lead to the loss of all of the free energy of the compound nucleus (24 MeV) and finally the nucleus will be in the 4He ground state.  The energy dissipation mechanism of the compound nucleus 4He* with virtual photons, discussed above, naturally raises the question of the electromagnetic-nuclear structure of the excited compound nucleus.

Fig. 3. Possible energy diagram of the excited 4He* nucleus is presented.

Figure 3 represents a possible energy structure of the excited 4He* nucleus and changes of its spatial configuration in the process of releasing of excitation energy. Investigation of this process might be useful to study the quark-gluon dynamics and the structure of the nucleus.

Discussion
Perhaps, in this long-standing history of cold fusion, finally the mystery of this curious and enigmatic phenomenon is gradually being opened. Besides possible benefits that the practical application of this discovery will bring, the scientific community should take into account the sociological lessons that we have gained during such a long ordeal of rejection of this brilliant, though largely accidental, scientific discovery. We would like to express the special appreciation to the scientists that actively resisted the negative verdict imposed about twenty years ago on this topic by the vast majority of nuclear physicists.

Acknowledgements
The author thanks Prof. S.B. Dabagov, Dr. M. McKubre, Dr. F. Tanzela, Dr. V.A. Kuzmin, Prof. L.N. Bogdanova and Prof. T.V. Tetereva for help and valuable discussions. The author is grateful to Prof. V.G. Kadyshevsky, Prof. V.A. Rubakov, Prof. S.S. Gershtein, Prof. V.V. Belyaev, Prof. N.E. Tyurin, Prof. V.L. Aksenov, Prof. V.M. Samsonov, Prof. I.M. Gramenitsky, Prof. A.G. Olshevsky, Prof. V.G. Baryshevsky for their help and useful advice. I am grateful to Dr. VM. Golovatyuk, Prof. M.D. Bavizhev, Dr. N.I. Zimin, Prof. A.M. Taratin for their continued support. I am also grateful to Prof. A. Tollestrup, Prof. U. Amaldi, Prof. W. Scandale, Prof. A. Seiden, Prof. R. Carrigan, Prof. A. Korol, Prof. J. Hauptmann, Prof. V. Guidi, Prof. F. Sauli, Prof. G. Mitselmakher, Prof. A. Takahashi, and Prof. X. Artru for stimulating feedback. Continued support in this process was provided with my colleagues and the leadership of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, and I am especially grateful to Prof. R. Parkey, Prof. N. Rofsky, Prof. J. Anderson and Prof. G. Arbique. I express special thanks to my wife, N.A. Tsyganova for her stimulating ideas and uncompromising support.

References
1. M. Fleischmann, S. Pons, M. W. Anderson, L. J. Li, M. Hawkins, J. Electro anal. Chem. 287, 293 (1990).
2. M. C. H. McKubre, F. Tanzella, P. Tripodi, and P. Haglestein, In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000, Lerici (La Spezia), Ed. F. Scaramuzzi, (Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy, 2001), p 3; M. C. H. McKubre, In Condensed Matter Nuclear Science: Proceedings Of The 10th International Conference On Cold Fusion;  Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 21-29 August, 2003, Ed by P. L. Hagelstein and S. R. Chubb, (World Sci., Singapore, 2006). M. C. H. McKubre, “Review of experimental measurements involving dd reactions”, Presented at the Short Course on LENR for ICCF-10, August 25, 2003.
3. Y. Arata, Y. Zhang, “The special report on research project for creation of new energy”, J. High Temp. Soc. (1) (2008).
4. E. Tsyganov, in Physics of Atomic Nuclei, 2010, Vol. 73, No. 12, pp. 1981–1989. Original Russian text published in Yadernaya Fizika, 2010, Vol. 73, No. 12, pp. 2036–2044.
5. E.N. Tsyganov, “The mechanism of DD fusion in crystals”, submitted to IL NUOVO CIMENTO 34 (4-5) (2011), in Proceedings of the International Conference Channeling 2010 in Ferrara, Italy, October 3-8 2010.
6. H.J. Assenbaum, K. Langanke and C. Rolfs, Z. Phys. A – Atomic Nuclei 327, p. 461-468 (1987).
7. C. Rolfs, “Enhanced Electron Screening in Metals: A Plasma of the Poor Man”, Nuclear Physics News, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2006.
8. A. Huke, K. Czerski, P. Heide, G. Ruprecht, N. Targosz, and W. Zebrowski, “Enhancement of deuteron-fusion reactions in metals and experimental implications”, PHYSICAL REVIEW C 78, 015803 (2008).
9. L.N. Bogdanova, Proceedings of International Conference on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and Related Topics, Dubna, June 18–21, 2007, published by JINR, E4, 15-2008-70, p. 285-293
10. G.M. Hale, “Nuclear physics of the muon catalyzed d+d reactions”, Muon Catalyzed Fusion 5/6 (1990/91) p. 227-232.
11. F. Raiola (for the LUNA Collaboration), B. Burchard, Z. Fulop, et al., J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.31, 1141 (2005); Eur. Phys. J. A 27, s01, 79 (2006).

by E.N. Tsyganov
(UA9 collaboration) University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Texas, USA

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3,558 comments to Cold nuclear fusion

  • Alex

    Dear Ing. Rossi,

    I am sure that you have considered the possibility of farming out the manufacture and assembly of e-Cat units except for the core reactor. The latter would be manufactured under your firm’s security. The reactor would then be shipped and installed in the e-cat units. This would ramp up production at orders of magnitude of the current output.

    Do you have such plans?

  • Bob Norman

    Dear Mr. Rossi

    I came across this article that describes a chemical reaction that sounds close to what you are achieving with your E-Cat. It mentions Hydrogen as being very active. The study was funded by the DOE.
    http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110609141550.htm

    Just thought you should be aware of this finding.
    Congratulations on your customer acceptance!
    Best regards,
    Bob

  • Salve Ing. Rossi ,vorrei capire quanto è il COP , dai dati forniti nella prova del 6 ottobre sembra 7 , mentre dai dati forniti il 28 ottobre risulta 39,9 , tenedo presente che comunque le prove si sono fermate non per il calo di funzionamento .
    Quanto tempo serve per la consegna di 1 MW e costo a kW del modulo.
    Grazie
    PS verrò entro breve a trovarla nuovamente
    Saluti Ecat-ering

    Greetings Ecat-ering

  • G Singh

    Dear Mr Rossi,

    If it is not confidential may I ask how much do you project to spend on research and development in the next 5 years? Will the funds come only from sales or do you have investment partners?

    What do you see as R&D milestones that need to be met in order for this technology to be of maximum use?

    Thank you for your kind attention.

  • Falcon

    Dear Andrea Rossi,

    I have some questions regarding the last 28th of October test.

    1) During the self-sustained phase that lasted 5h30, the total input power was 66 Kwh. The total output 2,635 Kwh. That’s a cop of 39,9. So after the first period of heating, how long do you think the reactor could work and with how much input?
    2) When it will be possible to produce electric power, would it be possible then to use part of this electric power to sustain the reaction without any other external source?
    3) Are you considering visits to the actual working 1Mw plant for eventual interested clients? The client would certainly want to see what he is going to purchase.

    Thank you and continue the wonderful work!

  • Dear Andrea Rossi,

    I wanted to make sure you are considering providing for air conditioning if you design a home unit. Absorption coolers can very efficiently produce cold from a heat input. You should design your home unit to provide heat, hot water and air conditioning. Table 1 on the link below lists some manufacturers:
    http://www.solarnext.eu/pdf/ger/publications_presentations/jakob/09OTTI_3rdSAC_paper_GreenChiller.pdf

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Mary:
    I will think of your suggestions, and I thank you for them.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Mary

    Dear Ing. Rossi

    I quote your answer to me:
    “we do everything to make good plants, not to convince skeptics. Skepticism (which I respect) is absolutely not an issue to me. About the enemies, they just do their work.”

    You should act as I suggest, it is in any case my opinion, off course, to increase your marketing efforts and revenues…!!! The fact that acting this way will also knock down oppositors will be a mere side effect.

    Kiss

    Maria

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Bradley Beeson:
    Yes, we did get infrared images.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Mary:
    You are right, but please remember: we do everything to make good plants, not to convince skeptics. Skepticism (which I respect) is absolutely not an issue to me. About the enemies, they just do their work. If you have no enemies, this means you do nothing relevant.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Mary

    Dear Ing. Rossi
    since you have started to unveil the results of your discovery and application, I have been interested in reading everything about the e-cat that has been published on the web. I red everything has been written about, off course including the opinion of snakes, puppetts, puppeteers, and so on. After a while, I have build this opinion in my mind, which of course is only an opinion, but that I would like to share:
    1) You are right to address the market without waiting the academic blessing, customers will be the best witnesses that the “thing” works.
    2) But because of pont 1), i suggest you to put all the pressure you can to let customers publicy witness that it works…! This will have a tremendous and conclusive impact on acceptance of your products by press, customers, scientists, and also stones will understand.

    In any case, apart and aside from point 1), another big move (from you, for you, for the entire world)could be to give the e-cat to the major scientific institutions to test it, just test it, with the obligation not to open it, and to publish the results as soon as possible. The matter of WHY this reaction takes place will be a later issue.

    These are, I repeat, in my opinion, the two ways in order to let all snakes, puppets, puppeteers be knoked down, and to give people the confidentiality that we are really entering a new era.

    With my best and warm regards
    Maria

  • Bradley Beeson

    Mr. Rossi,

    Have you had the opportunity to obtain any infrared thermal images of the ecats in operation? As I’m sure you know, this type of imaging may assist in your development and troubleshooting, while providing strong visual evidence to the masses.

  • Molti successi Dr. Rossi. Nel mondo della scienza è un momento bellissimo. E ‘tempo di una scoperta rivoluzionaria per l’umanità. Che il manto della speculazione primi rimane solo nella memoria e voi e il vostro gruppo può lavorare più agevolmente per noi, che vogliono far parte dei vostri successi, e, quindi, accoglie la buona notizia quando si può anche godere di tutti questo lavoro che hanno fatto per il bene dell’umanità. Stiamo ancora aspettando l’offerta e la corretta informazione di procedere, attn.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Peter Heckert:
    1- so far we manufacture only 1 MW plants, but in future we will make also smaller plants
    2- yes
    3- yes, this is an option which will be possible in future.
    Thanks for the good idea.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Alessandro T.:
    Maybe an idea: we need any source of energy for the drive.
    About Maya Calendar: just a case.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Peter Heckert

    Dear Mr. Rossi!

    One MW is rather much, this is sufficient to heat a cathedral.

    Heating the Frauenkirche in Dresden http://www.frauenkirche-dresden.de/
    needs 850 kW, so far I am informed.

    1) Will there be 100 kW or 50 kW models, as needed to heat medium sized or smaller industrial buildings?

    2) Will there be renting or leasing plans?

    3) Could it be made possible to pay just the energy + renting or leasing fees? I think this could be a preferable option for many customers, because this new technology must be expected to evolve and improve fast.

    thanks in advance,

    P. Heckert

  • Dear Andrea Rossi,
    we are following the e-cat revolution since months and you and your team have all our support.
    I would like to know if it’s planned to sell units with thermovoltaic electricity generators and embedded accumulators not to need external electricity generators.

    Thank You,
    Best Regards.
    A.T.

    PS: maybe you know that oct 28’th was the end of the old era and the beginning of the new one according to interpretations of the mayan clendar. Maybe e-cat has something to do with it… 😉

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Saverio mauro:
    The 1 MW E-Cats are already for sale.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Andrea:
    Can you kindly write in English?
    Our audience is 90% anglophone.
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea

    Signor Rossi sono un cittadino qualsiasi che aspetta trepidante un sistema comunitario più giusto che permetta a tutti di vivere meglio.
    Da decenni sogno qualcosa che possa permettere di staccarsi dai gestori nazionali a cui paghiamo un sacco di costi ingiusti,il sistema italiano ci fa fare la fame per ingrassare folti gruppi di persone che anzichè investire le risorse per migliorare le condizioni di tutti noi,se ne stanno lì a godersela in barba al nostro sudore, aspettando che qualcuno di noi schianti tanto uno più uno meno,non gli interessa.
    Sto praticamente assemblando un impianto fotovoltaico e solare,usufruendo anche di un eolico grid-connection collegato a delle batterie per alimentare casa mia e staccarmi dal gestore nazionale,il tutto assemblato in maniera casalinga,per principio,anche se un impianto a isola comporta dei costi maggiori,mi rifiuto di pagare soldi a persone che nemmeno conosco e che speculano su milioni di altre persone come me,anche dovessi illuminare a candele.
    Non voglio nessun contributo dal GSE farò da solo,nel frattempo,diffonderò il più possibile questo pensiero,perchè non se ne può più di tutti questi parassiti,ci hanno veramente stancato e la cosa migliore da fare è togliergli quello che li sostiene e che affama le famiglie.Intanto aspetto con pazienza il suo e-cat,sperando che un giorno possa essere messo in vendita e acquistato anche dalle persone comuni.

  • Gentile Ing Rossi, quando verrè venduto in Italia l’e-cat? Dal momento che da circa un anno seguo con vivo interesse i suoi esperimenti a cui ho sempre creduto fermamante, mi piacerebbe essere uno dei primi italiani ad utilizzare questa tecnologia meravigliosa. Mi faccia la cortesia d’informarmi quando saranno disponibili. Grazie Saverio Mauro

  • Enrico Ghelardoni

    Dear Ing. Rossi,
    your skill, foresight and perseverance seem to have at last overcome all huge difficulties.
    I wish you now to resist also to the pressure you will face when your discovery will be recognized by the whole world.

    Million thanks

    Enrico Ghelardoni

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Jason Buda:
    We are selling 1 MW plants. We give all the necessary instructions to the operators.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Alexander Barber,
    Thank you for your kind attention,
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Carlo Tabanelli,
    Thank you,
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Carlo Tabanelli

    Gentile ing. Rossi,
    Vorrei rubarLe qualche secondo. Sento la necessità di comunicarLe 2 cose.
    La prima è GRAZIE. Spero Lei possa farsi messo per me anche verso il Prof. Focardi e tutti i vostri collaboratori di un ringraziamento profondo e sincero.
    La seconda è una preghiera o forse meglio, una SPERANZA. Spero che il mondo si pronto per questo giorno, che il bene comune prevalga sulla cupidigia di pochi, che Lei un giorno possa guardarsi indietro e gioire per aver contribuito a migliorare la vita di tutti. Spero nella purezza del vostro animo. consapevole che tutti gli interessi in gioco possono più della volontà di un uomo.
    “da grandi doti conseguono grandi responsabilità” spero che questa mia lettera possa aiutarla a sopportarle meglio!
    Carlo T. Bagnacavallo Ravenna

  • Alexander Barber

    Congratulations on your success!
    Your E-cat holds great promise and interest. I worked for the Technical University of Nova Scotia Center for Energy study’s in the 1980s.
    If you need a voice in Canada I may be able to help.

  • Jason Buda

    Caro Rossi,

    My only question is when will this be readily available and what kind of training would one need to install such a system?

  • Brian Josephson

    @Stuart Sanderson: my sources indicate that they would be satisfied with a positive report from a credible customer in place of a scientific investigation, and then official procedures could go ahead regardless of what the fear-dominated press might do. It is a pity that the earlier deal with *** fell through and the replacement customer is unwilling to identify himself, but no doubt future customers will be willing to. Alternatively a scientific lab could just buy a reactor and confirm the heat output with the kind rigorous measurements that have not been forthcoming as yet — they do not need to know the secrets to be able to do this.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Bor:
    Thank you! I will,
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Francesco Toro,
    Unfortunately I cannot give info regarding the reactors,
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Francesco Toro

    Dear ing. Rossi
    Mainly thanks to its punctual answers both questions in public and private.
    I need help to do a search for constant monitoring of the temperature inside the catalyst, but it is not simple because lack of the necessary parameters. In fact, verified (?) that there must be no metallic element within the E-Cat, the minimum parameters are missing: the operating temperature range and speed of response (s or in ms. This last parameter I believe it is very important. Can you help me to I help?

  • Bor

    Congratulations from Slovenia too.

    I wish you all the best for the future. No wars, just plenty of success with your E-cat.

    Best regards, B.B.

    P.S.
    If you ever need some info from SLO let me know, I’ll be very pleased to assist you.

  • Dear Mr Rossi

    Congratulations! At last you’re on the mainstream media’s radar…..!!

    http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/11/02/andrea-rossi-italian-cold-fusion-plant/?test=faces

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Andrea N.:
    Yes, we will make the household E-Cat, as I said .
    Warm regards,
    A.R.

  • Claudio Bernardele

    E’ come aver inventato la ruota di nuovo.
    Come si può pensare di vendere o tenere celata una cosa del genere .
    E ora cosa succederà sig. Rossi?
    Sta ricevendo delle preghiere e non solo complimenti da tutte le persone che vengono a conoscere la sua formula per produrre l’acqua calda, ci aggiungo anche la mia di preghiera che tutto sia riprodotto non dalla sua macchina ma da milioni di macchine e che Lei ne riceva il merito.
    grazie e auguri

  • Andrea N.

    Caro Andrea Rossi
    ho seguito i suoi esperimenti e le sue dichiarazioni che spero prendano piede anche in Italia prima che in altri paesi.
    Mi farebbe piacere sapere se intende ancora sviluppare il suo E-Cat per un commercio diretto ai piccoli consumatori.

    Un cordiale saluto e buon lavoro
    Andrea N.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Francesco Toro:
    So far we are selling the 1 MW plants. For the households we need 1 to 2 years, to complete the procedures for the authorizations.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Francesco Toro

    Dear Ing. Rossi
    I’m happy and enthusiastic sales of large E-Cat for industrial use because I think that any proceeds could also serve to launch the product on an industrial scale with capillary penetration even small power equipment, in order to enjoy his invention also common families.
    In the light of recent experiments and, I hope good, financial resources, will occur when small E-Cat?
    Sincerely

  • REPI_EXEC

    Dr Rossi,

    First, congratulations yet again. Second, I’ve sent an e-mail to the info@ e-mail address you’ve provided but have not yet received a reply or contact. I can only imagine the volume of communications you and your team are currently dealing with, so some delay is expected.

    With that being said, we are currently sourcing for one of our design-build projects in Latin America and would like to speak with someone from your commercial area regarding availability and timing.

    Also, we have the regulatory & legal support already in place for an alternative energy program (as our initial designs were approved based on fuel cells as the primary energy source).

    Can you please have someone reach out to me this week? I look forward to your contact in the near future!

    Very best regards,
    AB

  • Italo

    @ Valerio M.:
    Trovo interessante la sua proposta, e spero che l’Ing Rossi possa utilizzarla per realizzare una misura continua di temperatura all’interno della camera di reazione. Da ciò che ho potuto dedurre infatti, pare che attualmente ci sia solo una misura discontinua realizzata con varie sostanze a diverso punto di fusione (può essere comunque una informazione incompleta o errata). L’ing Rossi ha detto, in risposta a una mia domanda, che loro hanno inventato un sistema, utilizzato al posto della termocoppia.
    Probabilmente (suppongo io), non è possibile inserire un sensore metallico all’interno. Immagino che il giunto caldo della termocoppia potrebbe essere influenzato dalle condizioni dell’ambiente interno (radiazioni o altro), misurando un valore di temperatura errato. E’ un peccato, dato che si potrebbe realizzare una termocoppia con guainetta metallica, dal giunto caldo molto piccolo e con alta velocità di risposta.
    Potendo avere invece una misura continua e affidabile, sarebbe sicuramente possibile intervenire su parametri che influenzano la generazione di calore, (esempio la pressione dell’idrogeno o altro) utilizzando un normale regolatore PID e/o soglie di allarme per l’azionamento di elettrovalvole o circuiti elettrici. A tale scopo ritengo indispensabile anche l’inserimento dell’azione derivativa nel regolatore, per rendere molto veloce la risposta del sistema di controllo in presenza di rapide variazioni di temperatura interna del reattore.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Prof. Joseph Fine:
    You are right, as usual, in fact we are working on it for the next units.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Emidio Laureti:
    The puppett snake is paid by his puppetteers to discredit our work, and now he is scratching the bottom of the barrel of his stupidities. He got money to do this and his puppetteers didn’t yet understand that they cannot stop the Niagara Falls with a plumber. Let him talk. We act.
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Egr. dott. Rossi
    in usenet ( ng free.it.scienza.fisica, it.scienza, it discussioni.misteri) c’è un assalto di snakes coperti da nickname(in sintesi diffamazioni e accuse di frode) circa gli eventi del 28 Ottobre 2011.
    L’ultima che hanno elaborato è che non esiste il customer e che quindi lei non ha venduto o ha venduto a se stesso.
    Ora se lei potesse offrire qualche traccia in più circa almeno l’effettuazione del pagamento per la vendita dell’impianto sarebbe abbastanza demolitorio nei confronti di questa tipologia di personaggi.

    Auguri per tutto

    E.Laureti

  • Joseph M. Fine

    Andrea,

    If a customer wants to use heat transfer fluids (HTF) such as mineral oil, molten salts, liquid metals etc. for desalinization, chemical process heat, refineries, shale oil production et cetera, won’t that simplify the external plant design? The reactor core would remain much the same.

    Use of a liquid HTF at 400 degrees C, would reduce pressure on the plumbing. If the same HTF used in the core is used at the application site, this would also reduce the need for several heat exchangers and other phase changing equipment (steam generators/evaporators, condensers). If the application is to generate electricity, then you would need to generate vapor (steam) or a super-critical HTF (my favorite being Carbon Dioxide or S-CO2).

    As of late Tuesday evening (yesterday), power was restored in my neighborhood and we now have heat, electricity and Internet. Due to the recent snowstorm, I have been unable to keep up with the hundreds of new messages on this blog. How do you keep up with all of the messages?

    Thanks again for your diligent and untiring efforts. Be well, do well and stay well.

    ” Success comes before work ….. only in the dictionary” .

    Joseph

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Beppi Menozzi:
    1- yes
    2- it does not depend on us
    3- final Customer
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Valerio M.:
    What you say is interesting. Please send information to
    info@leonardocorp1996.com
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

  • Valerio M.

    Buongiorno, ing. Rossi.

    Mi pare di aver compreso, dalle varie informazioni rilasciate sul sistema, che il problema che attualmente limita il COP sia legato al controllo dell’attività del reattore. L’opinione che mi sono personalmente fatto è che il nucleo del reattore sia intenzionalmente mantenuto ad un ottimo scambio termico con il fluido da scaldare, allo scopo di evitare crescite non controllate di temperatura, e che questo costringa, d’altro canto, a somministrare calore al reattore stesso in alcune fasi per mantenere attiva la reazione. A questo proposito, credo che Lei stesso abbia dichiarato che non è possibile strumentare internamente il reattore con termocoppie, allo scopo di migliorare il controllo. Mi occupo da diversi anni di sviluppo di sistemi di strumentazione industriale, anche per processi ad alta temperatura (T fino anche a 1600 °C); se vuole posso fornirle dettagli su alcuni metodi possibili per la misura della temperatura, sia diretti (basati ad es. su fibre ottiche) che indiretti (modellistica).

    Un cordiale saluto, e buon lavoro.

    VM

  • Beppi Menozzi

    Dear Ing. Rossi,

    big congratulations for having sold the first 1MW unit.
    I hope that this question was not made before.

    – Will the unit that has been sold be immediately put in production?
    – At that moment will it be possible to know who’s the customer? And when will it be possible to know it?
    – Is the customer that bought this unit a industrial customer that is going to produce other units, or is it a final customer that will use that unit for its own needs?

    Thank you.
    Beppi Menozzi.

  • Andrea Rossi

    Dear Simon Basovich:
    OK,
    Warm Regards,
    A.R.

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