Gerald:
Good question. As a metter of fact, we can’t guarantee it, but we honestly assume the lifespan extrapolating a series of data related to the components. For obvious reasons I cannot disclose such data and components.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
What were the assumptions to determine the number of 100.000 hours of expected operational time?
best wishes to you and your team,
Gerald
JSP:
The expected lifespan is in hours of operation. Therefore the hours of operation available are independent from the intermittance ratio.
Example: if you use the Ecat 1 hour per day, it will last 100000 days; if you use it 24 hours per day, it will last 4 166 days
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hei Andrea, 5.2.poppeye asked:Does the expected service life of an ECat SKLep increase if you only use it for 6 or 12 hours a day, for example? You answered:Yes. When I say 100000 hours means 100000 operating hours. So i ask i need 6kw peakpower to heat water and my annual consumption is 17000 kwh. After first year do i have 583000 kwh lifespan left?
You used the electron rest mass, I used the relativistic mass M = Me*γ & the relativistic rs = re/γ to then extract the relativistic γ from re/γ = 2*G*Me*γ/c^2, therefore we have different interpretations.
KeithT
The Schwarzschild radius rs = 2*G*M/c^2 = 2*6.6741e-11*9.1094e-31/8.9876e+16=1.3529e-57 m
the electron radius re = 3.8616e-13
gamma = re/rs= ms/me = 2.8543e+44 not 1.689435 x 10^22
Warm Regards,
A.R.
The rack system certainly is a viable short term solution to power plants. Dr. Rossi has already, at a minimum conceptually, designed a 1MW Plant (see products at his website) which probably uses racks inside the conatiner, and I recall that the use of 2.5RU type racks has been suggest by others on this blog.
But I think this is thinking too small. Eventually there will be more SKLep units in the world than all other racked components combined. So a new rack system designed specifically for this technology’s form factor to maximize density/ heat handling and maintenance. And synergistically, the SKLep form factor should be optimized for rack use, for instance probably no need for the outer casing.
Further to my post of November 26th, 2021, regarding an electron accelerated towards the speed of light.
From your paper, reference [16]: A. O. Di Tommaso and G. Vassallo. “Electron Structure, Ultra-Dense Hydrogen and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions”. In: Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 29 (2019), pp. 525-547.
Within this paper, section: 4. Geometric Interpretation of Relativistic Electron Mass and De Broglie Wavelength
Based on the Zitterbewegung (ZBW) model electron, it is described that as the electron increases its z-axis velocity the ZBW radius re reduces, i.e. ZBW radius r = re*(1-(v/c)^2)^0.5 and that the mass increases as the z-axis velocity increases, i.e. electron mass m = Me/(1-(v/c)^2)^0.5
The ZBW radius re being the electron charge orbit radius at rest, the charge orbit circumference being the Compton wavelength, radius re then equal to the Compton wavelength divided by the sum of two Pi, the electron mass at rest = Me
As the Lorentz factor; γ = (1-(v/c)^2)^-0.5, therefore ZBW radius r = re/γ, and electron mass m = Me*γ, as an electron is accelerated towards the speed of light the ZBW radius decreases inversely to the mass increase, as previously noted, at some limiting z-axis velocity the reducing electron ZBW radius will reach the Schwarzschild radius for the increasing electron mass.
The Schwarzschild radius; rs = 2*G*M/c^2, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass and c is the speed of light.
If rs = re/γ, and M = Me*γ, then re/γ = 2*G*Me*γ/c^2, therefore at the limiting z-axis velocity the Lorentz factor γ = (re*c^2/(2*G*Me))^0.5 = 1.689435 x 10^22, a dimensionless value.
As the limiting velocity Lorentz factor; γ = (re*c^2/(2*G*Me))^0.5, then the gravitational constant; G = re*c^2/(2*Me*γ^2)
By coincidence, at the limiting velocity for reaching the Schwarzschild radius the Lorentz factor; γ = 1/(α*T) to within 0.224%, α is the fine structure constant, T is the time period for one orbit of the ZBW electron at rest.
This leads to the gravitational constant; G = re*c^2/(2*Me*(1/(α*T))^2) this reduces to; G = Pi*ro^2*λc/Me Also; α^-1 = (λc^3/(4*Pi*G*Me))^0.5 ≈ 137
This gravitational factor; G = Pi*ro^2*λc/Me is within 0.447% of the Codata value, ro is the electron charge radius (classical electron radius), λc is the Compton wavelength, Me is the electron mass at rest, i.e., the gravitational constant equals the cross section surface area of a ZBW model electron charge, multiplied by the Compton length that the charge travels in one orbit when at rest, (i.e., the volume of the torus travelled), divided by the electron mass when at rest.
The problem with; γ = 1/(α*T) and; G = Pi*ro^2*λc/Me is the units of measure, γ has no units while 1/(α*T) is seconds^-1, also Pi*ro^2*λc/Me is V^-1*A^-1*sec^-3*m^5 and requires to be divided by the square of one second to obtain the correct units, maybe time in three dimensions instead of time along one direction, maybe missing something related to the square of z-axis time period.
Are the values just a coincidence, or are the equations just incomplete, maybe signposts on the road to somewhere deep within the G. Vassallo et.al. Zitterbewegung electron model. As I have said before, maybe I see things in the numbers that are not there, maybe it is just numerology, but interesting anyway.
Roberto:
I did replicate not all, but the following: References 13, 23, 21, 28, 38, 39, and the patent of L. Nelson cited in paragraph 2.1 of the paper you cited.
This work has been very precious to set up both the theoretical hypothesis behind the Ecat technology and the structure of the Ecat itself, especially the SKLep.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Brice:
If the instruction manual will be respected, I don’t see vulnerabilities.
Perfection is impossible to reach, so there will be always room for improvements. The one we are working on right now is to raise the power of modules to make easier the assembling process.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
When the SKLep works as promised then it would be one of the most astonishing inventions ever. Still, most people would prefer more power, like 1 kWatt. But what would you consider as the most important weakness or vulnerability of the SKLep?
And what would you like to optimise if you were able to?
Could I suggest that if you looking at building larger units that they are built upon the 19inch rack system and then you could have 5kw units (49 x 100w units) per 2.5RU(rack unit), this would allow anyone to build up very large system quickly in cabinets or containers. Many Lithium batteries system have been design in the same way.
Thank you for confirming the most common failure mode of an SKLep is an open circuit. This is vital information for designs of arrays of SKLep to provide more power/higher voltage.
I think this may be the optimal configuration for “plants”. If you need N units in parallel to get the current you want, and M units in series to get the voltage your want, put the N units in parallel and then put M of the parallel strings in series. In critical applications, use N+1 units for redundancy to make sure you always have the desired current available. A failed unit should not reduce the available voltage, and the available current would still be above the N target. This is sort of the cumulation of bits and pieces of posts over the past few months from many of the contributors here.
Dear Dr Rossi
Do I interpret your answer to Jitse correctly that if a single SKLep fails, its most likely failure mode is an open circuit?
Best Regards
LarryG
On March 8th, you told Frank Acland that you had then produced “thousands” of SKLep units. Please indicate when you expect the first of these to be in the hands of customers. Will you be shipping as units emerge, or will you be waiting until you have produced hundreds of thousands.
I’m sure that once those of us of a more skeptical nature will happily place orders as soon as we’ve been able to link up with someone who allows us to test their units independently.
Dr Rossi,
I am glad to read that you are working on the 1 kW unit. I think it will resolve many assembling problems and enhance the sales of the Ecat.
Cheers
Ursula
It is normal in initial production runs to have lower yields than in the final (later) production runs.
1. Are you seeing such an issue with your initial runs? If so, can you comment on the current yield?
2. What types of testing are you doing with the initial production units? performance, environmental, duration?
if the internal resistance of the load is variable and becomes smaller than the ECAT SKLep can handle, what happens if this would cause the current to go above the maximum load?
1. the output voltage of the ECAT SKLep collapses to a value so that the maximum output current flows.
2. the ECAT SKLep switches off.
3. the ECAT SKLep switches off at a certain voltage undershoot. What voltage would that be?
4. something else?
What happens if one (1) of the EcatSKL’s in series (string) goes down, does the whole series go down, or just that one and there is only 100 watts less?
With regards
Jitse
CC:
The gravitational constant G can be defined as the square of the radius of a relativistic electron for which the ZBW radius is equal to its Schwarzschild radius and to the Planck length.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi
After our successful trial of the initial SK unit at our factor how quickly can we reorder more units, hopeful with a much greater volume. What sort of life span do you predict for the units with continuous use
In the larger units In which some are turned on and some are turned off depending on the load required you could call them “quantum cat” 1k. 10k and so on!
Gerald:
Good question. As a metter of fact, we can’t guarantee it, but we honestly assume the lifespan extrapolating a series of data related to the components. For obvious reasons I cannot disclose such data and components.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
What were the assumptions to determine the number of 100.000 hours of expected operational time?
best wishes to you and your team,
Gerald
KeithT:
We use the electron mass related to the theoretical ground of the Ecat.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Prof:
Thank you for the update,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
Here are the your statistics on Researchgate I read today on
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
Total Readings: 103100 ( of which 95000 only for “Ecat SK and long range particle interactions” )
Recommendations: 7000
Citations: 30
Total research Interest index: 1794
And counting…
Ad Majora,
Prof
JSP:
The expected lifespan is in hours of operation. Therefore the hours of operation available are independent from the intermittance ratio.
Example: if you use the Ecat 1 hour per day, it will last 100000 days; if you use it 24 hours per day, it will last 4 166 days
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hei Andrea, 5.2.poppeye asked:Does the expected service life of an ECat SKLep increase if you only use it for 6 or 12 hours a day, for example? You answered:Yes. When I say 100000 hours means 100000 operating hours. So i ask i need 6kw peakpower to heat water and my annual consumption is 17000 kwh. After first year do i have 583000 kwh lifespan left?
Dear Andrea,
You used the electron rest mass, I used the relativistic mass M = Me*γ & the relativistic rs = re/γ to then extract the relativistic γ from re/γ = 2*G*Me*γ/c^2, therefore we have different interpretations.
Regards,
Keith Thomson.
Sam:
Thank you for the links
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Eernie1:
Confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Sam:
Thank you for the link,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
KeithT
The Schwarzschild radius rs = 2*G*M/c^2 = 2*6.6741e-11*9.1094e-31/8.9876e+16=1.3529e-57 m
the electron radius re = 3.8616e-13
gamma = re/rs= ms/me = 2.8543e+44 not 1.689435 x 10^22
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Willis Lamb JR 1985
Lecture on Schroedinger Cat.
https://youtu.be/7l2NmbLrttM
Dear Andrea,
As the production units come off the line, do you test each one for output? If so do you see a significant difference?
Testing regards.
Dear @ManuelCilia
The rack system certainly is a viable short term solution to power plants. Dr. Rossi has already, at a minimum conceptually, designed a 1MW Plant (see products at his website) which probably uses racks inside the conatiner, and I recall that the use of 2.5RU type racks has been suggest by others on this blog.
But I think this is thinking too small. Eventually there will be more SKLep units in the world than all other racked components combined. So a new rack system designed specifically for this technology’s form factor to maximize density/ heat handling and maintenance. And synergistically, the SKLep form factor should be optimized for rack use, for instance probably no need for the outer casing.
Best Regards
LarryG
Another by Emilio Segre in 1979
On the Rebirth of Physics in
Italy.
https://youtu.be/s1NYkvtPEmc
Hello DR Rossi
This is a 1965 lecture by
Sir George Thomson on
Discovery of the Electron.
https://youtu.be/LFrrQSv3ym8
Regards
Sam
Dear Andrea,
Further to my post of November 26th, 2021, regarding an electron accelerated towards the speed of light.
From your paper, reference [16]: A. O. Di Tommaso and G. Vassallo. “Electron Structure, Ultra-Dense Hydrogen and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions”. In: Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 29 (2019), pp. 525-547.
Within this paper, section: 4. Geometric Interpretation of Relativistic Electron Mass and De Broglie Wavelength
Based on the Zitterbewegung (ZBW) model electron, it is described that as the electron increases its z-axis velocity the ZBW radius re reduces, i.e. ZBW radius r = re*(1-(v/c)^2)^0.5 and that the mass increases as the z-axis velocity increases, i.e. electron mass m = Me/(1-(v/c)^2)^0.5
The ZBW radius re being the electron charge orbit radius at rest, the charge orbit circumference being the Compton wavelength, radius re then equal to the Compton wavelength divided by the sum of two Pi, the electron mass at rest = Me
As the Lorentz factor; γ = (1-(v/c)^2)^-0.5, therefore ZBW radius r = re/γ, and electron mass m = Me*γ, as an electron is accelerated towards the speed of light the ZBW radius decreases inversely to the mass increase, as previously noted, at some limiting z-axis velocity the reducing electron ZBW radius will reach the Schwarzschild radius for the increasing electron mass.
The Schwarzschild radius; rs = 2*G*M/c^2, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass and c is the speed of light.
If rs = re/γ, and M = Me*γ, then re/γ = 2*G*Me*γ/c^2, therefore at the limiting z-axis velocity the Lorentz factor γ = (re*c^2/(2*G*Me))^0.5 = 1.689435 x 10^22, a dimensionless value.
As the limiting velocity Lorentz factor; γ = (re*c^2/(2*G*Me))^0.5, then the gravitational constant; G = re*c^2/(2*Me*γ^2)
By coincidence, at the limiting velocity for reaching the Schwarzschild radius the Lorentz factor; γ = 1/(α*T) to within 0.224%, α is the fine structure constant, T is the time period for one orbit of the ZBW electron at rest.
This leads to the gravitational constant; G = re*c^2/(2*Me*(1/(α*T))^2) this reduces to; G = Pi*ro^2*λc/Me Also; α^-1 = (λc^3/(4*Pi*G*Me))^0.5 ≈ 137
This gravitational factor; G = Pi*ro^2*λc/Me is within 0.447% of the Codata value, ro is the electron charge radius (classical electron radius), λc is the Compton wavelength, Me is the electron mass at rest, i.e., the gravitational constant equals the cross section surface area of a ZBW model electron charge, multiplied by the Compton length that the charge travels in one orbit when at rest, (i.e., the volume of the torus travelled), divided by the electron mass when at rest.
The problem with; γ = 1/(α*T) and; G = Pi*ro^2*λc/Me is the units of measure, γ has no units while 1/(α*T) is seconds^-1, also Pi*ro^2*λc/Me is V^-1*A^-1*sec^-3*m^5 and requires to be divided by the square of one second to obtain the correct units, maybe time in three dimensions instead of time along one direction, maybe missing something related to the square of z-axis time period.
Are the values just a coincidence, or are the equations just incomplete, maybe signposts on the road to somewhere deep within the G. Vassallo et.al. Zitterbewegung electron model. As I have said before, maybe I see things in the numbers that are not there, maybe it is just numerology, but interesting anyway.
Regards,
Keith Thomson.
Roberto:
I did replicate not all, but the following: References 13, 23, 21, 28, 38, 39, and the patent of L. Nelson cited in paragraph 2.1 of the paper you cited.
This work has been very precious to set up both the theoretical hypothesis behind the Ecat technology and the structure of the Ecat itself, especially the SKLep.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi,
In the paper
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
there is an important bibliography, with cited many patents and tests related to the text of the paper; my question is: did you try to replicate some or all of the experiments cited there ?
Thank you if you can answer,
Roberto
Brice:
If the instruction manual will be respected, I don’t see vulnerabilities.
Perfection is impossible to reach, so there will be always room for improvements. The one we are working on right now is to raise the power of modules to make easier the assembling process.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
When the SKLep works as promised then it would be one of the most astonishing inventions ever. Still, most people would prefer more power, like 1 kWatt. But what would you consider as the most important weakness or vulnerability of the SKLep?
And what would you like to optimise if you were able to?
With kind regards,
Brice
DrLG:
Thank you for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Manuel Cilia:
Thank you for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi
Could I suggest that if you looking at building larger units that they are built upon the 19inch rack system and then you could have 5kw units (49 x 100w units) per 2.5RU(rack unit), this would allow anyone to build up very large system quickly in cabinets or containers. Many Lithium batteries system have been design in the same way.
Dear Dr. Rossi
Thank you for confirming the most common failure mode of an SKLep is an open circuit. This is vital information for designs of arrays of SKLep to provide more power/higher voltage.
I think this may be the optimal configuration for “plants”. If you need N units in parallel to get the current you want, and M units in series to get the voltage your want, put the N units in parallel and then put M of the parallel strings in series. In critical applications, use N+1 units for redundancy to make sure you always have the desired current available. A failed unit should not reduce the available voltage, and the available current would still be above the N target. This is sort of the cumulation of bits and pieces of posts over the past few months from many of the contributors here.
Best Regards
LarryG
Mitch Trachtenberg:
Thank you for your suggestion and opinion, albeit it seems suggested by a reverse engineering specialist.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
DrLG:
Correct,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Karels:
Yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
On your production line, creating 1000+ SKLeps, does that also include a production line for the Controller boards/units?
Dear Dr Rossi
Do I interpret your answer to Jitse correctly that if a single SKLep fails, its most likely failure mode is an open circuit?
Best Regards
LarryG
On March 8th, you told Frank Acland that you had then produced “thousands” of SKLep units. Please indicate when you expect the first of these to be in the hands of customers. Will you be shipping as units emerge, or will you be waiting until you have produced hundreds of thousands.
I’m sure that once those of us of a more skeptical nature will happily place orders as soon as we’ve been able to link up with someone who allows us to test their units independently.
Ursula:
We are working hard on it, probably tomorrow we’ll start the tests with the prototype.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
I am glad to read that you are working on the 1 kW unit. I think it will resolve many assembling problems and enhance the sales of the Ecat.
Cheers
Ursula
Jitse:
All the series goes down,
Warm regards,
A.R.
Wilfried Babelotzky:
2
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:ù
1- no
2- yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Brokeeper:
We are working on it: even right now, in this very moment, I am working with it.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
How is your R&D progress on the 1kW E-Cat?
Brokeeper
Dear Andrea Rossi,
It is normal in initial production runs to have lower yields than in the final (later) production runs.
1. Are you seeing such an issue with your initial runs? If so, can you comment on the current yield?
2. What types of testing are you doing with the initial production units? performance, environmental, duration?
Dear Andrea,
if the internal resistance of the load is variable and becomes smaller than the ECAT SKLep can handle, what happens if this would cause the current to go above the maximum load?
1. the output voltage of the ECAT SKLep collapses to a value so that the maximum output current flows.
2. the ECAT SKLep switches off.
3. the ECAT SKLep switches off at a certain voltage undershoot. What voltage would that be?
4. something else?
Kind regards
Wilfried
Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Good morning Andrea,
What happens if one (1) of the EcatSKL’s in series (string) goes down, does the whole series go down, or just that one and there is only 100 watts less?
With regards
Jitse
CC:
The gravitational constant G can be defined as the square of the radius of a relativistic electron for which the ZBW radius is equal to its Schwarzschild radius and to the Planck length.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Giuseppe:
Thank you for your suggestion, but I ignore the specific requirements in those extreme situations,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Todd Burkett:
Thank you for the suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Wolfgang Traupe,
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Manuel Cilia:
1- you can reorder when you want
2- the expected lifespan od the Ecat SKLep is around 100000 hours of operation.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi
After our successful trial of the initial SK unit at our factor how quickly can we reorder more units, hopeful with a much greater volume. What sort of life span do you predict for the units with continuous use
Thank you
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Is it possible to shut down /switch off the ECat when I do not need the power and extend the life span in this way?
In the larger units In which some are turned on and some are turned off depending on the load required you could call them “quantum cat” 1k. 10k and so on!