Daniel De Caluwe’:
Very speculative, but I think that the relativity can resolve the apparent paradox, since the time cannot reverse due to the fact that nothing can reach overcome the speed of light. This makes the “same time ” concept a nonsense. These paradoxxes are just speculative hypothesis without effect in the reality, loke the famous paradox of turtle that ” can never be reached from the fast-footed-Achilles ” of the famous paradox of the Greek phylosopher Zenone on the fifth century B.C.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Your reply that you deliver heat to turbines has started many discussions. In essence it comes down to these possible designs:
A. You deliver steam to the turbine?
B. You integrate the SK in the turbine and use air or another medium to drive the turbine?
Both can be used in an open or closed cycle.
Is the cycle:
C. Open?
D. Closed?
E. Last question: did you already successfully test a turbine with the SK?
Thanks for keeping us up to date with your very intriguing developments!
Kind regards, Gerard.
Alexvs:
Welcome back!
My health, thanks to God, is OK: thank you for your care.
What you are asking for will be done when we will introduce to the world our service and product in January in an internet streaming.
Thank you for your attention,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Rudolf:
Thank you for your opinion. We will just show an Ecat SK module in operation, explain it and answer to the questions of the public during the internet streaming.
I do not think it will be a loss of time, on the contrary it will be a generator of useful critics and suggestions.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Andrea Rossi:
After your very convincing and impeccable demonstration of the Ecat QX made in Stockholm on November 24, which sense can have make another demo in january? Is it not a waste of time and money, since now you already have customers that are buying heat? Isn’t it better just some advertising?
Cheers,
Rudy
Dear Mr. Rossi
After long time without having news from you and your work I have revisited your site. Aside of the new versions of E-Cat I am glad to know that you are in good health. That is the most important thing we can aspire to.
Could you write an extensive article giving more clues about your recent progress? I mean, without disclosing undisclosable details but more explicit than the laconic yes/no responses.
Greetings
Alexvs
In an answer to Domenico Canino you recently wrote:
Andrea Rossi
September 12, 2018 at 8:40 AM
Domenico Canino:
I have a very good opinion of Milena Gabanelli as an investigative journalist, but I think that, to make a complete analysis of the factors that determine the global warming, we must consider that the geothermic cycles have a time-span of hundred thousands years, if not million years, not of tens or hundreds of years. For example, what today is the Sahara desert once was a forest the like of the Amazon forest today and surely this event has not been caused by the mankind activities.
I think that the time-span taken in consideration in this interesting report is too short to be reliable for conclusions. It has not been analyzed the duration of events happened in million years, I mean the integrals of such durations, comparing them to the integral considered in this report. Maybe such analysis could give support to the thesis sustained in the report, maybe not, I do not know, but such an analysis has to be done, before drafting conclusions.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
My answer: As I’m not good reading articles in Italian, I didn’t read the article of Milena Gabanelli, but I can say that some sixteen years ago, when the discussion about human influence (of human activities) in the present climate change was very hot, I participated in discussions about it, and therefore I studied very well ‘The Scientific Basis of Climate Change 2001 (IPCC)’, and could refute most of the arguments of so called ‘climate sceptics’. The scientific basis of the reports of the ipcc is very sound, and i agree with it. More precisely, where you refer to big climate changes (not caused by humans) in the past, many of them can be explained, but they all are slower than present climate change. Most ice ages and interglacial periods, especially those of the last 500.000 years, can be explained by the theory of the Serbian scientist Millutin Milankovitch, who calculated the change of incoming solar energy caused by changes of the parameters of earth’s orbit around the sun (precession, obliguity and eccentricity vary in time and with different periods). (See, for instance, this graph: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Milankovitch_Variations.png ) (the period of precession is about 22.OOO years, that of obliquity about 41.000 years, and that of eccentricity has components (probably by Fourier analysis) of 95.000 years, 125.000 years and 400.000 years, and this is a valid explanation of recent ice-ages and interglacial periods. A general and good readable summary of his work, you can find here: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch ) So this explains why about every 100.000 years, there’s an ice age. And, of course, the continental drift also changes general climate on drifting continents, but of course at a much slower pace. But present climate change is much quicker, and most of it can be attributed to human activities. The work of the ipcc is very high level, and I agree with its conclusions.
So we need your E-cat SK asap to counter it! (Lucky we are that its tests so far are positive, and I wish you all success with it!)
Bizarre Physics Phenomenon Suggests Objects Can Be Two Temperatures at Once
(By Meredith Fore, Live Science Contributor | September 17, 2018 07:32am ET)
The famous thought experiment known as Schrödinger’s cat implies that a cat in a box can be both dead and alive at the same time — a bizarre phenomenon that is a consequence of quantum mechanics.
Now, physicists at the University of Exeter in England have found that a similar state of limbo may exist for temperatures: Objects can be two temperatures at the same time at the quantum level. This weird quantum paradox is the first completely new quantum uncertainty relation to be formulated in decades…
…The new quantum uncertainty, which states that the more precisely you know temperature, the less you can say about energy, and vice versa, has big implications for nanoscience, which studies incredibly tiny objects smaller than a nanometer. This principle will change how scientists measure the temperature of extremely small things such as quantum dots, small semiconductors or single cells, the researchers said in the new study, which was published in June in the journal Nature Communications…
It is known that temperature estimates of macroscopic systems in equilibrium are most precise when their energy fluctuations are large. However, for nanoscale systems deviations from standard thermodynamics arise due to their interactions with the environment. Here we include such interactions and, using quantum estimation theory, derive a generalised thermodynamic uncertainty relation valid for classical and quantum systems at all coupling strengths. We show that the non-commutativity between the system’s state and its effective energy operator gives rise to quantum fluctuations that increase the temperature uncertainty. Surprisingly, these additional fluctuations are described by the average Wigner-Yanase-Dyson skew information. We demonstrate that the temperature’s signal-to-noise ratio is constrained by the heat capacity plus a dissipative term arising from the non-negligible interactions. These findings shed light on the interplay between classical and non-classical fluctuations in quantum thermodynamics and will inform the design of optimal nanoscale thermometers.
Dan Galburt:
1- no
2- yes
3- yes
4- yes
5- could be
6- could be
7- I suppose you mean the efficiency of the turbine: it will depend on the turbine. I am not an expert of the matter.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
Please put a secondary communication method in your Ecat plants: a client could cut off your remote control system and make the reverse engineering.
You have been maintaining that you, initially, would only be selling heat and, assuming a customer wants to generate electricity, you
would leave the design and fabrication of a turbine driven generator to your customer.
Questions
1. Have you changed direction and let your team become involved in the design and fabrication of such a turbo-generator.
2. Is your business partner involved rather than your team?
3. Have you found a customer willing to do the job them selves?
A “gas turbine” refers to a turbine that compresses air, mixes air with fuel, continuously burns the fuel to heat the air, and expands the heated air through the turbine to create mechanical power. A gas turbine driven might be adapted to use E-Cats to heat the air instead of burning fuel, but it would no longer be a called a gas turbine. Gas turbines are open cycle because they must exhaust the products of combustion to the atmosphere. A turbine driven by E-Cat Heat would not necessarily have to be open cycle, it could use a gas other than air including steam. The key to high efficiency is heating the gas to a high temperature prior to expansion. The design of the heat exchange mechanism that transfers heat from the E-Cat to the gas is critical to achieving high efficiency.
Questions
4. In the short term, is the adaption of an existing gas turbine to E-cat heat under serious consideration.
5. If so, would the gas expanded in the turbine still be air?
6. Would the turbine still be open cycle?
7. In your opinion, in the short term, would an overall efficiency of > 30 % be achievable?
Very interesting about electricity generation, will the customer also be using heat for production purposes, i.e. your plants will be co-generation plants?
For clarification: may I ask whether the 40 megawatt unit customer and your industrial partner are the same organization? Thank you if this is something you feel able to answer.
Italo R.:
The name of our Partner will not be disclosed until our Partner will deem it opportune.
I cannot answer in positive or in negative to any questions of the like.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
someone is wondering if your partner could be Boeing.
That is for your works on jet engines using E-Cats.
Confidential?
Best regards,
Italo R.
Dr Andrea Rossi,
Can you tell us if the supply of the 40 MW heat will be generated by means of multiple gas jet kind of turbines?
Thank you if you can answer,
Jeff
For those dimensions (D = 4cm and L = 40cm), assuming 10kW thermal output for a horizontal cylinder in air surrounded by a 100C environment would yield a surface temperature of 1,140C. Since the geometry was not exactly specified by AR, the surface temperature can vary but this estimate gives a representative temperature for consideration.
The actual temperature will depend on these assumptions (and other) and will likely be much different in practice.
Dear Dr Rossi,
The old adage is to always keep an “ACE” up your sleeve in negotiating with the opposition. I would have thought that your “SK” would have been that ACE. Now that you have decided to go forward with the SK as your lead product, do you have an additional “ACE” up your sleeve”
Best regards,
Iggy
I do not know the dimensions of the 10 kW SK Module. If the Volume is 1/2 Liter or ~500 cc, for a cylinder that would be about 160 PI.
Since the Ratio of Surface Area to Volume of a Cylinder scales as 2/R (or: 2*PI*RL / PI*(R^2)*L ), it would be ‘Easy’ to halve the radius and increase the length by a factor of 4. Then, for example, the Radius would be 2 cm, and length would be 40 cm. While the Volume remains the same, the surface area would be twice what it was when R = 4 and L = 10 cm. It is intuitive that the heat source should have as much surface area as possible.
> No, it is inspired by the name of one of the greatest geniuses of the history of mankind.
Andrea, now I think you are exaggerating, I understand you are satisfied for the visibility of the name of the corporation, I understand you like biographical movies about great US industrialists, I understand you can think he is a sexy Hollywood actor, here too it is a matter of your tastes that I do not discuss, but thinking of Di Caprio as one of the greatest geniuses of the history of mankind … well, I am very puzzled about this
I would like to give some explanations to the answer of Andrea Rossi to your question. Energy production as a rule assumes the transformation of thermal energy into electrical energy. But unfortunately, in fission reactors, despite the relatively low cost of energy production, this process is accompanied by the accumulation of radioactive products (waste) and the risks of accidents with severe environmental consequences. That’s why gradually nuclear power plants will be replaced by power plants that use the Rossi effect. However, in addition to power reactors, there are also experimental and research reactors whose purpose is to produce large neutron fluxes for experimentation and production of isotope products, used, for example, in medicine for diagnostics and treatment of diseases, non-destructive testing in engineering, and also in many other industries. In such reactors, heat is a by-product that interferes with the achievement of optimal parameters of such reactors, so it is desirable to remove heat as efficiently as possible from the core, most often without worrying about its useful use. This is because the thermal parameters of the active zones of such reactors (relatively low pressure and temperature) and the mode of operation (frequent start-up and shut-down) often make the use of heat unfavorable or impossible, therefore in research reactors one of the main tasks is efficiency and reliability removal of heat from the reactor core into the environment. The heat sink system described in the article is aimed at solving this particular problem.
Since research reactors will be in demand even after replacing nuclear power plants with Rossi power plants, special attention should be paid to improving safety and non-susceptibility to external factors, for example, such as Blackout.
Dr Andrea Rossi:
I want to inform your readers that the new updated version of the paper “Passive Cooling Systems for Research Reactors” of Dr Vitaly Uzikov and Dr Irina Uzikova has been published few minutes ago on the Journal of Nuclear Physics.
Warm Regards,
DT
DT:
I think it is possible, but, as you have seen, they are stidied mainly fpr nuclear fission reactors. By the way, the Authors will publish soon an updated version of their paper.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Daniel De Caluwe’:
Very speculative, but I think that the relativity can resolve the apparent paradox, since the time cannot reverse due to the fact that nothing can reach overcome the speed of light. This makes the “same time ” concept a nonsense. These paradoxxes are just speculative hypothesis without effect in the reality, loke the famous paradox of turtle that ” can never be reached from the fast-footed-Achilles ” of the famous paradox of the Greek phylosopher Zenone on the fifth century B.C.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Your reply that you deliver heat to turbines has started many discussions. In essence it comes down to these possible designs:
A. You deliver steam to the turbine?
B. You integrate the SK in the turbine and use air or another medium to drive the turbine?
Both can be used in an open or closed cycle.
Is the cycle:
C. Open?
D. Closed?
E. Last question: did you already successfully test a turbine with the SK?
Thanks for keeping us up to date with your very intriguing developments!
Kind regards, Gerard.
Daniel De Caluwe’:
Thank you for your opinion and links.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Alexvs:
Welcome back!
My health, thanks to God, is OK: thank you for your care.
What you are asking for will be done when we will introduce to the world our service and product in January in an internet streaming.
Thank you for your attention,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Rudolf:
Thank you for your opinion. We will just show an Ecat SK module in operation, explain it and answer to the questions of the public during the internet streaming.
I do not think it will be a loss of time, on the contrary it will be a generator of useful critics and suggestions.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Andrea Rossi:
After your very convincing and impeccable demonstration of the Ecat QX made in Stockholm on November 24, which sense can have make another demo in january? Is it not a waste of time and money, since now you already have customers that are buying heat? Isn’t it better just some advertising?
Cheers,
Rudy
Dear Mr. Rossi
After long time without having news from you and your work I have revisited your site. Aside of the new versions of E-Cat I am glad to know that you are in good health. That is the most important thing we can aspire to.
Could you write an extensive article giving more clues about your recent progress? I mean, without disclosing undisclosable details but more explicit than the laconic yes/no responses.
Greetings
Alexvs
Dear Dr. Rossi,
In an answer to Domenico Canino you recently wrote:
My answer: As I’m not good reading articles in Italian, I didn’t read the article of Milena Gabanelli, but I can say that some sixteen years ago, when the discussion about human influence (of human activities) in the present climate change was very hot, I participated in discussions about it, and therefore I studied very well ‘The Scientific Basis of Climate Change 2001 (IPCC)’, and could refute most of the arguments of so called ‘climate sceptics’. The scientific basis of the reports of the ipcc is very sound, and i agree with it. More precisely, where you refer to big climate changes (not caused by humans) in the past, many of them can be explained, but they all are slower than present climate change. Most ice ages and interglacial periods, especially those of the last 500.000 years, can be explained by the theory of the Serbian scientist Millutin Milankovitch, who calculated the change of incoming solar energy caused by changes of the parameters of earth’s orbit around the sun (precession, obliguity and eccentricity vary in time and with different periods). (See, for instance, this graph: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Milankovitch_Variations.png ) (the period of precession is about 22.OOO years, that of obliquity about 41.000 years, and that of eccentricity has components (probably by Fourier analysis) of 95.000 years, 125.000 years and 400.000 years, and this is a valid explanation of recent ice-ages and interglacial periods. A general and good readable summary of his work, you can find here: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch ) So this explains why about every 100.000 years, there’s an ice age. And, of course, the continental drift also changes general climate on drifting continents, but of course at a much slower pace. But present climate change is much quicker, and most of it can be attributed to human activities. The work of the ipcc is very high level, and I agree with its conclusions.
So we need your E-cat SK asap to counter it! (Lucky we are that its tests so far are positive, and I wish you all success with it!)
Kind Regards,
Daniel.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Maybe this article could be of interest to you?
https://www.livescience.com/63595-schrodinger-uncertainty-relation-temperature.html?utm_source=ls-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20180917-ls
Bizarre Physics Phenomenon Suggests Objects Can Be Two Temperatures at Once
(By Meredith Fore, Live Science Contributor | September 17, 2018 07:32am ET)
And here is the Nature-article they refer to:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04536-7
Energy-temperature uncertainty relation in quantum thermodynamics
(H. J. D. Miller & J. Anders)
Nature Communicationsvolume 9, Article number: 2203 (2018)
Kind Regards,
Daniel.
Dan Galburt:
1- no
2- yes
3- yes
4- yes
5- could be
6- could be
7- I suppose you mean the efficiency of the turbine: it will depend on the turbine. I am not an expert of the matter.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Chris Olson:
Thank you for your suggestion. The case has been analyzed, though.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
Please put a secondary communication method in your Ecat plants: a client could cut off your remote control system and make the reverse engineering.
Dear Dr. Rossi
You have been maintaining that you, initially, would only be selling heat and, assuming a customer wants to generate electricity, you
would leave the design and fabrication of a turbine driven generator to your customer.
Questions
1. Have you changed direction and let your team become involved in the design and fabrication of such a turbo-generator.
2. Is your business partner involved rather than your team?
3. Have you found a customer willing to do the job them selves?
A “gas turbine” refers to a turbine that compresses air, mixes air with fuel, continuously burns the fuel to heat the air, and expands the heated air through the turbine to create mechanical power. A gas turbine driven might be adapted to use E-Cats to heat the air instead of burning fuel, but it would no longer be a called a gas turbine. Gas turbines are open cycle because they must exhaust the products of combustion to the atmosphere. A turbine driven by E-Cat Heat would not necessarily have to be open cycle, it could use a gas other than air including steam. The key to high efficiency is heating the gas to a high temperature prior to expansion. The design of the heat exchange mechanism that transfers heat from the E-Cat to the gas is critical to achieving high efficiency.
Questions
4. In the short term, is the adaption of an existing gas turbine to E-cat heat under serious consideration.
5. If so, would the gas expanded in the turbine still be air?
6. Would the turbine still be open cycle?
7. In your opinion, in the short term, would an overall efficiency of > 30 % be achievable?
Warm Regards
Dan Galburt
Joseph J.:
I am just focussing on making heat.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Iggy Dalrymple:
The fluids utilized will be air and water.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Rodney Nicholson:
Yes.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Frank Acland:
Yes.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Very interesting about electricity generation, will the customer also be using heat for production purposes, i.e. your plants will be co-generation plants?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Dear Andrea:
For clarification: may I ask whether the 40 megawatt unit customer and your industrial partner are the same organization? Thank you if this is something you feel able to answer.
Rodney.
Dear Dr Rossi,
Will your turbines be driven by
1) steam
2) hot air
3) or other gases
Best regards,
Iggy
Dear Andrea
Are you concentrating on micro-grids?
Warm Regards
JJ
Frank Acland:
Yes.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
The gas turbines you will be building to be used with the SK reactors, will they be used to generate electricity by the customer?
Kind regards,
Frank Acland
Maurizio:
Surely yes.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Jeff:
Yes.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Italo R.:
The name of our Partner will not be disclosed until our Partner will deem it opportune.
I cannot answer in positive or in negative to any questions of the like.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
someone is wondering if your partner could be Boeing.
That is for your works on jet engines using E-Cats.
Confidential?
Best regards,
Italo R.
Dr Andrea Rossi,
Can you tell us if the supply of the 40 MW heat will be generated by means of multiple gas jet kind of turbines?
Thank you if you can answer,
Jeff
Dr Rossi,
The presentation of the industrialized Ecat will surely be made by streaming in the internet?
Manuel Cilia:
So far we just sell the heat.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi
Is your business plan just to sell heat to customers and owning the plants or will you eventually be selling plants to individual companies.
Thank you
Frank Acland:
Will use the Ecats for his production.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Iggy Dalrymple:
No!
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Carlo Sarcone:
No.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi:
Do you have any client in Italy, or have you already scheduled the installation of a plant in Italy?
Dr. Joseph Fine,
For those dimensions (D = 4cm and L = 40cm), assuming 10kW thermal output for a horizontal cylinder in air surrounded by a 100C environment would yield a surface temperature of 1,140C. Since the geometry was not exactly specified by AR, the surface temperature can vary but this estimate gives a representative temperature for consideration.
The actual temperature will depend on these assumptions (and other) and will likely be much different in practice.
Dear Dr Rossi,
The old adage is to always keep an “ACE” up your sleeve in negotiating with the opposition. I would have thought that your “SK” would have been that ACE. Now that you have decided to go forward with the SK as your lead product, do you have an additional “ACE” up your sleeve”
Best regards,
Iggy
Dear Andrea,
Will your industrial partner be using E-Cat heat for its own operations, or just helping you make E-Cats?
Best wishes,
Frank Acland
Dr Joseph Fine:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Alessandro Coppi:
Nobody has ever confused these two companies in 24 years of our existence.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
W Leonardo is intended to distinguish the American Leonardo corp from the Italian Leonardo spa
Stephen N. Karels:
I do not know the dimensions of the 10 kW SK Module. If the Volume is 1/2 Liter or ~500 cc, for a cylinder that would be about 160 PI.
Since the Ratio of Surface Area to Volume of a Cylinder scales as 2/R (or: 2*PI*RL / PI*(R^2)*L ), it would be ‘Easy’ to halve the radius and increase the length by a factor of 4. Then, for example, the Radius would be 2 cm, and length would be 40 cm. While the Volume remains the same, the surface area would be twice what it was when R = 4 and L = 10 cm. It is intuitive that the heat source should have as much surface area as possible.
Thermal regards,
Joseph Fine
Orsobubu:
He he he
Warm Regards
A.R.
> No, it is inspired by the name of one of the greatest geniuses of the history of mankind.
Andrea, now I think you are exaggerating, I understand you are satisfied for the visibility of the name of the corporation, I understand you like biographical movies about great US industrialists, I understand you can think he is a sexy Hollywood actor, here too it is a matter of your tastes that I do not discuss, but thinking of Di Caprio as one of the greatest geniuses of the history of mankind … well, I am very puzzled about this
Anyway, this last TIME cover inspired me on this:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C-MTk7-L-AOL6vAmjGbei7kpt28T9IaL/view?usp=sharing
Dear DT!
I would like to give some explanations to the answer of Andrea Rossi to your question. Energy production as a rule assumes the transformation of thermal energy into electrical energy. But unfortunately, in fission reactors, despite the relatively low cost of energy production, this process is accompanied by the accumulation of radioactive products (waste) and the risks of accidents with severe environmental consequences. That’s why gradually nuclear power plants will be replaced by power plants that use the Rossi effect. However, in addition to power reactors, there are also experimental and research reactors whose purpose is to produce large neutron fluxes for experimentation and production of isotope products, used, for example, in medicine for diagnostics and treatment of diseases, non-destructive testing in engineering, and also in many other industries. In such reactors, heat is a by-product that interferes with the achievement of optimal parameters of such reactors, so it is desirable to remove heat as efficiently as possible from the core, most often without worrying about its useful use. This is because the thermal parameters of the active zones of such reactors (relatively low pressure and temperature) and the mode of operation (frequent start-up and shut-down) often make the use of heat unfavorable or impossible, therefore in research reactors one of the main tasks is efficiency and reliability removal of heat from the reactor core into the environment. The heat sink system described in the article is aimed at solving this particular problem.
Since research reactors will be in demand even after replacing nuclear power plants with Rossi power plants, special attention should be paid to improving safety and non-susceptibility to external factors, for example, such as Blackout.
Yours faithfully,
Vitaly Uzikov
DT:
Exactly: I was going right now to communicate this.
Thank you for the notice.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Andrea Rossi:
I want to inform your readers that the new updated version of the paper “Passive Cooling Systems for Research Reactors” of Dr Vitaly Uzikov and Dr Irina Uzikova has been published few minutes ago on the Journal of Nuclear Physics.
Warm Regards,
DT
Sam:
Thank you for the link,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
DT:
I think it is possible, but, as you have seen, they are stidied mainly fpr nuclear fission reactors. By the way, the Authors will publish soon an updated version of their paper.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
W.B.:
Yes.
Warm Regards,
A.R.