In response to the post
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=876#comment-1699723
There is an advantage in powering down the NGU power production capability since availability of the NGU is based on up time status. The NGU should contain a unit that is always powered up to receive communications from the grid. But the unit that generates electrical power should only be active when power production is required. This strategy would extend the mean time between failure (MTBF) of the NGU. The “always on unit” should have the ability to activate the “power generation unit” when the grid decides that power production is called for. The always on unit function could be implemented inside the inverter and supported by the invertor /NGU communication protocol. As you suggest, the invertor could independently decide that the grid needs additional power production by monitoring grid power characteristics.
It seems to me that the NGU should be made smart grid capable by supporting encrypted software/ firmware download protocols so that the NGU can remain current in fielding changes in the grid environment. This includes inverter control protocol command pass through between the inverter and the NGU.
The Smart Grid is capable of doing this function. The version of the NGU that is fielded onto the grid should be designed to support flexible and secure upgrades between itself and the grid over time. This capability should be provided before the NGU is placed in service on the grid. Dr Rossi should ask the grid electrical provider about adding this capability to the NGU system inside the NGU and/or in the inverter.
In order to get the NGU out into the wild fast, that dumb version of the NGU would not be capable of this smart grid support. But any NGU that supports grid connectivity should support robust two way communication capability using PLC ( Power Line Communication protocol).
How smart grid communication works as follows:
AI Question
Can communication that can load software be sent down power lines to communicate with inverters
AI Answer
Understanding Power Line Communication – HardwareBee
Yes, it’s possible to send communication signals, including those that can load or update software (like firmware), through power lines to communicate with devices like inverters.
Here’s a breakdown:
1. Power Line Communication (PLC):
PLC is a technology that uses existing power lines to transmit data and signals, in addition to the electrical power itself.
This eliminates the need for separate communication cables and simplifies the process of connecting and managing devices, especially in remote or distributed locations.
2. How it works:
Data is modulated onto a carrier signal at a higher frequency than the power frequency (50/60 Hz) and superimposed onto the power line.
Receiving devices, like inverters equipped with PLC capabilities, can then demodulate the signal and extract the data.
This allows for two-way communication between a central control unit and the inverters.
3. Applications:
Smart grids: PLC is widely used in smart grids for communication with smart meters, monitoring and control of distributed generation systems (like solar power plants), and enabling demand response programs.
Home automation: PLC can be used to connect and control smart devices in a home, such as appliances, lighting, and thermostats.
Industrial automation: PLC can facilitate communication and control in industrial environments, connecting sensors, actuators, and other automation equipment.
4. Software updates via PLC:
PLC can be used to send firmware updates or new software to devices like inverters.
This allows for remote management, bug fixes, and feature enhancements of the inverters without the need for physical access.
In the context of solar inverters:
PLC can be utilized to monitor inverter performance, adjust settings, and even upload new firmware versions remotely, according to http://TI.com .
Important considerations:
Noise and Interference: Power lines are not ideal communication channels and can be subject to noise and interference from various sources, which can affect data transmission.
Bandwidth limitations: Power lines have limited bandwidth compared to dedicated communication channels, which may restrict the amount of data that can be transmitted.
Security: Security is important when transmitting data over power lines, as the communication can be intercepted.
Despite these challenges, PLC is a valuable technology for various applications, including communicating with inverters and other devices, particularly where using existing power lines for communication offers significant cost and deployment advantages.
I suggest that a company that designs and sells smart invertors be added to the NGU partnership.
If Dr. Rossi can get the smart grid design infrastructure to support his NGU system protocols, that would be a competitive advantage if any other power device entered the grid market.
To facilitate smart invertor instigation with the NGU system, I suggest that a smart invertor company that designs and sells smart invertors be added to the NGU partnership.
If Dr. Rossi can get the smart grid design infrastructure to support his NGU system protocols, that would be a competitive advantage if any other power device entered the grid market.
NGU would become the de facto standard in power production grid devices.
Anonymous:
Entropy is the subject of the Third Principle of Thermodynamic, along which the disorder of a system increases constantly if a force is not applied to reverse the difference of Entropy.
Now, if the Entropy increases the disorder of a system if a force is not applied to reverse the phenomenon, the probability that in a system from a constantly increasing disorder can be born, just for a case due to billions of casual combinations, an evolution that generates extremely complex systems like humans without a creative force, just casually, are much less that the probability that pouring casually a bottle of ink billions of times on a sheet of paper sooner or later will appear on the surface of the paper sheet the first page of Melville’s Moby Dick, infinitely simpler than a human being…
Warm Regards,
A.R.
While waiting for my morning shower water to get warm, it dawned on me that an on-demand hot waster heater powered by an E-Cat would save millions of gallons of expensive treated water each day.
Current on-demand hot water systems, as you probably know, use lots of natural gas and require external venting which is a problem for condo and apartment dwellers.
Looking forward to a more comfortable and convenient shower experience for us all. 🙂
Thank you for your hard work. Wishing you the best of good luck.
Dear axil,
dropping a bit of knowledge here: there is no need to “turn off” the ecat for grid applications, the power generation is controlled by the frequency. The ecat can always be on (afaik it is a DC source), then the inverter that converts that into AC needs to have a logic that, from the frequency of the mains, will “decide” how much power to inject into the grid (e.g. 100% if 49.9Hz or 0% if 50.1Hz).
This is how all the generating plants are synchronized in base of the demand. When the frequency goes too low, then an additional plant needs to be added.
Inertia is also another important factor that I don’t know much about, but I do know there are voltage fluctuations and frequency oscillations happening already… there are a lots of things to consider for a comprehensive solution. Interesting times ahead!
Dr. Rossi,
There will clearly be an immediate market for Commercial Off-The-Shelf ECat based Power Stations– from portable sized (100W and up) to whole-house-sized (5kW and up)– is it your thought that your current partner will produce those, or Leonardo, or someone else?
No redesign of the NGU is required. There are a class of inverters known as solar hybrid inverters that already do this function. The hybrid inverters can be used with or without an energy storage battery. With a battery they can handle extra power demands when the Grid is down. They also handle all the safety requirements required before one directly connects to the Grid. They also support remote system performance monitoring.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
I read today your story on http://www.ingandrearossi.com
Impressive and inspiring resiliency story.
Thank you for your hard work,
Anthony
Dear Axil,
The problems that you address are both real and unreal.
By producing 3 variants:
a. 12V DC
b. 12V DC to 110V 60 Hz AC
c. 12V DC to 240V 50 Hz AC
The largest part of the world market will be covered.
The enormous size of the markets means that these few variants will not be a problem to adapt.
For most users, the existing network, is relevant to be as little dependent as possible.
This is precisely where E-Cat has its extreme and primary advantage.
That E-Cat delivers the current power that users need for their existing electrical appliances must be the first priority.
Price-wise, it will probably be advantageous to acquire E-Cat capacity that is just below the maximum need for those who have an available network.
If this is the case, network owners will probably have to adapt so that they can receive surpluses from the locally installed E-Cats and supply electricity when the existing E-Cats do not cover the immediate needs.
Today’s electricity producers/network owners solve several problems by installing E-Cats at their homes “free of charge” for users:
1. The need for network capacity is significantly reduced. Existing networks become sufficient.
2. Increased electricity demand can easily be met without the need for network expansions.
3. Increased electricity demand will hardly be met more cheaply and quickly from sources other than E-Cat.
4. Here both electricity suppliers and electricity users will benefit.
For users with E-Cat, there will be a dramatic improvement in the security of supply.
E-Cat becomes a backup unit in the event of a failure in electricity production or the network.
For most people, in a modern society, this will be of crucial importance.
Regards: Svein
Dear Dr Rossi
Let me do the devil’s lawyer.
What if the major energy provider will acquire the majority of the quotes of the society and it will decise to build ecats only for their own power centrals? Have you protected the normal people in the way that everybody will be able to purchase the units making this invention available for everybody?
From what I can understand, there are four organizations now involved in the commercialization of the E-Cat: Leonardo Corp, the manufacturing group, the financial fund, and the power production group.
Will a new organization with a new name be formed to bring the E-Cat to market?
The grid will eventually become a mechanism that eliminates the need for batteries to buffer electrical power production. This will save the world gigatons of lithium production and expense. It would be wise to design a NGU interface control where the grid decides when the NGU produces power for use on the grid. Dr Rossi should think about supplying a remotely controllable on/off switch and an associated control based protocol for the NGU. If fact, it might be wise for DR Rossi to enter into a dialog immediately with his grid based partner to think about load leveling power production using NGUs that are connected to the grid.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi
Your last two interviews on Youtube and Ecatworld are inspiring.
Returning to the press conference after the race of Latina you said that Entropy colud give evidence of a superior Entity, or, in other words, of the existence of God. Can you explain better ?
axil:
About your comment at 6:07 pm:
I agree.
Actually, I am myself surprised about how much the A.I. is helping me in my R&D job: it makes me save a lot of time, that’s what is happening.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
axil :
about your comment of 6:31 pm
Thank you for your investigation, to be thought about.
I think the solution should be that the Customer buys independently an inverter contingent with the local standards,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
AI Question
Is there an invertor that can meet worldwide voltage standards dynamically given input of 12 volt DC electric power.
AI Answer
While a single inverter that dynamically adapts to all worldwide voltage standards from a 12V DC input isn’t readily available as a common off-the-shelf product, here’s a breakdown of the situation and potential solutions:
Understanding the Challenge
Global AC Voltage and Frequency Differences: Different countries utilize varying AC voltages (e.g., 110-120V in North America, 220-240V in Europe and Asia) and frequencies (50Hz or 60Hz).
Standard Inverters are Region Specific: Most DC-to-AC inverters are designed for a particular region’s voltage and frequency. You’ll typically find 12V to 110V or 12V to 230V inverters.
Why a Universal Inverter Is Complex
Transformer Requirements: Achieving different output voltages often requires transformers to step up or down the voltage, adding to the size, weight, and complexity of the inverter.
Frequency Adjustment: Dynamically adjusting the output frequency (50Hz or 60Hz) would involve more sophisticated circuitry.
Possible Approaches (Not as a Single Product)
Separate Inverter and Voltage Converter:
Use a standard 12V DC to 110V AC (or 230V AC) inverter.
Then, use a step-up/step-down voltage converter (transformer) as needed for the specific country you’re in.
Benefit: Allows for voltage adjustment, though not fully dynamic.
Drawback: Involves two devices.
Multi-Output Inverter (Emerging Technology):
Research is ongoing into inverters capable of handling multiple output voltages from a single DC input.
These inverters, designed for EV applications, for example, could potentially be adapted to address different global voltage standards in the future.
Benefit: May eventually provide a more integrated solution.
Drawback: Not yet widely available as a consumer product.
Key Considerations if You Need a Travel-Friendly Power Solution
Power Requirements: Determine the wattage your devices need.
Safety Standards: Ensure any inverter or converter you choose meets safety regulations for your intended use.
In Conclusion
While a single 12V DC to dynamically adaptable worldwide AC voltage inverter is not a common product, a combination of a standard inverter and a voltage converter might offer the best current solution for your needs. Keep an eye on advancements in inverter technology, as multi-output or programmable inverters might offer a more integrated solution in the future.
It seems to me that meeting the AC voltage standard throughout the world is a pressing issue that might cause problems in the fielding of the NGU. For example, if the AC voltage inverter function is implemented within the NGU product, maintaining plug and play after the sale, growth based modularity would be difficult in meeting with an additional increase in power production in the customers configuration after the initial setup of the system. To implement such growth modularity while at the same time meeting all the variations in voltage standards throughout the world would require a very sophisticated an expensive inverter design. The cost entailed in such a complicated design would make the NGU more expensive than it might needs to be.
It might be better to keep the inverter as a separate and independent functional unit outside the design of the NGU system. But in this approach, the user would need to know what his requirements are so that his system meets the specifications that his system must conform to at any point in the lifetime of his system.
Customer support in this functionally independent inverter functional approach would place a user’s sales and interface definition burden on the customer support function that is to be provided at an even after the sale of the NGU system.
I asked the AI its opinion on these system engineering based inverter tradeoff issues as follows:
This is a complex issue with valid points on both sides, regarding whether to integrate the AC voltage inverter within the NGU (Never Give Up) or keep it as a separate, independent unit.
Arguments for Separating the Inverter:
Cost and Complexity: Integrating a highly sophisticated, globally compatible inverter capable of handling diverse voltage standards (e.g., 110V, 220V, 230V and different frequencies like 50Hz and 60Hz) would significantly increase the NGU’s cost and complexity, potentially making it less competitive.
Plug-and-Play Challenges: Meeting diverse voltage standards and ensuring plug-and-play functionality across the world with a built-in inverter would pose significant design and logistical hurdles.
Modularity and Scalability: If the inverter is integrated, scaling the NGU’s power output after the initial setup could be challenging due to the fixed capacity and voltage limitations of the built-in inverter. A separate inverter provides greater flexibility for system expansion.
Arguments for Integrating the Inverter (or Partial Integration):
Simplified User Experience: A fully integrated system, if achievable, could simplify the user experience by reducing the need for users to understand and select compatible inverters, and could minimize potential compatibility issues.
Potential for Optimized Performance: With the inverter designed specifically for the NGU, it might be possible to optimize performance and efficiency.
Reduced Footprint: Integration could lead to a more compact system with a smaller overall footprint.
Concerns with the Separate Inverter Approach:
User Knowledge and Responsibility: Users would need sufficient technical knowledge to select an appropriate inverter that matches their voltage requirements and desired power output, potentially increasing the risk of improper system configuration.
Customer Support Burden: Customer support would need to guide users in inverter selection, system design, and troubleshooting, potentially increasing the support workload.
Potential for Compatibility Issues: Ensuring seamless compatibility between the NGU and a wide range of third-party inverters could be a challenge.
Potential Solutions and Trade-offs:
Modular Inverter Integration: The NGU could incorporate a modular inverter interface, allowing users to select from a range of compatible inverter modules that meet their specific voltage and power requirements, providing some flexibility.
User-Friendly Selection Tools: Develop user-friendly tools (e.g., online calculators, configurators) to help users choose compatible inverters based on their NGU configuration and local voltage standards.
Strong Customer Support Resources: Invest in well-trained customer support teams capable of providing clear guidance on inverter selection, system integration, and troubleshooting.
Conclusion:
The decision of whether to integrate the inverter within the NGU or keep it separate depends on the specific design goals, target market, and available resources. There is no one-size-fits-all solution. A well-balanced approach that prioritizes cost, complexity, user experience, and customer support is crucial.
PS: I was impressed by the wisdom shown by the AI with regards to this issue. Do you have an opinion on this issue?
I expect that you will be keen that a major energy supplier install a significant working bank of Ecats and paying their way as soon as possible. This will demonstrate Ecat reliability and serve as good promotion. Do you think that this might happen ahead of current order deliveries, or that the energy supplier will receive ecats in parallel with current orders?
Greg Smith:
2- not necessarily
3- yes
4- yes, in due time
5- just connect a resistance to the Ecat
6- will not depend on me, but I suppose yes
7- I suppose yes
8- same as in 7
9- understood
10- same as in 7
11- a. the due time, b. also, c. nonsense
12- yes
13- no
14- I do not understand what you mean
15- it’s on its way
16- only God can save the world
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. Why ?
2. The Ecat can also be connected to the inverterat a distance, depending on the specific situations
3. It depends on the specific situations
4. It depends on the specific situation
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Just some speculations and questions about how the E-Cat revolution may unfold:
1. E-Cat’s impact may evolve in three or four phases. Phase 1. Crush legacy energy (O&G, coal, nukes, LNG, wind, solar) including batteries. With the first shipments announcements and then when the watt displacement gets serious. All LENR boats will rise then too – a rush by investors to join the LENR party. Phase 2. Vertical application explosion – planes, trains and automobiles, robots, drones, heavy equipment. appliances, laptops, phones Phase 3. Excess energy apps – desal, water from humidity. Indoor farming etc
2. Building gigawatt (for example) power stations with E-Cat will be a great business, but distributed E-Cats may benefit humanity more. Agreed?
3. How do the victims of energy poverty get access to E-Cat energy? Could there be price or availability incentives to buyers who pay for some ECat going to the poor?
4. Will there be consumer and commercial versions of E-Cat? Genset (e.g. Generac) functionality may be plug-and-play for many applications (e.g. food trucks, camping etc.) Many installations will require engineering and electricians.
5. Is a thermal E-Cat planned? 50% of energy on the planet is thermal.
6. Do you think there will be price issues down the road where some one will not bring using the energy from ECat or using very little, and some one else will be using every single watt it produces and they will pay the same price? It can be abused with greed but charging based on usage could make sense. It may be that each E-Cat will have a finite amount of electricity production – e.g. 100K hours – so that will take care of this issue.
7. Will E-Cat offer ‘maintenance’ for phone support and hot swap repair? For example, if an E-Cat fails, we will replace it with an overnight shipment.
8. Will there be a trusted advisor or reseller program to incentivize businesses to promote E-Cat? People don’t like change. They will rely on trusted advisors for recommendations.
9. How much thought and resources is the E-Cat team giving to building the E-Cat brand? Competition and commoditization are almost guaranteed. Branding is not a logo, but establishing E-Cat as the smartest, safest way to access low-cost energy for one’s life and family! Branding is about focusing on what the product gives the customers.
10. What is the target production count for 10-watt E-Cats this year? Once the first factory is operational, what’s the target weekly unit production? For example, if the US’s peak electrical usage is 1.3 terawatts; after say, 3 years, is ECat production, as a comparison, how many watts will be produced? @ 1M 5 kW units / month will be about 1.5% of the US usage after 3 years
11. Are we concerned that obtaining factory robots may take a long time? Will E-Cat help power the factory? We E-Cat eats is own dog food? 🙂
12. How long before a retailer like Walmart will be selling a consumer version of E-Cat?
13. Normally, with a product like E-Cat manufacturer would put a few thousand in the field to test how they perform in a variety of environments and make modifications before ramping up for full-scale production. Is your confidence in E-Cat such that it does not need a test run like this?
14. From a supply chain point of view, we will have ready access to the parts and resources needed to make E-Cats, right?
15. When is the second factory targeted?
16. What are the primary milestones that will indicate that E-Cat is saving the world?
Dear Dr. Rossi,
could you say from which countries your partners are? or at least from which continent?
Especially i am interested in more information about the electric power producer…
Warm regards
Reiner M.
Dr. Rossi,
here is a report I made with AI Perplexity on your recent video interview:
Report: “Preparing For E-Cat Production – Interview with Andrea Rossi” (May 12, 2025)
Introduction
This report summarizes the key points from the YouTube interview titled “Preparing For E-Cat Production: Interview with Andrea Rossi” published on May 12, 2025.
The interview discusses recent developments in the E-Cat technology, the results of recent testing, and plans for upcoming production and commercialization.
Recent Developments and Testing
Andrea Rossi reported that, together with his new partners, he conducted several days of important meetings and prototype tests from May 4 to May 7, 2025.
The tests, which took place in Rossi’s laboratory, involved various E-Cat module assemblies, ranging from 10 watts up to a maximum of 5 kilowatts.
The results were described as successful, increasing Rossi’s confidence in starting deliveries within 2025.
The modular nature of the E-Cat, compared to “Lego bricks,” allows for flexible assembly sizes to suit different needs.
Partnership Structure
Rossi explained that his partnership group consists of three main entities:
A manufacturer responsible for production,
A financial sector partner (a fund),
An electricity provider that already distributes electricity and plans to integrate E-Cat technology into the grid.
This structure is designed to facilitate both the manufacturing and distribution of E-Cat units, potentially operating in a model similar to a power station by supplying electricity directly to the grid.
Design and Production Plans
While the internal design of the E-Cat is finalized, the external aesthetic design may be assigned to a professional designer to enhance its appeal. For safety and warranty reasons, the internal components will be sealed and not accessible to customers.
Production will rely heavily on robotics to maintain competitive pricing and efficiency. The manufacturing partner has expertise in robotics, which is considered essential for large-scale, cost-effective production. Despite automation, Rossi emphasized that many skilled jobs will be created, as workers are needed to operate and manage robotic systems.
Global Manufacturing and Employment
The plan includes establishing manufacturing centers in the US, Europe, and Asia, necessitating the hiring of personnel in all regions. Interested candidates are encouraged to send applications via email, which will be forwarded to the relevant departments.
Production Timeline and Pre-orders
Rossi confirmed that deliveries are expected to begin in 2025, but fulfilling all pre-orders may extend beyond this year. He refrained from giving a specific timeline for completing all orders, citing the need to avoid over-promising.
Pricing and Future Prospects
Rossi anticipates that, like most electronic products, the price of E-Cat units will decrease over time due to economies of scale and technological advancements. He clarified that while E-Cat uses microchips, it is not produced in the same way as computer chips; instead, microchips are sourced and then integrated into the product.
Team Sentiment and Personal Reflections
The mood among Rossi and his partners is described as very excited and optimistic. Rossi, who has worked on E-Cat technology for over 20 years, expressed personal satisfaction and vitality, attributing his enduring motivation to the project’s progress.
Conclusion
The interview highlights significant progress toward the commercial production of E-Cat technology, with successful prototype testing, a robust partnership structure, and clear plans for manufacturing and distribution. While challenges remain in scaling up production and fulfilling pre-orders, Rossi and his team are optimistic about launching deliveries in 2025 and expanding globally.
Concerning eCat NGU technology and integration with solar panels:
1. Do you envision an NGU unit that mechanically mounts with or near the solar panel? (exterior environment – like a roof or ground stand)
2. Or, does the NGU unit mount near the solar inverter (excluding solar panel micro-inverters)? – The solar inverter is assumed to physically be near the main panel or sub-panel.
3. Will your NGU units work directly with a micro-inverter?
4. Are there technical compatibility issues with the NGU units and the MPPT function of the inverter?
I just watched the latest interview with Frank. Thank you both for a great update on the progress.
Andrea, after these many years of steadily working on this, you really deserve this success!
I can imagine how exciting this must be for you!!
Best wishes for the future!
1. Will the manufacturer produce e-cats for the electricity provider only?
2. If not then will the manufacurer produce e-cats to home users and the electricity provider?
Hello A.R.
I just saw Frank’s new interview with you. I’m glad you’re doing well and that everything is going according to plan.
1. Regarding the interior of the ECAT:
Could you perhaps post a photo of the interior where the components to be protected are censored and only the electronics are visible, which includes every electronic device anyway. Transformer, circuit board, resistors, etc.
2. You said that accidents could occur when opening it. Could the vacuum chamber be impelled if something like that exists?
Dr Rossi,
Will all the pre-orders be transferred to the Partner ?
Will the price accepted in the pre-orders remain unchanged ?
Will the preorders respect the priority based on their dates ?
Cheers
Ambrogio
/P:
1- normally yes
2- The manufacturer will deal with this issue
3- You can install your solar cell system now. Eventually should be possible to integrate it with the Ecat system
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Rossi,
I have some questions regarding the ECAT units in combination with solar cell systems:
1. Will it be possible to connect ECAT (with the correct voltage configuration) to a standard inverter used for solar panels?
2. Will you launch a ready-made solution or recommendation for ECAT in combination with inverters that will be approved for use in the EU?
3. Solar panels have a long payback period in the latitudes where I live. For inverters connected to the public grid, it is currently required to have solar cells. Unfortunately, I think it will take a long time before a pure ECAT solution is approved to connect to the public grid. Do you think it is inappropriate to install a solar cell system today in order to be ready to connect ECAT when production and delivery take place?
Looking forward to a fantastic year!
Best regards
/P
It is important to protect trade secrets and build a solid IP-strategy.
Trade secrets are used as a tool and part of an IP-strategy to secure ownership of the intellectual and intangible poperty (IP) of a company.
However, it is not enough to simply claim that something is a trade secret. Reasonable measures for confidentiality must be taken.
Trade secrets are typically innovative and technical information. They can also be processes or methods that give you a commercial advantage, as well as test results with negative results that are kept secret within the company. Other examples of trade secrets can be know-how, recipes, technical drawings, customer lists, test results, lab results and project plans.
In the Trade Secrets Act, trade secrets are defined as:
a) secret in the sense that the information is not, as a whole or as it is compiled or arranged, generally known or readily available
b) has commercial value because it is secret
c) the holder has taken reasonable steps to keep it secret
Trade secrets are different from patents in an IP strategy
Unlike patents, trademark registration and design protection, trade secrets are not registered or made public. They are protected through secrecy, for example in the form of confidentiality agreements and, physical or technical/digital barriers.
Trade secrets are indeed worth considering for ideas and technically innovative solutions for which it is not desirable to apply for a patent, for example if the patentability conditions are not met. A patent is the opposite of secret. Rather, it is an announcement to the public in exchange for a time-limited exclusive right to prevent others from using the invention.
Although patents protect technical solutions for twenty years, in some cases it can be advantageous to keep the information to yourself. In many cases it is also business-critical to do so.
In economic terms, it can be cheaper to protect IP as a trade secret than to apply for a patent, but the decisive factor should be to find out what is the most appropriate protection.
The place of trade secrets in a good IP strategy
The advantages of secrecy are obvious. By keeping something secret, you ensure that only your own company can use the secret and get commercial value from it. A particularly important advantage of trade secrets is that they give a company a potentially unlimited period of exclusivity.
A strategy based on trade secrets has served Coca-Cola well for over 130 years, for example.
In certain cases, it can be a good strategy to patent the product itself, while keeping the production process or methods secret. In this way, patents and trade secrets can complement each other and constitute a robust IP strategy.
Unlike patents, trade secrets can remain protected as long as the information remains secret, potentially forever. This can be particularly valuable for companies with long-term research and development programs, or who have product lines with a long shelf life.
To meet the legal requirements of being a trade secret, it can be crucial to have an established routine for how trade secrets should be treated in order to be considered confidential.
An IP strategy will often need to include good routines for identifying and preserving trade secrets, often in combination with other IP tools, such as patents, trademarks and designs.
Regards: Svein
In response to the post
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=876#comment-1699723
There is an advantage in powering down the NGU power production capability since availability of the NGU is based on up time status. The NGU should contain a unit that is always powered up to receive communications from the grid. But the unit that generates electrical power should only be active when power production is required. This strategy would extend the mean time between failure (MTBF) of the NGU. The “always on unit” should have the ability to activate the “power generation unit” when the grid decides that power production is called for. The always on unit function could be implemented inside the inverter and supported by the invertor /NGU communication protocol. As you suggest, the invertor could independently decide that the grid needs additional power production by monitoring grid power characteristics.
It seems to me that the NGU should be made smart grid capable by supporting encrypted software/ firmware download protocols so that the NGU can remain current in fielding changes in the grid environment. This includes inverter control protocol command pass through between the inverter and the NGU.
The Smart Grid is capable of doing this function. The version of the NGU that is fielded onto the grid should be designed to support flexible and secure upgrades between itself and the grid over time. This capability should be provided before the NGU is placed in service on the grid. Dr Rossi should ask the grid electrical provider about adding this capability to the NGU system inside the NGU and/or in the inverter.
In order to get the NGU out into the wild fast, that dumb version of the NGU would not be capable of this smart grid support. But any NGU that supports grid connectivity should support robust two way communication capability using PLC ( Power Line Communication protocol).
How smart grid communication works as follows:
AI Question
Can communication that can load software be sent down power lines to communicate with inverters
AI Answer
Understanding Power Line Communication – HardwareBee
https://hardwarebee.com/understanding-power-line-communication/
Yes, it’s possible to send communication signals, including those that can load or update software (like firmware), through power lines to communicate with devices like inverters.
Here’s a breakdown:
1. Power Line Communication (PLC):
PLC is a technology that uses existing power lines to transmit data and signals, in addition to the electrical power itself.
This eliminates the need for separate communication cables and simplifies the process of connecting and managing devices, especially in remote or distributed locations.
2. How it works:
Data is modulated onto a carrier signal at a higher frequency than the power frequency (50/60 Hz) and superimposed onto the power line.
Receiving devices, like inverters equipped with PLC capabilities, can then demodulate the signal and extract the data.
This allows for two-way communication between a central control unit and the inverters.
3. Applications:
Smart grids: PLC is widely used in smart grids for communication with smart meters, monitoring and control of distributed generation systems (like solar power plants), and enabling demand response programs.
Home automation: PLC can be used to connect and control smart devices in a home, such as appliances, lighting, and thermostats.
Industrial automation: PLC can facilitate communication and control in industrial environments, connecting sensors, actuators, and other automation equipment.
4. Software updates via PLC:
PLC can be used to send firmware updates or new software to devices like inverters.
This allows for remote management, bug fixes, and feature enhancements of the inverters without the need for physical access.
In the context of solar inverters:
PLC can be utilized to monitor inverter performance, adjust settings, and even upload new firmware versions remotely, according to http://TI.com .
Important considerations:
Noise and Interference: Power lines are not ideal communication channels and can be subject to noise and interference from various sources, which can affect data transmission.
Bandwidth limitations: Power lines have limited bandwidth compared to dedicated communication channels, which may restrict the amount of data that can be transmitted.
Security: Security is important when transmitting data over power lines, as the communication can be intercepted.
Despite these challenges, PLC is a valuable technology for various applications, including communicating with inverters and other devices, particularly where using existing power lines for communication offers significant cost and deployment advantages.
I suggest that a company that designs and sells smart invertors be added to the NGU partnership.
If Dr. Rossi can get the smart grid design infrastructure to support his NGU system protocols, that would be a competitive advantage if any other power device entered the grid market.
To facilitate smart invertor instigation with the NGU system, I suggest that a smart invertor company that designs and sells smart invertors be added to the NGU partnership.
If Dr. Rossi can get the smart grid design infrastructure to support his NGU system protocols, that would be a competitive advantage if any other power device entered the grid market.
NGU would become the de facto standard in power production grid devices.
Anonymous:
Entropy is the subject of the Third Principle of Thermodynamic, along which the disorder of a system increases constantly if a force is not applied to reverse the difference of Entropy.
Now, if the Entropy increases the disorder of a system if a force is not applied to reverse the phenomenon, the probability that in a system from a constantly increasing disorder can be born, just for a case due to billions of casual combinations, an evolution that generates extremely complex systems like humans without a creative force, just casually, are much less that the probability that pouring casually a bottle of ink billions of times on a sheet of paper sooner or later will appear on the surface of the paper sheet the first page of Melville’s Moby Dick, infinitely simpler than a human being…
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Frank Acland:
This decision will not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Stefano:
The interest of our Partner is to produce as much units as possible: more sales, more profits.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Anthony:
Thank you for your suppport,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
WaltC:
The manufacturing will be made by the Partner,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Daniel G. Zavela:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
While waiting for my morning shower water to get warm, it dawned on me that an on-demand hot waster heater powered by an E-Cat would save millions of gallons of expensive treated water each day.
Current on-demand hot water systems, as you probably know, use lots of natural gas and require external venting which is a problem for condo and apartment dwellers.
Looking forward to a more comfortable and convenient shower experience for us all. 🙂
Thank you for your hard work. Wishing you the best of good luck.
Best Regards,
Daniel G. Zavela
Dear axil,
dropping a bit of knowledge here: there is no need to “turn off” the ecat for grid applications, the power generation is controlled by the frequency. The ecat can always be on (afaik it is a DC source), then the inverter that converts that into AC needs to have a logic that, from the frequency of the mains, will “decide” how much power to inject into the grid (e.g. 100% if 49.9Hz or 0% if 50.1Hz).
This is how all the generating plants are synchronized in base of the demand. When the frequency goes too low, then an additional plant needs to be added.
Inertia is also another important factor that I don’t know much about, but I do know there are voltage fluctuations and frequency oscillations happening already… there are a lots of things to consider for a comprehensive solution. Interesting times ahead!
Regards
Dr. Rossi,
There will clearly be an immediate market for Commercial Off-The-Shelf ECat based Power Stations– from portable sized (100W and up) to whole-house-sized (5kW and up)– is it your thought that your current partner will produce those, or Leonardo, or someone else?
Best Wishes,
WaltC
Axil,
No redesign of the NGU is required. There are a class of inverters known as solar hybrid inverters that already do this function. The hybrid inverters can be used with or without an energy storage battery. With a battery they can handle extra power demands when the Grid is down. They also handle all the safety requirements required before one directly connects to the Grid. They also support remote system performance monitoring.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
I read today your story on
http://www.ingandrearossi.com
Impressive and inspiring resiliency story.
Thank you for your hard work,
Anthony
Dear Axil,
The problems that you address are both real and unreal.
By producing 3 variants:
a. 12V DC
b. 12V DC to 110V 60 Hz AC
c. 12V DC to 240V 50 Hz AC
The largest part of the world market will be covered.
The enormous size of the markets means that these few variants will not be a problem to adapt.
For most users, the existing network, is relevant to be as little dependent as possible.
This is precisely where E-Cat has its extreme and primary advantage.
That E-Cat delivers the current power that users need for their existing electrical appliances must be the first priority.
Price-wise, it will probably be advantageous to acquire E-Cat capacity that is just below the maximum need for those who have an available network.
If this is the case, network owners will probably have to adapt so that they can receive surpluses from the locally installed E-Cats and supply electricity when the existing E-Cats do not cover the immediate needs.
Today’s electricity producers/network owners solve several problems by installing E-Cats at their homes “free of charge” for users:
1. The need for network capacity is significantly reduced. Existing networks become sufficient.
2. Increased electricity demand can easily be met without the need for network expansions.
3. Increased electricity demand will hardly be met more cheaply and quickly from sources other than E-Cat.
4. Here both electricity suppliers and electricity users will benefit.
For users with E-Cat, there will be a dramatic improvement in the security of supply.
E-Cat becomes a backup unit in the event of a failure in electricity production or the network.
For most people, in a modern society, this will be of crucial importance.
Regards: Svein
Dear Dr Rossi
Let me do the devil’s lawyer.
What if the major energy provider will acquire the majority of the quotes of the society and it will decise to build ecats only for their own power centrals? Have you protected the normal people in the way that everybody will be able to purchase the units making this invention available for everybody?
Dear Andrea,
From what I can understand, there are four organizations now involved in the commercialization of the E-Cat: Leonardo Corp, the manufacturing group, the financial fund, and the power production group.
Will a new organization with a new name be formed to bring the E-Cat to market?
Best wishes,
Frank Acland
The grid will eventually become a mechanism that eliminates the need for batteries to buffer electrical power production. This will save the world gigatons of lithium production and expense. It would be wise to design a NGU interface control where the grid decides when the NGU produces power for use on the grid. Dr Rossi should think about supplying a remotely controllable on/off switch and an associated control based protocol for the NGU. If fact, it might be wise for DR Rossi to enter into a dialog immediately with his grid based partner to think about load leveling power production using NGUs that are connected to the grid.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi
Your last two interviews on Youtube and Ecatworld are inspiring.
Returning to the press conference after the race of Latina you said that Entropy colud give evidence of a superior Entity, or, in other words, of the existence of God. Can you explain better ?
Steve D:
In parallel,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
axil:
About your comment at 6:07 pm:
I agree.
Actually, I am myself surprised about how much the A.I. is helping me in my R&D job: it makes me save a lot of time, that’s what is happening.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
axil :
about your comment of 6:31 pm
Thank you for your investigation, to be thought about.
I think the solution should be that the Customer buys independently an inverter contingent with the local standards,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Ambrogio:
Congratulations !
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
to read the publication
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
is like to travel in the future.
I have been able to replicate the experiment reported in the paragraphs 6 and 7 !
Cheers
Ambrogio
AI Question
Is there an invertor that can meet worldwide voltage standards dynamically given input of 12 volt DC electric power.
AI Answer
While a single inverter that dynamically adapts to all worldwide voltage standards from a 12V DC input isn’t readily available as a common off-the-shelf product, here’s a breakdown of the situation and potential solutions:
Understanding the Challenge
Global AC Voltage and Frequency Differences: Different countries utilize varying AC voltages (e.g., 110-120V in North America, 220-240V in Europe and Asia) and frequencies (50Hz or 60Hz).
Standard Inverters are Region Specific: Most DC-to-AC inverters are designed for a particular region’s voltage and frequency. You’ll typically find 12V to 110V or 12V to 230V inverters.
Why a Universal Inverter Is Complex
Transformer Requirements: Achieving different output voltages often requires transformers to step up or down the voltage, adding to the size, weight, and complexity of the inverter.
Frequency Adjustment: Dynamically adjusting the output frequency (50Hz or 60Hz) would involve more sophisticated circuitry.
Possible Approaches (Not as a Single Product)
Separate Inverter and Voltage Converter:
Use a standard 12V DC to 110V AC (or 230V AC) inverter.
Then, use a step-up/step-down voltage converter (transformer) as needed for the specific country you’re in.
Benefit: Allows for voltage adjustment, though not fully dynamic.
Drawback: Involves two devices.
Multi-Output Inverter (Emerging Technology):
Research is ongoing into inverters capable of handling multiple output voltages from a single DC input.
These inverters, designed for EV applications, for example, could potentially be adapted to address different global voltage standards in the future.
Benefit: May eventually provide a more integrated solution.
Drawback: Not yet widely available as a consumer product.
Key Considerations if You Need a Travel-Friendly Power Solution
Power Requirements: Determine the wattage your devices need.
Safety Standards: Ensure any inverter or converter you choose meets safety regulations for your intended use.
In Conclusion
While a single 12V DC to dynamically adaptable worldwide AC voltage inverter is not a common product, a combination of a standard inverter and a voltage converter might offer the best current solution for your needs. Keep an eye on advancements in inverter technology, as multi-output or programmable inverters might offer a more integrated solution in the future.
It seems to me that meeting the AC voltage standard throughout the world is a pressing issue that might cause problems in the fielding of the NGU. For example, if the AC voltage inverter function is implemented within the NGU product, maintaining plug and play after the sale, growth based modularity would be difficult in meeting with an additional increase in power production in the customers configuration after the initial setup of the system. To implement such growth modularity while at the same time meeting all the variations in voltage standards throughout the world would require a very sophisticated an expensive inverter design. The cost entailed in such a complicated design would make the NGU more expensive than it might needs to be.
It might be better to keep the inverter as a separate and independent functional unit outside the design of the NGU system. But in this approach, the user would need to know what his requirements are so that his system meets the specifications that his system must conform to at any point in the lifetime of his system.
Customer support in this functionally independent inverter functional approach would place a user’s sales and interface definition burden on the customer support function that is to be provided at an even after the sale of the NGU system.
I asked the AI its opinion on these system engineering based inverter tradeoff issues as follows:
This is a complex issue with valid points on both sides, regarding whether to integrate the AC voltage inverter within the NGU (Never Give Up) or keep it as a separate, independent unit.
Arguments for Separating the Inverter:
Cost and Complexity: Integrating a highly sophisticated, globally compatible inverter capable of handling diverse voltage standards (e.g., 110V, 220V, 230V and different frequencies like 50Hz and 60Hz) would significantly increase the NGU’s cost and complexity, potentially making it less competitive.
Plug-and-Play Challenges: Meeting diverse voltage standards and ensuring plug-and-play functionality across the world with a built-in inverter would pose significant design and logistical hurdles.
Modularity and Scalability: If the inverter is integrated, scaling the NGU’s power output after the initial setup could be challenging due to the fixed capacity and voltage limitations of the built-in inverter. A separate inverter provides greater flexibility for system expansion.
Arguments for Integrating the Inverter (or Partial Integration):
Simplified User Experience: A fully integrated system, if achievable, could simplify the user experience by reducing the need for users to understand and select compatible inverters, and could minimize potential compatibility issues.
Potential for Optimized Performance: With the inverter designed specifically for the NGU, it might be possible to optimize performance and efficiency.
Reduced Footprint: Integration could lead to a more compact system with a smaller overall footprint.
Concerns with the Separate Inverter Approach:
User Knowledge and Responsibility: Users would need sufficient technical knowledge to select an appropriate inverter that matches their voltage requirements and desired power output, potentially increasing the risk of improper system configuration.
Customer Support Burden: Customer support would need to guide users in inverter selection, system design, and troubleshooting, potentially increasing the support workload.
Potential for Compatibility Issues: Ensuring seamless compatibility between the NGU and a wide range of third-party inverters could be a challenge.
Potential Solutions and Trade-offs:
Modular Inverter Integration: The NGU could incorporate a modular inverter interface, allowing users to select from a range of compatible inverter modules that meet their specific voltage and power requirements, providing some flexibility.
User-Friendly Selection Tools: Develop user-friendly tools (e.g., online calculators, configurators) to help users choose compatible inverters based on their NGU configuration and local voltage standards.
Strong Customer Support Resources: Invest in well-trained customer support teams capable of providing clear guidance on inverter selection, system integration, and troubleshooting.
Conclusion:
The decision of whether to integrate the inverter within the NGU or keep it separate depends on the specific design goals, target market, and available resources. There is no one-size-fits-all solution. A well-balanced approach that prioritizes cost, complexity, user experience, and customer support is crucial.
PS: I was impressed by the wisdom shown by the AI with regards to this issue. Do you have an opinion on this issue?
Dear Andrea Rossi
I expect that you will be keen that a major energy supplier install a significant working bank of Ecats and paying their way as soon as possible. This will demonstrate Ecat reliability and serve as good promotion. Do you think that this might happen ahead of current order deliveries, or that the energy supplier will receive ecats in parallel with current orders?
Thank you
Greg Smith:
2- not necessarily
3- yes
4- yes, in due time
5- just connect a resistance to the Ecat
6- will not depend on me, but I suppose yes
7- I suppose yes
8- same as in 7
9- understood
10- same as in 7
11- a. the due time, b. also, c. nonsense
12- yes
13- no
14- I do not understand what you mean
15- it’s on its way
16- only God can save the world
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Reiner M.:
No
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Italo R.:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. Why ?
2. The Ecat can also be connected to the inverterat a distance, depending on the specific situations
3. It depends on the specific situations
4. It depends on the specific situation
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Viggo:
Thank you for your kind support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Lajos Kelemen:
1. no
2. yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Just some speculations and questions about how the E-Cat revolution may unfold:
1. E-Cat’s impact may evolve in three or four phases. Phase 1. Crush legacy energy (O&G, coal, nukes, LNG, wind, solar) including batteries. With the first shipments announcements and then when the watt displacement gets serious. All LENR boats will rise then too – a rush by investors to join the LENR party. Phase 2. Vertical application explosion – planes, trains and automobiles, robots, drones, heavy equipment. appliances, laptops, phones Phase 3. Excess energy apps – desal, water from humidity. Indoor farming etc
2. Building gigawatt (for example) power stations with E-Cat will be a great business, but distributed E-Cats may benefit humanity more. Agreed?
3. How do the victims of energy poverty get access to E-Cat energy? Could there be price or availability incentives to buyers who pay for some ECat going to the poor?
4. Will there be consumer and commercial versions of E-Cat? Genset (e.g. Generac) functionality may be plug-and-play for many applications (e.g. food trucks, camping etc.) Many installations will require engineering and electricians.
5. Is a thermal E-Cat planned? 50% of energy on the planet is thermal.
6. Do you think there will be price issues down the road where some one will not bring using the energy from ECat or using very little, and some one else will be using every single watt it produces and they will pay the same price? It can be abused with greed but charging based on usage could make sense. It may be that each E-Cat will have a finite amount of electricity production – e.g. 100K hours – so that will take care of this issue.
7. Will E-Cat offer ‘maintenance’ for phone support and hot swap repair? For example, if an E-Cat fails, we will replace it with an overnight shipment.
8. Will there be a trusted advisor or reseller program to incentivize businesses to promote E-Cat? People don’t like change. They will rely on trusted advisors for recommendations.
9. How much thought and resources is the E-Cat team giving to building the E-Cat brand? Competition and commoditization are almost guaranteed. Branding is not a logo, but establishing E-Cat as the smartest, safest way to access low-cost energy for one’s life and family! Branding is about focusing on what the product gives the customers.
10. What is the target production count for 10-watt E-Cats this year? Once the first factory is operational, what’s the target weekly unit production? For example, if the US’s peak electrical usage is 1.3 terawatts; after say, 3 years, is ECat production, as a comparison, how many watts will be produced? @ 1M 5 kW units / month will be about 1.5% of the US usage after 3 years
11. Are we concerned that obtaining factory robots may take a long time? Will E-Cat help power the factory? We E-Cat eats is own dog food? 🙂
12. How long before a retailer like Walmart will be selling a consumer version of E-Cat?
13. Normally, with a product like E-Cat manufacturer would put a few thousand in the field to test how they perform in a variety of environments and make modifications before ramping up for full-scale production. Is your confidence in E-Cat such that it does not need a test run like this?
14. From a supply chain point of view, we will have ready access to the parts and resources needed to make E-Cats, right?
15. When is the second factory targeted?
16. What are the primary milestones that will indicate that E-Cat is saving the world?
Dear Dr. Rossi,
could you say from which countries your partners are? or at least from which continent?
Especially i am interested in more information about the electric power producer…
Warm regards
Reiner M.
Dr. Rossi,
here is a report I made with AI Perplexity on your recent video interview:
Report: “Preparing For E-Cat Production – Interview with Andrea Rossi” (May 12, 2025)
Introduction
This report summarizes the key points from the YouTube interview titled “Preparing For E-Cat Production: Interview with Andrea Rossi” published on May 12, 2025.
The interview discusses recent developments in the E-Cat technology, the results of recent testing, and plans for upcoming production and commercialization.
Recent Developments and Testing
Andrea Rossi reported that, together with his new partners, he conducted several days of important meetings and prototype tests from May 4 to May 7, 2025.
The tests, which took place in Rossi’s laboratory, involved various E-Cat module assemblies, ranging from 10 watts up to a maximum of 5 kilowatts.
The results were described as successful, increasing Rossi’s confidence in starting deliveries within 2025.
The modular nature of the E-Cat, compared to “Lego bricks,” allows for flexible assembly sizes to suit different needs.
Partnership Structure
Rossi explained that his partnership group consists of three main entities:
A manufacturer responsible for production,
A financial sector partner (a fund),
An electricity provider that already distributes electricity and plans to integrate E-Cat technology into the grid.
This structure is designed to facilitate both the manufacturing and distribution of E-Cat units, potentially operating in a model similar to a power station by supplying electricity directly to the grid.
Design and Production Plans
While the internal design of the E-Cat is finalized, the external aesthetic design may be assigned to a professional designer to enhance its appeal. For safety and warranty reasons, the internal components will be sealed and not accessible to customers.
Production will rely heavily on robotics to maintain competitive pricing and efficiency. The manufacturing partner has expertise in robotics, which is considered essential for large-scale, cost-effective production. Despite automation, Rossi emphasized that many skilled jobs will be created, as workers are needed to operate and manage robotic systems.
Global Manufacturing and Employment
The plan includes establishing manufacturing centers in the US, Europe, and Asia, necessitating the hiring of personnel in all regions. Interested candidates are encouraged to send applications via email, which will be forwarded to the relevant departments.
Production Timeline and Pre-orders
Rossi confirmed that deliveries are expected to begin in 2025, but fulfilling all pre-orders may extend beyond this year. He refrained from giving a specific timeline for completing all orders, citing the need to avoid over-promising.
Pricing and Future Prospects
Rossi anticipates that, like most electronic products, the price of E-Cat units will decrease over time due to economies of scale and technological advancements. He clarified that while E-Cat uses microchips, it is not produced in the same way as computer chips; instead, microchips are sourced and then integrated into the product.
Team Sentiment and Personal Reflections
The mood among Rossi and his partners is described as very excited and optimistic. Rossi, who has worked on E-Cat technology for over 20 years, expressed personal satisfaction and vitality, attributing his enduring motivation to the project’s progress.
Conclusion
The interview highlights significant progress toward the commercial production of E-Cat technology, with successful prototype testing, a robust partnership structure, and clear plans for manufacturing and distribution. While challenges remain in scaling up production and fulfilling pre-orders, Rossi and his team are optimistic about launching deliveries in 2025 and expanding globally.
My Best Regards,
Italo R.
Frank Acland:
Thank you for inviting me !
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Here is the link to the video of the interview we conducted earlier today.
https://youtu.be/Cx3vw2hJLWs?si=2iOmoRY3qjtJm1M2
Many thanks for the opportunity!
Frank Acland
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Concerning eCat NGU technology and integration with solar panels:
1. Do you envision an NGU unit that mechanically mounts with or near the solar panel? (exterior environment – like a roof or ground stand)
2. Or, does the NGU unit mount near the solar inverter (excluding solar panel micro-inverters)? – The solar inverter is assumed to physically be near the main panel or sub-panel.
3. Will your NGU units work directly with a micro-inverter?
4. Are there technical compatibility issues with the NGU units and the MPPT function of the inverter?
Dear Andrea,
I just watched the latest interview with Frank. Thank you both for a great update on the progress.
Andrea, after these many years of steadily working on this, you really deserve this success!
I can imagine how exciting this must be for you!!
Best wishes for the future!
Kindest regards
Viggo
Dear Mr. Rossi,
1. Will the manufacturer produce e-cats for the electricity provider only?
2. If not then will the manufacurer produce e-cats to home users and the electricity provider?
Donald Chandlers:
110/220 AC and 12/24 DC
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Ambrogio:
1- yes
2- yes
3- yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Can you tell us the voltage of the 5kw assembly you tested with the partners? AC or DC?
Tommek:
1- no
2- no
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hello A.R.
I just saw Frank’s new interview with you. I’m glad you’re doing well and that everything is going according to plan.
1. Regarding the interior of the ECAT:
Could you perhaps post a photo of the interior where the components to be protected are censored and only the electronics are visible, which includes every electronic device anyway. Transformer, circuit board, resistors, etc.
2. You said that accidents could occur when opening it. Could the vacuum chamber be impelled if something like that exists?
Regards, Tommek
Dr Rossi,
Will all the pre-orders be transferred to the Partner ?
Will the price accepted in the pre-orders remain unchanged ?
Will the preorders respect the priority based on their dates ?
Cheers
Ambrogio
/P:
1- normally yes
2- The manufacturer will deal with this issue
3- You can install your solar cell system now. Eventually should be possible to integrate it with the Ecat system
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Rossi,
I have some questions regarding the ECAT units in combination with solar cell systems:
1. Will it be possible to connect ECAT (with the correct voltage configuration) to a standard inverter used for solar panels?
2. Will you launch a ready-made solution or recommendation for ECAT in combination with inverters that will be approved for use in the EU?
3. Solar panels have a long payback period in the latitudes where I live. For inverters connected to the public grid, it is currently required to have solar cells. Unfortunately, I think it will take a long time before a pure ECAT solution is approved to connect to the public grid. Do you think it is inappropriate to install a solar cell system today in order to be ready to connect ECAT when production and delivery take place?
Looking forward to a fantastic year!
Best regards
/P
Svein:
Thank you for your important lecture about the IP strategy,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea and readers.
It is important to protect trade secrets and build a solid IP-strategy.
Trade secrets are used as a tool and part of an IP-strategy to secure ownership of the intellectual and intangible poperty (IP) of a company.
However, it is not enough to simply claim that something is a trade secret. Reasonable measures for confidentiality must be taken.
Trade secrets are typically innovative and technical information. They can also be processes or methods that give you a commercial advantage, as well as test results with negative results that are kept secret within the company. Other examples of trade secrets can be know-how, recipes, technical drawings, customer lists, test results, lab results and project plans.
In the Trade Secrets Act, trade secrets are defined as:
a) secret in the sense that the information is not, as a whole or as it is compiled or arranged, generally known or readily available
b) has commercial value because it is secret
c) the holder has taken reasonable steps to keep it secret
Trade secrets are different from patents in an IP strategy
Unlike patents, trademark registration and design protection, trade secrets are not registered or made public. They are protected through secrecy, for example in the form of confidentiality agreements and, physical or technical/digital barriers.
Trade secrets are indeed worth considering for ideas and technically innovative solutions for which it is not desirable to apply for a patent, for example if the patentability conditions are not met. A patent is the opposite of secret. Rather, it is an announcement to the public in exchange for a time-limited exclusive right to prevent others from using the invention.
Although patents protect technical solutions for twenty years, in some cases it can be advantageous to keep the information to yourself. In many cases it is also business-critical to do so.
In economic terms, it can be cheaper to protect IP as a trade secret than to apply for a patent, but the decisive factor should be to find out what is the most appropriate protection.
The place of trade secrets in a good IP strategy
The advantages of secrecy are obvious. By keeping something secret, you ensure that only your own company can use the secret and get commercial value from it. A particularly important advantage of trade secrets is that they give a company a potentially unlimited period of exclusivity.
A strategy based on trade secrets has served Coca-Cola well for over 130 years, for example.
In certain cases, it can be a good strategy to patent the product itself, while keeping the production process or methods secret. In this way, patents and trade secrets can complement each other and constitute a robust IP strategy.
Unlike patents, trade secrets can remain protected as long as the information remains secret, potentially forever. This can be particularly valuable for companies with long-term research and development programs, or who have product lines with a long shelf life.
To meet the legal requirements of being a trade secret, it can be crucial to have an established routine for how trade secrets should be treated in order to be considered confidential.
An IP strategy will often need to include good routines for identifying and preserving trade secrets, often in combination with other IP tools, such as patents, trademarks and designs.
Regards: Svein