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by
U.V.S.Seshavatharam
Honorary faculty, I-SERVE, Alakapuri,
Hyderabad-35, AP, India
Email: seshavatharam.uvs@gmail.com
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S. Lakshminarayana
Dept. of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam-03, AP, India
Email: lnsrirama@gmail.com
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Abstract
During Ni-H collisions, proton (of the hydrogen atom) combines with the Nickel nucleus and electron (of the hydrogen atom) combines with the Nickel electronic shell and forms Copper with no emission of alpha or beta or gamma rays.
or mole number of such Ni-H atomic fusions, as hydrogen atom is losing its identity, binding energy of electron is converted into heat energy of ~1.3×106 joules.
As the temperature of the system increases, more number of hydrogen atoms may fuse with more number of Nickel atoms liberating more heat energy.
Selection of the target cold fusion atom seems to follow the condition: selected stable atomâs Z+1 is a new stable element with odd atomic number.
Fineness of the Ni powder may help H atoms to fuse with ease causing more number of Ni-H fusions.
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Frank Acland:
NO, if the test on course on the 1 MW E-Cat finishes well I suppose the certification time also for the small units will be “catalyzed” . I hope.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Clauba:
I answer personally. It’s a pleasure and an important source of information for me.
During my 16 hours in the plant I have time for this, when we have not an emergency or a repair to do.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi,
since you are working so hard, have you enought time
to answer to all us?..or do you have a proxy answering
team?
For the last case how many persons?
Thank you
Best regards
Dear Andrea,
Back in 2011 when you had your first design for a domestic E-Cat, you reported that safety certification was a big challenge, and still it is not available. Now you are working on E-Cat X, do you expect the same years-long waiting time for certification, after finalize a product design?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Dr Joseph Fine:
Thank you for the suggestion
Warm Regards
A.R.
Giuseppe:
I do not know.
Warm Regards
A.R.
Andrea,
How much governments know about ecat and your work.
You are going to do a world revolution, is impossible to think that government didn’t follow you daily!
Regards, Giuseppe
Dear Andrea Rossi,
You recently burnt out an E-Cat X. How much input power is needed to burn out a dummy E-Cat X (i.e. one without a charge)? Knowing the power used to unintentionally melt an E-Cat X, you could then calculate the ‘CORN’ performance (Coefficient of runaway Negative performance). đ
Continuing Positive Regards and best wishes for Positive Results,
Joseph Fine
Dima Redko:
It is normal that we have to make repairs, now and again.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven N. Karels:
Thank you for your comment, it makes sense; I confirm, though, what I wrote in my answer to Jon.
Thank you for teaching me the “close enough for government work” saying: I did not know it.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi and Jon,
The way I would approach the analysis is stating the question:
What are the potential cost savings for an eCat replacing natural gas?
Assumptions:
Natural gas cost: $8USD per 1000 cubic feet of natural gas
Natural gas efficiency: 50% (typically 50% of the heat goes up the chimney)
Amount of eCat produced energy in one year: Eecat = 1MWH/hr * 24 hr/day * 365days/year = 8,760 MWh
Required amount of natural gas to produce 8,760 MWh of useful energy = 8,760 MWh * 3,412,141.63 BTUs/MWh * 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas/1,000,000 BTUs / 0.5 (thermal efficiency) = 59,780,721.36 cubic feet of natural gas
Natural gas cost / year: 59,780,721.36 cubic feet * $8USD / 1000 cubic feet = $478,245.77USD
Andrea Rossi: Close enough for government work is an American slang term used to convey the idea that this is a rough estimate. It has nothing to do with asking the Government to take any action. Engineers might say, a “rough order of magnitude” estimate.
Dear Andrea,
I hope teporary downloading of 1MW to 750KW power will not spoil the results of the 1-year long test on course, nor delay the planned industrial production?
Jon Soderberg:
Your math is correct ( just take advice of the fact that the price of natural gas is not stable), but to answer to the question you made in the last line of your intelligent comment I need to wait for the end of the R&D and tests on course. The final results could be positive, but could be also negative. The costs associated to the E-Cat depend also on its reliability and duration in time, not only on the COP related to the energy consumed and the price of the charge. I, honestly, think it is too soon to ask a government to work on the hypothesys of an E-Cat.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Curiosone:
Update at 07.40 p.m. of Tuesday August 18.
E-Cat 1 MW: downloaded to 750 kW of power for reparation of a reactor. Another working night looms up.
E-Cat X ( second prototype): burnt, as the first one, but we have understood well where is the problem, so we are making another one that very likely will be very reliable. I hope.
From inside the plant,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Rossi
Will you please confirm for me if my numbers are correct or close enough for government work
1 MWh = 3,412,141.63 btu
1000 Cubic ft of Natural Gas = 1,000,000 BTU
1000 cubic ft of gas for commercial use in the US = 8$ (as of may 2015)
8$ x 3.41MBTU = $27.28
$27.48 x 24 hrs/day = $654.72
$654.72 x 365.242 days/year = $239,142.20
Does this equal approximately what your Ecat will offset in cost if your customer was using natural gas to heat his factory?
Respectfully
Jon Soderberg
Anonymous:
I hope yes. The E-Cat X promises well. I hope future will come soon enough, while we work for it.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi:
Will be possible within one year to buy an E-Cat to heat a house and turn on the lights ?
All for you, you for all!
JC Renoir:
Yes. Mainly the mistakes I made are useful.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
D. Travchenko:
Success = (a + b) – vc^2
wherein:
a = work
b = study
v= speed of the lips
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi:
Since a lot of time you do not make conferences, interviews, you do not show your work and to most questions you answer ” sorry, I cannot comment on this”.
How do you think you will have success, acting like this?
Warm Regards,
DT
Hello Dr Rossi:
I read on the books of Mats Lewan and Vessela Nikolova that during the first half of your life you have been an enterpreneur in the field of energy: do you think this enterpreneurial experience will be useful for you to industrialize the E-Cat?
Cheers,
JCR
Andrea Rossi:
Update of today?
Thank you,
W.G.
Hank Mills:
Obviously, I do not make comments related to the charge, either in positive or in negative.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Marco:
I cannot give information related to the charge, in positive or in negative.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Italo R.:
I am not allowed to anticipate any evaluation before the final report.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi, the test period of 1 MW plant has recently passed the half time, and surely you make day by day your technical and economic evaluations.
I am not asking about COP values, but can you already cut in half the F9 key and tell us if TILL NOW and overall you have had positive results?
Kind Regards,
Italo R.
Dear Andrea,
If the Ecat-X can operate above Nickel melting point, then we can assume that the Nickel grain size does not matter anymore… Does it? Does the isotopic composition still matters? Is the Ni-64 enrichment (or so, not sure of the isotope) still necessary?
Regards, Marco.
For the record, if Nickel is not used in the E-Cat X, my guess is that the charge consists of lithium hydroxide and Tungsten powder. Tungsten has a greater electrical conductivity than nickel and a much higher melting point. This could allow for arcing between lithium covered particles to take place more easily. The arcing due to the electric field Iinduced by the squarewaves could ignite the lithium hydrogen plasma and induce fusion. The alpha particles produced could keep the plasma ionized and keep the reaction self sustaining. The removal of aluminum would allow for more nuclear reactions and hence more alpha particles. I think the aluminum is useless except as a getter for oxygen and other atmospheric gases.
Hank Mills:
Thank you for your insight: obviously you know that I cannot comment in positive or in negative what you suppose.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
A few thoughts.
My understanding of the charge is the sum of fuel (nickel and LiAlH4) placed in the reactor core.
From recent statements we can assume:
1) Another element has been added to the charge with a higher melting temperature than all other components.
2) This element is a critical fuel component – much more so than Nickel, Lithium, Aluminum, or Hydrogen. It must be, due to the fact that the standard Ni-LiAlH4 mix can continue producing heat at over 2000C in melt down mode.
3) For all other reactions to stop when this new element melts, it must either have total control over all other reactions or Lithium, Aluminum, and Nickel are not present in the new mix.
In conclusion, logic dictates that this new element added to the fuel mix is far superior to nickel or lithium in previous E-Cat designs. I would also assume that it may make up almost the entire charge (except for hydrogen).
If the E-Cat X stops producing heat when this metal melts the E-Cat X cannot be defined as a predominently nickel based system.
Steven N. Karels:
Sorry, I cannot give this information.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
When you say “charge” are you referring to:
a. The fuel components only or
b. The fuel components and a containing enclosure?
If , then we must conclude there is a fuel component with a melting temperature higher than the melting temperature of nickel.
If , then are we to assume the reaction will dissapate when it is no longer contained?
Frank Acland:
1- yes
2- confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Interesting about the intrinsic safety of the e-cat.
1. Are you saying that it is not possible for your reactors to operate after the melting point of the charge is reached?
2. Has the charge changed due to your R&D process?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Steven N. Karels:
The E-Cat is still intrinsecally safe due to the melting point of the charge, even if it is higher than the melting point of nickel.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
In the past, one of the “safeguards” of eCat technology was that the reaction would cease once the melting point of nickel was reached. This appears to no longer be a limitation. Is the new version of eCat technology therefore less safe? What limits the thermal operation of the new eCat technology?
Boris:
Thank you for your comment. We have analyzed carefully the patent application of Airbus, as well as we analyzed with attention all the patent applications made in the field.
As I said many times, I never comment the work of our competitors, but I study carefully what they write and what they say.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
in his linkedin page Jean-Francois Geneste, Vice-President Chief Scientist at Airbus Group affirms to have reached a “Major breakthrough in the field of energy”. Reading the pos we understand that this is just a “major theoretical breakthrough in the field of “energy creation”” done by him alone ( he do not cite any research group. We also modestly learn that this fantastic discovery will be announced in a meeting sponsored by Airbus itself and that in the opinion of the author:
“Against all expectations, it is proved that there is potential room for cold fusion or so in a breakthrough approach of building a “burner” and making a (new) fuel. As a consequence, even if the burden of proof remains to cold fusionists to experimentally prove, at least, they are right, on a theoretical point of view, I completely revert the burden of proof to orthodox physicists who now will have to prove the non-existence of cold fusion, if they can, since they have been claiming it for years if not decades.”
I would like to make some comments if possible:
1) This way of announcing results is not scientifical, and not even usual for a serious industry as Airbus
2) This type of writing in a professional social network like LinkedIn may sound like an insult to other scientist both “orthodox” and “reform”(LENR) physicist.
3) Is an enormous omissis to ignore the results obtained by you, the Uppsala-Bologna group and all other scientists, experimental proof, or at least strong indication, of LENR existence is already present.
As a final note let me say that if an industry like Airbus would reach such an important result I think that it would keep it as an industrial secret to develop new products, so my feeling is that behind this impressive announce there is nothing sound and real.
As any scientist would do I also searched if there are any publication in theoretical or experimental physics by him cited in Research Gate or any other scientific search engine and found none.
There are just few book in french with no international edition:
Logique de défense: 30 idées en 200 pages
Bénévent
May 2008
Ainsi marchait l’humanitĂ©
Bénévent
2009
Politique industrielle: des idées neuves pour demain
IRES
2010
Physique: de l’esprit des lois
CĂ©padues
2010
Petit traité de philosophie moderne du libre arbitre
Kindle
2011
La Gifle Chinoise (The Chinese Slap)(Link)
Wonderdice
Last title is a book of Science / Politics Fiction.
Maybe I’m wrong but I would classify his claim as SCAM that try to damage serious scientist like you that have realized a real and working product.
I would be curios if what he has written in his LinkedIn page reflects official opinions and point of view of AIRBUS group, but I think that the interest of that Company about LENR has been triggered by you and the ECAT.
Sincerely, Boris
Hergen:
We are working on that direction and the E-Cat X is very promising. Yes, the E-Cat can also work above the melting point of Ni.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi,
is the e-cat X able to operate above the melting point of nickel?
Does the present e-cat X produce enough electricity to power a light bulb? I think this would be a tremendous accomplishment.
As always thank you for your answers.
Steven N. Karels:
I cannot answer to tis kind of questions, either in positive or in negative.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
When you were doing your original research, did you consider or investigate beryllium as an additive? It seems like a logical choice due to the efficacy of lithium. Any thoughts?
Frank Acland:
They are not alternatives, but different kind of applications.
Not priorities, just specific fields, like in QM: there are fields for different forces and you can’t substitute one to another, just consider each of them for their specific interactions.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Toussaint:
Thank you for the information-link.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Bob:
1- premature ( smaller)
2- premature ( lighter)
3- yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Paul:
We are working to make the economy scale good enough to maintain low and popular prices. As I said, a strong work is on course related to the manufacturing in the world. F9. Leonardo’s strategy will start to be understood in due time and it is complex, encompassing IP, manufacturing and sales organization. I never talked about it, because of the premature situation. Let us work. What is known about Leonardo Corp strategy right now is the tip of an iceberg, but it is totally useless to make serious talks about it before F9 is resolved. Many members of our international Team are working on it, though.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Andrea,
Approximately 4 billion battery cells are manufactured and consumed each year.
I fear that (initially) no matter what price you sell your E-Cat X’s at, supply and demand will raise the price significantly.
Paul
Dear Andrea Rossi
Thank you again for all your many thoughtful comments to your readers.
Can you tell us the following about the new e-cat x
1. Approximate dimensions
2. Weight
3. Whether it uses any materials not found in earlier e-cats?
Thanks,
Bob
Dear Andrea Rossi
This video of eric Dollard might interest you.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-wYuYog7b0
Kind regards
Dear Andrea,
If, in your research, you have discovered a way to generate electricity directly from an E-Cat, would that become a R&D priority over developing ways to generate electricity via steam turbines, or using other intermediate technologies (e.g. Stirling engine)?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland