There is a desire among some of the retail customers of the NGU to supply an inverter function. That design may be too advanced for the NGU to meet at this point in NGU development and expose the partner to legal issues. Here is why:
A modern “intelligent” or smart inverters rely heavily on microprocessors to handle complex, real-time calculations that older, passive inverters simply couldn’t do.
While a basic inverter just changes Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC), an intelligent inverter acts as a dynamic computer that communicates with and stabilizes the electrical grid.
Why Smart Inverters Require a Microprocessor
Executing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Algorithms: Solar panels and batteries constantly shift their power output based on sunlight and temperature. The microprocessor runs Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms milliseconds apart to calculate and extract the absolute maximum efficiency from the energy source.
Grid Synchronization (Phase and Frequency Matching): An intelligent inverter cannot just dump AC power into the grid. Its microprocessor continuously samples the grid’s voltage waveform and matches its own output frequency and phase perfectly to avoid catastrophic short circuits.
Autonomous Grid Support: Microprocessors allow inverters to perform “volt-VAR” and “volt-watt” regulations. If grid voltage spikes or drops, the microprocessor automatically adjusts its reactive or active power output to smooth out the grid without human intervention.
Anti-Islanding Safety: If the main utility grid goes down for maintenance, a standard inverter could accidentally keep feeding live electricity into the wires, risking linemen’s lives. The microprocessor instantly detects grid failure (within milliseconds) and safely disconnects itself.
Edge Computing and Communication: Microprocessors enable smart inverters to talk to utility operators via cellular, Wi-Fi, or mesh networks, allowing power companies to remotely throttle generation or aggregate thousands of residential inverters into a Virtual Power Plant (VPP).
The Types of Microprocessors Used Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): These are specialized chips optimized for ultra-fast, math-heavy operations. They handle the rapid pulse-width modulation (PWM) needed to shape smooth AC sine waves.
Microcontrollers (MCUs): Chips like the ARM Cortex-M or Texas Instruments C2000 handle the system-level logic, safety features, communications, and user interfaces.
A basic “dumb” inverter does not require a microprocessor just to power standard home appliances.
Before cheap microchips existed, inverters relied entirely on analog circuits to convert DC battery power into usable AC power. Today, budget-friendly dumb inverters still use these simpler methods. Instead of a microprocessor, a basic inverter uses a combination of dedicated analog components.
What a Dumb Inverter Cannot Do
Without a microprocessor, the inverter loses its “situational awareness”:
It cannot grid-tie: A dumb inverter cannot sync its electrical wave with the utility company. If you plug it into an active wall outlet, it will instantly blow up. It can only be used “off-grid” to power isolated appliances.
It has poor voltage regulation: If you plug in a heavy load (like a refrigerator), the voltage output will sag significantly because the analog circuit cannot adjust its timing dynamically to compensate for the drop.
Basic safety shutdowns: It still has safety features (like overload protection), but these are triggered by simple analog comparators—similar to how a basic thermostat clicks off when a physical strip of metal gets too hot.
Thank you for the confirmation about the AC socket on the proposed NGU. Do you think there will be the option for more than one AC socket on an NGU unit?
Mats Heijkenskjold:
The Ecat SSM is supposed to be totally independent from any other energy sources: it powers its loads independently, without any connections with the grid or with solar panels. To make such a connection are necessary authorizations by the grid provider, subject to local legalities that will make necessary legal activity to respect all the laws and will be necessary the help of experts of the matter and of the specific situations for the connections.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@Olaf
@Frank Acland: great question !
@Andrea Rossi: great answer !
@Jean Paul Renoir
‘the SSM E-Cat would have a normal AC socket’
I have just hammered the UK government for proposing this.
It is about the dangers of ‘reverse power’.
I will let the Germans explain:
I have now found what I was searching for: An explanation of what the Germans have done about plug-in solar safety.
Germany leads in this regard. I applaud their rigour. Ministers in the DESNZ must follow suit and mandate bidirectional RCBO devices[1:] installed by a qualified electrician on all circuits. One circuit is no use at all because a 13amp plug can be easily moved from socket to socket.
I have four circuits(oven, garage and two ring mains) with 13amp sockets on my home’s Consumer Unit, so in excess of £400 is needed plus electrician’s charge for fitting, then you can add the cost of the plug-in solar kit. A couple of extras like the panel brackets and you easily reach £1000 for the minimum total cost.
German security requirements:
Will an FI switch be mandatory for balcony power plants?
The FI switch is a protective device in the circuit that can save lives. “F” means error and ‘I’ is the formula sign for current. In the event of fault currents, the FI automatically switches off the current. It works like this:
The FI switch measures the difference between the inflowing and outflowing current in the circuit. For this purpose, it compares the values from the current-carrying conductor and the neutral conductor.
If the FI switch detects a difference between current inflow and outflow of up to 0.3 amps, it interrupts the power supply within a maximum of 0.3 seconds.
This protects people and buildings from electrical damage and injuries.
Good to know:
The FI switch belongs to the group of residual current devices (RCD). He has several protective tasks:
An FI switch protects people from electrical shocks
It protects the electrical installation from damage, e.g. by moisture
The FI is used for fire protection
The VDE prescribes a FI switch for all circuits. However, this duty has grown historically. If you live in an older existing building, your electrical installation may not have a FI switch. If you are not sure, have the network checked by an electrical specialist.
============================================
[1:] A bi-directional RCD (or RCBO) is an electrical safety device capable of detecting and interrupting fault currents regardless of the direction the electricity is flowing. Unlike traditional devices that only protect one-way flow, these are critical for modern homes with two-way power (like solar panels, EV chargers, and battery storage)
Am I correct in understanding that if it works as you hope, the SSM E-Cat would have a normal AC socket built in that you can plug any normal electronic device into?
Dr Rossi,
I understand from your answers here that, possibly, the global presentation will be made with an Ecat NGU without any power source than a small battery of 12 V for the start, like a car, that serves for few seconds to start the Ecat, likee in a car, and eventually is recharged by the same Ecat, like the engine of a car recharges the battery, and after that the Ecat NGU produces electric energy at 230 V 50 Hz, of which only a small part is used by the same Ecat to power itself while the big part is at disposal to power any load, so that the COP between the electricity generated by the Ecat and the energy consumed by the same Ecat from any other power source other than itself is x/0 ?
That would be the most important invention not of the century, but of the millennia.
Ad majora, as impossible as it might be,
Maurice
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
I navigated with empathy all the paragraphs of the website http://www.ingandrearossi.com
It is unbelievable how from all those obstacles you survived resilient and made the Ecat: now I can understand why you dubbed it NGU ( Never Give Up ). I am anxious to buy my Ecat.
Cheers
Pauline
Dear Dr. Rossi,
since the SSM-Ecat tests are going well, can we hope that the global presentation and delivery might start as early as summer/autumn? Or, assuming everything goes as planned, what would be the earliest possible date for the first deliveries?
Best regards
Zimmermann
Dr. Rossi:
I hope you realize that you are not restricted to just one global presentation. For example look at Apple, they have had a whole series of presentation in their history, e.g. for the Macintosh computer, for the iPod, for the iPhone, for the iPad, and they continue to present new products. So if SSM is not ready, you could first present the heater, and later present the SSM when it has been perfected.
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
A weak spot in the Partners development effort is control since the NGU must be supervised by human operators continually.
In the next revision of the stand alone NGU design (500 watt and 1,000 watt board), a microprocessor might provide the control that the NGU requires. If the partner does not have the development expertise to implement a current level of microprocessor design control, the partner can solicit design that has that expertise in-house electronics design to support a complex, real-time 32-bit digital microprocessor control loop, they can leverage established global Engineering Design Services (EDS) and Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) partners.
Examples of Global Manufacturing & Power Engineering Partners
Plexus Corp. (Product Design and Engineering Services)
The Specialty: Plexus operates a “Product Realization” model, specializing in taking abstract functional requirements and turning them into highly complex, commercially compliant hardware. They dominate industries like aerospace, defense, and advanced industrial equipment where complex control loops, strict fault isolation, and safety certifications are required.
The Expertise: They have dedicated power electronics labs that can design the 6 oz heavy-copper planar layouts, simulate the 50 kHz digital current-mode control loops, and build automated SMT lines for the 100W, 500W, and 1,000W tiers.
Jabil Inc. (Smart Energy & Power Conversion Division)
The Specialty
Jabil is one of the largest hardware design and manufacturing contractors in the world. Crucially, they maintain a massive, dedicated division for Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Conversion Products. They regularly engineer and manufacture grid-tied inverters, EV traction power stages, and smart-grid infrastructure.
The Expertise: They are world leaders in wide-bandgap Gallium Nitride (GaN) engineering. They can easily execute a 1000 watt NGU board using the 10-phase parallel-interleaved hardware layout, write the embedded microcode for the dual-path arbitration loops, and scale production to millions of units.
Global Component-Backed Design Partners
Arrow Electronics (Arrow Engineering Services)
The Specialty
Arrow is far more than a components supplier; they operate deep industrial engineering design divisions worldwide. They maintain direct, tier-1 technical partnerships with Texas Instruments (the maker of the assigned C2000 MCU) and Efficient Power Conversion (EPC) (the maker of the assigned GaN FET matrix).
The Expertise
Arrow’s embedded software engineers can write the exact microcode for the Variable-Frequency Boundary Conduction Mode (BCM) algorithm, while their layout engineers optimize the PCB to maintain a low thermal signature.
Avnet Embedded / EBV Elektronik
The Specialty
Similar to Arrow, Avnet operates high-level design houses that act as an external R&D arm for technology companies.
The Expertise: They specialize in taking conceptual “Software Buffer Management” specifications and translating them into hardened, bulletproof embedded code for real-time microprocessors.
How to Protect the Proprietary NGU Intellectual Property (IP)
The core business benefit of using one of these technology partners is that Dr. Rossi does not have to share or explain the proprietary physics of the NGU vacuum energy extraction.
To protect his IP, he can leverage a engineering specification framework to draft a safe, closed-box Request for Proposal (RFP).
DR. Rossi can simply describes the project to the engineers as a standard Contract Design for an Intelligent DC-Link Power Conditioner / Active Bus Stabilizer:
The Input Parameter: A highly volatile, erratic, stochastic pulsed DC source peaking at 84 Amps (which the partner can simulate on a test bench using a programmable arbitrary waveform generator).
The Output Parameter: A tightly regulated, low-ripple 12.0V DC rail.
The Mandate
Ultra-high efficiency low heat production to minimize thermal dissipation, integrated supercapacitor buffering, and an automated dual-path microprocessor startup loop.
HIRING THE EXPERTS
The Strategy
It takes lots of time for the partner to develop in house expertise to write the computer programming or lay out the advanced circuit tracks internally, they don’t have to guess or build it alone. They can hire elite external engineering firms like Arrow, Jabil, or Plexus to teach them as they do the work.
What They Do
They act as an “Engineering Special Forces Unit.” Dr. Rossi hands them the a spec, and their professional circuit layout designers and software programmers will build the prototypes, code the Texas Instruments chip, and prep the automated factory robots.
The IP Shield:
Dr. Rossi doesn’t have to explain how the NGU makes electricity. He just tells the engineering company: “Here is a box that spits out messy, jumpy electrical noise. Build me a smart circuit card that snaps directly into that box and cleans the flow into a steady 12V battery line without getting warm and is self powered (SSM) by that input power.”
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
Either you will make a global presentation of the Ecat with the SSM, or without it, but with a relevant overunit, that will be the most important invention of the last centuries; good luck !
Asae Inoue
Svein:
It’ll be surely understood at the global presentation, because to give an exhaustive answer now it would make necessary the disclosure of information so far restricted.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Ecat Enthusiast:
I already answered. We are still close, but not there, therefore we cannot fathom a date. I hope within December 2026/January 2027 we will be ready to deliver the public presentation and the sales to the public, but this is a hope, not an engagement; surely we would be ready to deliver the non SSM Ecat to make heat by the Joule Effect converting into heat the high Voltage made by the Ecat, but this is a plan B, not our first choice, for obvious reasons, albeit this formula would already be ready to go. We made dramatic improvements during these last weeks.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
You said today you have achieved great results in your work on SSM, but you are not there yet. How will you know if you have finally succeeded with it?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Jean Paul Renoir:
We are reaching great results during these very days about the SSM solution; we are getting closer, but “IF AND WHEN” is still a foreword,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US6936971B2/en
The patent for ball lightning which is another term for pico clusters and EVOs that were produced by Kiril Chukanov. These EVOs were macroscopic in size so that their internal structure could be observed.
Kiril Chukanov calls the pico cluster a quantum macro object.
Kiril Chukanov’s patented quantum macro object, or ball lightning, is described as a stable, macroscopic “pico cluster” with a two-dimensional, impenetrable nucleonic nucleus that behaves as a superconductor. This structureless object, often generated from plasma via high-frequency radiation, maintains structural integrity through a precise balance of nuclear and electromagnetic forces, allowing it to interact with surroundings as a solid, deformable body rather than a standard plasma. The invention claims that this “quantum macro object” provides a high-density, energy-releasing source that can be harnessed for practical, low-cost power generation and acceleration technologies.
This is a descriptive excerpt:
The quantum macro object of the present invention may be created from the surrounding air if certain conditions are met that allow existing electrons to fill quantum energy levels, En, where n represents the quantum number of a particular electron. Preferably however, the creation of the quantum object is facilitated through the use of a plasma generated from a gaseous substance exposed to high frequency radiation. The high frequency field and high temperature facilitate the release of electrons with an initial velocity and energy of V1 and E1 respectively. Importantly, as conditions are met causing the various atomic nuclei to form into a macro positively charged nucleus, the associated electrons, because of Pauli’s exclusion principle, are forced to jump to the highest quantum energy levels, thereby becoming “quantum electrons.” In other words, these electrons suddenly receive additional energy, or potential energy, that is not derived from their immediate environment, but is a free gift of nature. This additional potential energy may be released or converted to quantum energy when these electrons are acted upon by some external source. Thus, the practical applications of being able to contain and channel this energy are immediately apparent.
It is not possible to isolate a volume in ordinary plasma. Plasma particles (electrons and atomic nuclei) cannot be captured by a holding force. They diffuse unobstructed into the surrounding atmosphere. The quantum macro object of the present invention is a structureless nuclear component that forms a metastable homogenous compact body with well-defined section boundaries. The structureless nuclear component cannot mix with the atoms of the atmosphere, which are separate and distinguished as individuals, even though the quantum macro object plasma can be penetrated by atmospheric atoms. The quantum macro object is an autonomous body.
The quantum macro object is a stable body. This stability results from the nuclear forces underlying its “destructive” strength, as well as the balance between the creative (nuclear) forces of attraction and the destructive forces of repulsion (electromagnetic forces). The radius of activity of the forces of attraction is only R<Rk,p while the forces of repulsion are unlimited, meaning, of course, unlimited when there is no “screen” created by particles with opposite charges. If the quantum macro object releases its negative charge, or only part of it, then it will be destroyed under the electromagnetic forces of repulsion. If, for example, one electron is isolated from each atom of 1 cm3 air, and if the isolated electrons are placed at a distance equal to 1 cm., an enormous force of attraction between electrons and positive ions will be created. The pressure resulting from the repulsion force between the same electrical charges within the charged volume will also be enormous. Thus, it is absolutely impossible to have considerable division between electric charges in ordinary plasma. However, this same situation becomes a possibility with the quantum macro object.
The quantum macro object is a material continuum with no discrete particles. The substance of the quantum macro object (atoms, molecules, clusters) is not neutral. Moreover, the quantum macro object is a very good conductor of electricity. Its contact with charged conductors initiates very powerful emissions instantaneously. In short, the quantum macro object is a superconductor. If a current from an external source is induced from the exterior, it will circulate within the quantum macro object endlessly unless there is a leak.
The most mysterious aspect of natural ball lightning is the source of its energy. Readers who are interested in the problem are acquainted with numerous hypotheses attempting to explain the source of its proposed colossal energy. None, however, can explain all of the peculiarities in ball lightning's behavior. Some hypotheses suggest that the energy comes from within the sphere of ball lightning-that it is somehow stored in the form of chemical or physical energy. However, evaluating the maximum value of the potential energy shows that it is no higher than the energy necessary for the complete ionization of the atoms, which is much lower than the destructive energy unleashed by ball lightning that witnesses have observed. A second set of hypotheses suggests that the energy source exists outside of the sphere of ball lightning and reaches the sphere by an electric guide or a wave-guide. This hypothesis is also unsatisfactory. To compensate for the losses received within the volume occupied by the ball lightning requires that the wave-guide or current channel possess enormous energy-about 100 Wt/cm2.
Like ball lightning, the quantum macro object of the present invention also is believed to possess enormous energy potential. The quantum macro object, because of the quick and complete ionization of its atoms, appears to be below the bottom quantum boundary Rk,p (point 3 in FIG. 1). In this state, it is “hidden,” undetermined. It has no contact with the surrounding, determined world and remains unnoticed. To escape its isolation and at the same time to preserve the density of its substance (R=R3) unchanged, the quantum macro object appears on the bottom boundary kp at point 2. But its very appearance in the determined world is accompanied by an additional energy ΔE, which is not taken from the ordered world but which is sort of a quantum gift of nature. Within the limits of ΔR=Rk,p,1−Rk,p,3, this seeming violation of the law of energy preservation is permitted.
The idea of a violation of the law of energy preservation is not new but this violation concerns only the restriction: ΔE×Δt≧h. It is believed that within the span of Δt quantum time, so-called virtual particles could be initiated, a process which, in itself, violates the law of energy preservation. However, in the course of this quantum time span, all energies are restored. The quantum moment ends with no losses or extra energy.
Although the quantum nuclear component has no definite internal structure as its individual atomic nuclei are melded together and undistinguishable, the electron component of the plasma, however, after quick ionization, is transformed into regular electron plasma comprising a plurality of individual free electrons. The structureless nuclear component of the quantum macro object is not only superfluid in quality but also has properties of heat superconductivity. The quantum macro object is one body (a macro atom) and the electrons are in a single electron cloud characterized by the collective motions of the electrons and the satisfaction of Pauli's exclusion principle. The electrons in the electron cloud cannot be in an equal quantum state. What distinguishes the separate electrons in the electron cloud is their different energies. All energy levels around the Fermi surface are occupied by electrons.
Another unique characteristic of the quantum macro object is its nucleus. It is believed by the inventor that the nucleus is a two-dimensional object because a quantum material object can only be in a “closed two-dimensional formation.” The proton (nucleon) component of the quantum macro object is “open to the outside.” It has a sharp line of demarcation separating this two-dimensional object from the surrounding environment.
During some experiments, the quantum macro object was touched with a metal stick. In this experiment, the metal stick could not penetrate into the nucleus because the nucleus possessed no volume. Instead, the nucleus was deformed by the metal stick. Thus, the quantum macro object behaved like a solid. During these experiments, the dimensions of the surface of the nucleus did not change either. The quantum macro object nucleus is “closed to the inside,” therefore, no macro-material formation can penetrate through the quantum surface.
When observing the quantum macro object experimentally, the macro nucleus and the electron cloud are perfectly visible and distinguished from one another. In several of these experiments (using a quartz dielectric container and air as the gaseous substance), the color of the electron cloud was orange. The nucleus was observed as having a sharp spherical boundary between the orange-colored electron cloud and the volume of gas closed by this quantum boundary. Using various levels of input power, the quantum macro object may become transparent. In this state, the quantum macro object radiates a lot of heat, but no shining plasma formations are visible in its volume. This experiment provides a very good visual illustration of the two-dimensional structure of the nucleus of the quantum macro object.
The nucleus of the quantum macro object is also impermeable to electrical current. In one experiment, a rather weak high voltage current (in some experiments: U=15,000 volts, I=0.01 amps) was used to create an arc discharge between two electrodes. Instead of penetrating the nucleus and taking the shortest route between two points (the electrodes), the electrical current traveled around the nucleus of the quantum macro object, thus sort of “sliding” along the surface of the nucleus.
Several experiments have led the inventor to formulate many beliefs about the quantum macro object. First, the quantum macro object is a giant macro atom composed of a two-dimensional quantum nucleonic nucleus and a three-dimensional electronic shelf. Second, the quantum macro object is an unusual material object behaving much like a material point in space. On the quantum surface of this two-dimensional material body, there are no differentiated points or areas. Third, the nucleus of the quantum macro object is a closed two-dimensional material formation, which can be deformed without changing the volume of the surface. Fourth, it is not possible to create the quantum macro object between two closed surfaces (like ordinary plasma). Fifth, the surface of the nucleus of the quantum macro object is much like a mirror in which every particle can see its counterpart.
The quantum macro object as a source of energy has overwhelming advantages. It is believed that it will produce quantities of very cheap energy, may be used to construct very powerful electron accelerators, require no burning of fossil fuels, create no waste products, create no environmental hazards, be safe to use, and be technically simple to manufacture, maintain, and adapt to commercial and household use.
—————————————
Note: Kiril Chukanov poked the domain wall with a metal stick and failed to pernitrate into the interior of the cluster.
Upon reading some of the theory contained within the article: “A Comprehensive Conceptual Framework for LENR” by Bhagirath Joshi, University of Lowell (UMass Lowell), Doctoral Research, Physics, I wondered why no gamma radiation or heat is produced by the pico clusters that are central to the competing theory of the vacuum reaction as formulated by Dr. Rossi et al, I asked the AI as follows:
Why does a domain wall that confine a exciton polariton condensate (aka Exotic Vacuum Object – EVO) selectively shield photonic radiation to coherent light but exclude gamma and heat that occurs within from observation?
and
Does the Gross-Pitaevskii equations used to model domain boundaries predict selective photon transparency through a domain wall?
The AI response as follows:
https://share.google/aimode/sPJMHXaIhLbX7MYZI
The Partner is making a catastrophic error by incorporating an internal inverter within the NGU system: here is why:
In summery, by incorporating an internal inverter within the NGU system, the the NGU assumes the responsibility for grid stability with entails lots of complications, software, additional hardware, testing, and the exposure to assuming the blame for a failure of the grid.
My late post might have failed to convey the possible consequences in placing an inverter inside the NGU system, so I will try again to be clear:
To protect grids from widespread failures like the unprecedented cascading voltage collapse on the Iberian Peninsula, the electrical system needs upgraded technology to manage rapid changes in power flows. Experts emphasize that the failure was primarily a management and coordination issue—not an inherent fault of non rotating power sources like the NGU solar or wind.
Preventing future failures requires the following interventions:
Grid-Forming Inverters:
Modernize wind, solar, NGU with internal inverters and battery facilities with grid-forming inverters. Unlike older inverters that simply track the grid that the partner now assumes is its only responsibility, these new required inverters establish their own stable voltage and frequency references, effectively mimicking the grid-stabilizing inertia of traditional power plants.
Dynamic Voltage Support:
Mandate that all power sources, including renewables and battery storage, actively regulate grid voltage. Historically, only conventional thermal plants were permitted to provide this support.
Its possible that the authorities will require the new grid managing inverters be tested before the NGU is allowed to be sold.
Large-Scale Energy Storage:
Deploy substantial grid-scale battery storage and pumped-storage hydroelectric plants. These systems can rapidly inject or absorb power to prevent extreme over-voltage and frequency oscillations.
Stringent Grid Codes:
Update and strictly enforce operational rules so that generation units don’t all disconnect simultaneously during initial system disturbances, as happened in Spain. This is likely to include the NGU power generators.
Enhanced Grid Coordination:
Update grid management software to include high-speed, automated decision-making support, allowing operators to react to frequency or voltage anomalies in milliseconds. The newly required smart inverter inside the NGU is likely to include a microprocessor that executes a complicated grid coordination protocol that could make manufacturing the NGU problematic.
For further details on how regulatory frameworks can prevent these imbalances, you can explore
The official European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) reports on the Iberian blackout.
https://www.entsoe.eu/
Dear Readers :
Today have been published on the Journal of Nuclear Physics the 5 chapters of “A Comprehensive Conceptual Framework for LENR” by Bhagirath Joshi, University of Lowell (UMass Lowell), Doctoral Research, Physics.
The Journal of Nuclear Physics Editorial Commettee
There is a desire among some of the retail customers of the NGU to supply an inverter function. That design may be too advanced for the NGU to meet at this point in NGU development and expose the partner to legal issues. Here is why:
A modern “intelligent” or smart inverters rely heavily on microprocessors to handle complex, real-time calculations that older, passive inverters simply couldn’t do.
While a basic inverter just changes Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC), an intelligent inverter acts as a dynamic computer that communicates with and stabilizes the electrical grid.
Why Smart Inverters Require a Microprocessor
Executing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Algorithms: Solar panels and batteries constantly shift their power output based on sunlight and temperature. The microprocessor runs Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms milliseconds apart to calculate and extract the absolute maximum efficiency from the energy source.
Grid Synchronization (Phase and Frequency Matching): An intelligent inverter cannot just dump AC power into the grid. Its microprocessor continuously samples the grid’s voltage waveform and matches its own output frequency and phase perfectly to avoid catastrophic short circuits.
Autonomous Grid Support: Microprocessors allow inverters to perform “volt-VAR” and “volt-watt” regulations. If grid voltage spikes or drops, the microprocessor automatically adjusts its reactive or active power output to smooth out the grid without human intervention.
Anti-Islanding Safety: If the main utility grid goes down for maintenance, a standard inverter could accidentally keep feeding live electricity into the wires, risking linemen’s lives. The microprocessor instantly detects grid failure (within milliseconds) and safely disconnects itself.
Edge Computing and Communication: Microprocessors enable smart inverters to talk to utility operators via cellular, Wi-Fi, or mesh networks, allowing power companies to remotely throttle generation or aggregate thousands of residential inverters into a Virtual Power Plant (VPP).
The Types of Microprocessors Used Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): These are specialized chips optimized for ultra-fast, math-heavy operations. They handle the rapid pulse-width modulation (PWM) needed to shape smooth AC sine waves.
Microcontrollers (MCUs): Chips like the ARM Cortex-M or Texas Instruments C2000 handle the system-level logic, safety features, communications, and user interfaces.
A basic “dumb” inverter does not require a microprocessor just to power standard home appliances.
Before cheap microchips existed, inverters relied entirely on analog circuits to convert DC battery power into usable AC power. Today, budget-friendly dumb inverters still use these simpler methods. Instead of a microprocessor, a basic inverter uses a combination of dedicated analog components.
What a Dumb Inverter Cannot Do
Without a microprocessor, the inverter loses its “situational awareness”:
It cannot grid-tie: A dumb inverter cannot sync its electrical wave with the utility company. If you plug it into an active wall outlet, it will instantly blow up. It can only be used “off-grid” to power isolated appliances.
It has poor voltage regulation: If you plug in a heavy load (like a refrigerator), the voltage output will sag significantly because the analog circuit cannot adjust its timing dynamically to compensate for the drop.
Basic safety shutdowns: It still has safety features (like overload protection), but these are triggered by simple analog comparators—similar to how a basic thermostat clicks off when a physical strip of metal gets too hot.
Dear Andrea,
Thank you for the confirmation about the AC socket on the proposed NGU. Do you think there will be the option for more than one AC socket on an NGU unit?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Paul Dodgshun:
Please read my answer to Mats Heijkenskjold published minutes ago,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Mats Heijkenskjold:
The Ecat SSM is supposed to be totally independent from any other energy sources: it powers its loads independently, without any connections with the grid or with solar panels. To make such a connection are necessary authorizations by the grid provider, subject to local legalities that will make necessary legal activity to respect all the laws and will be necessary the help of experts of the matter and of the specific situations for the connections.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
“Frank Acland:
You are correct,
Warm Regards,”
How about the solar inverter integration? Possibilities?
Regards,
Mats Heijkenskjold
@Olaf
@Frank Acland: great question !
@Andrea Rossi: great answer !
@Jean Paul Renoir
‘the SSM E-Cat would have a normal AC socket’
I have just hammered the UK government for proposing this.
It is about the dangers of ‘reverse power’.
I will let the Germans explain:
I have now found what I was searching for: An explanation of what the Germans have done about plug-in solar safety.
Germany leads in this regard. I applaud their rigour. Ministers in the DESNZ must follow suit and mandate bidirectional RCBO devices[1:] installed by a qualified electrician on all circuits. One circuit is no use at all because a 13amp plug can be easily moved from socket to socket.
I have four circuits(oven, garage and two ring mains) with 13amp sockets on my home’s Consumer Unit, so in excess of £400 is needed plus electrician’s charge for fitting, then you can add the cost of the plug-in solar kit. A couple of extras like the panel brackets and you easily reach £1000 for the minimum total cost.
===============================
websearch: balkon kraftwerk sicherheit
https://www.vattenfall.de/infowelt-energie/solar/balkonkraftwerk-sicherheit
Translated from German by Google translate, so some of the text is a little strange:
German security requirements:
Will an FI switch be mandatory for balcony power plants?
The FI switch is a protective device in the circuit that can save lives. “F” means error and ‘I’ is the formula sign for current. In the event of fault currents, the FI automatically switches off the current. It works like this:
The FI switch measures the difference between the inflowing and outflowing current in the circuit. For this purpose, it compares the values from the current-carrying conductor and the neutral conductor.
If the FI switch detects a difference between current inflow and outflow of up to 0.3 amps, it interrupts the power supply within a maximum of 0.3 seconds.
This protects people and buildings from electrical damage and injuries.
Good to know:
The FI switch belongs to the group of residual current devices (RCD). He has several protective tasks:
An FI switch protects people from electrical shocks
It protects the electrical installation from damage, e.g. by moisture
The FI is used for fire protection
The VDE prescribes a FI switch for all circuits. However, this duty has grown historically. If you live in an older existing building, your electrical installation may not have a FI switch. If you are not sure, have the network checked by an electrical specialist.
============================================
[1:] A bi-directional RCD (or RCBO) is an electrical safety device capable of detecting and interrupting fault currents regardless of the direction the electricity is flowing. Unlike traditional devices that only protect one-way flow, these are critical for modern homes with two-way power (like solar panels, EV chargers, and battery storage)
@Jean Paul Renoir
I’m with you,
Olaf
@Frank Acland: great question !
@Andrea Rossi: great answer !
JPR
Frank Acland:
You are correct,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Am I correct in understanding that if it works as you hope, the SSM E-Cat would have a normal AC socket built in that you can plug any normal electronic device into?
Thank you very much,
Frank Acland
@Maurice
I agree with you in total,
Weleda
Maurice:
Possibly,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
I understand from your answers here that, possibly, the global presentation will be made with an Ecat NGU without any power source than a small battery of 12 V for the start, like a car, that serves for few seconds to start the Ecat, likee in a car, and eventually is recharged by the same Ecat, like the engine of a car recharges the battery, and after that the Ecat NGU produces electric energy at 230 V 50 Hz, of which only a small part is used by the same Ecat to power itself while the big part is at disposal to power any load, so that the COP between the electricity generated by the Ecat and the energy consumed by the same Ecat from any other power source other than itself is x/0 ?
That would be the most important invention not of the century, but of the millennia.
Ad majora, as impossible as it might be,
Maurice
@Pauline
I totally agree with you
Cheers
Rick
Pauline:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Ambrogio:
As of today 218,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
How many patents did you make to protect the Ecat, even in the new version SSM, in the world ?
Thank you if you can answer,
Ambrogio
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
I navigated with empathy all the paragraphs of the website
http://www.ingandrearossi.com
It is unbelievable how from all those obstacles you survived resilient and made the Ecat: now I can understand why you dubbed it NGU ( Never Give Up ). I am anxious to buy my Ecat.
Cheers
Pauline
Zimmermann:
As I already said, the expected time is December 2026/ January 2026, IF tests proceed as they are going SO FAR,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
since the SSM-Ecat tests are going well, can we hope that the global presentation and delivery might start as early as summer/autumn? Or, assuming everything goes as planned, what would be the earliest possible date for the first deliveries?
Best regards
Zimmermann
Ambrogio:
I hope the SSM version, because the tests are proceeding positively, SO FAR,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Is it more likely that the global presentation will be for the high COP Ecat or of the SSM version ?
Ecat Enthusiast:
Thank you for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
I hope you realize that you are not restricted to just one global presentation. For example look at Apple, they have had a whole series of presentation in their history, e.g. for the Macintosh computer, for the iPod, for the iPhone, for the iPad, and they continue to present new products. So if SSM is not ready, you could first present the heater, and later present the SSM when it has been perfected.
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Axil:
Thank you for your suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
A weak spot in the Partners development effort is control since the NGU must be supervised by human operators continually.
In the next revision of the stand alone NGU design (500 watt and 1,000 watt board), a microprocessor might provide the control that the NGU requires. If the partner does not have the development expertise to implement a current level of microprocessor design control, the partner can solicit design that has that expertise in-house electronics design to support a complex, real-time 32-bit digital microprocessor control loop, they can leverage established global Engineering Design Services (EDS) and Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) partners.
Examples of Global Manufacturing & Power Engineering Partners
Plexus Corp. (Product Design and Engineering Services)
The Specialty: Plexus operates a “Product Realization” model, specializing in taking abstract functional requirements and turning them into highly complex, commercially compliant hardware. They dominate industries like aerospace, defense, and advanced industrial equipment where complex control loops, strict fault isolation, and safety certifications are required.
The Expertise: They have dedicated power electronics labs that can design the 6 oz heavy-copper planar layouts, simulate the 50 kHz digital current-mode control loops, and build automated SMT lines for the 100W, 500W, and 1,000W tiers.
Jabil Inc. (Smart Energy & Power Conversion Division)
The Specialty
Jabil is one of the largest hardware design and manufacturing contractors in the world. Crucially, they maintain a massive, dedicated division for Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Conversion Products. They regularly engineer and manufacture grid-tied inverters, EV traction power stages, and smart-grid infrastructure.
The Expertise: They are world leaders in wide-bandgap Gallium Nitride (GaN) engineering. They can easily execute a 1000 watt NGU board using the 10-phase parallel-interleaved hardware layout, write the embedded microcode for the dual-path arbitration loops, and scale production to millions of units.
Global Component-Backed Design Partners
Arrow Electronics (Arrow Engineering Services)
The Specialty
Arrow is far more than a components supplier; they operate deep industrial engineering design divisions worldwide. They maintain direct, tier-1 technical partnerships with Texas Instruments (the maker of the assigned C2000 MCU) and Efficient Power Conversion (EPC) (the maker of the assigned GaN FET matrix).
The Expertise
Arrow’s embedded software engineers can write the exact microcode for the Variable-Frequency Boundary Conduction Mode (BCM) algorithm, while their layout engineers optimize the PCB to maintain a low thermal signature.
Avnet Embedded / EBV Elektronik
The Specialty
Similar to Arrow, Avnet operates high-level design houses that act as an external R&D arm for technology companies.
The Expertise: They specialize in taking conceptual “Software Buffer Management” specifications and translating them into hardened, bulletproof embedded code for real-time microprocessors.
How to Protect the Proprietary NGU Intellectual Property (IP)
The core business benefit of using one of these technology partners is that Dr. Rossi does not have to share or explain the proprietary physics of the NGU vacuum energy extraction.
To protect his IP, he can leverage a engineering specification framework to draft a safe, closed-box Request for Proposal (RFP).
DR. Rossi can simply describes the project to the engineers as a standard Contract Design for an Intelligent DC-Link Power Conditioner / Active Bus Stabilizer:
The Input Parameter: A highly volatile, erratic, stochastic pulsed DC source peaking at 84 Amps (which the partner can simulate on a test bench using a programmable arbitrary waveform generator).
The Output Parameter: A tightly regulated, low-ripple 12.0V DC rail.
The Mandate
Ultra-high efficiency low heat production to minimize thermal dissipation, integrated supercapacitor buffering, and an automated dual-path microprocessor startup loop.
HIRING THE EXPERTS
The Strategy
It takes lots of time for the partner to develop in house expertise to write the computer programming or lay out the advanced circuit tracks internally, they don’t have to guess or build it alone. They can hire elite external engineering firms like Arrow, Jabil, or Plexus to teach them as they do the work.
What They Do
They act as an “Engineering Special Forces Unit.” Dr. Rossi hands them the a spec, and their professional circuit layout designers and software programmers will build the prototypes, code the Texas Instruments chip, and prep the automated factory robots.
The IP Shield:
Dr. Rossi doesn’t have to explain how the NGU makes electricity. He just tells the engineering company: “Here is a box that spits out messy, jumpy electrical noise. Build me a smart circuit card that snaps directly into that box and cleans the flow into a steady 12V battery line without getting warm and is self powered (SSM) by that input power.”
Asae Inoue:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
Either you will make a global presentation of the Ecat with the SSM, or without it, but with a relevant overunit, that will be the most important invention of the last centuries; good luck !
Asae Inoue
Svein:
It’ll be surely understood at the global presentation, because to give an exhaustive answer now it would make necessary the disclosure of information so far restricted.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
I don’t see a direct correlation between achieved SSM and Ecat’s ability to directly produce easily usable AC.
Please provide a simple explanation.
Regards Svein
Steve D.:
This information is restricted,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
You recently wrote of the “the high Voltage made by the Ecat”. A few years back I recall of condensors being especially made for the Ecat.
1) Can you confirm these custom made condensors?
2) Are they required to deal with the high voltage?
Thank you
Romina:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
P.S.
Your comment is the #73000 of this blog
Dr Rossi,
I like your answer to Ecat Enthusiast,
Ad majora !
Romina
Ecat Enthusiast:
I already answered. We are still close, but not there, therefore we cannot fathom a date. I hope within December 2026/January 2027 we will be ready to deliver the public presentation and the sales to the public, but this is a hope, not an engagement; surely we would be ready to deliver the non SSM Ecat to make heat by the Joule Effect converting into heat the high Voltage made by the Ecat, but this is a plan B, not our first choice, for obvious reasons, albeit this formula would already be ready to go. We made dramatic improvements during these last weeks.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
How long does the SSM have to run without problems before you can say it is acceptable to deliver to customers?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Ambrogio:
I do agree,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Andrea Rossi@Ecat Enthusiast:
That’s it ! Show a reliably working Ecat ready to be delivered, and that’s all we need,
Best
Ambrogio
Ecat Enthusiast:
Just watching it working perfectly and with high reliability,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
You said today you have achieved great results in your work on SSM, but you are not there yet. How will you know if you have finally succeeded with it?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
2026-06-04 13:08 Axil
“The Partner is making a catastrophic error by incorporating an internal inverter within the NGU system: here is why:”
I very much agree!
Mats Heijkenskjold
Jean Paul Renoir:
We are reaching great results during these very days about the SSM solution; we are getting closer, but “IF AND WHEN” is still a foreword,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your contributions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US6936971B2/en
The patent for ball lightning which is another term for pico clusters and EVOs that were produced by Kiril Chukanov. These EVOs were macroscopic in size so that their internal structure could be observed.
Kiril Chukanov calls the pico cluster a quantum macro object.
Kiril Chukanov’s patented quantum macro object, or ball lightning, is described as a stable, macroscopic “pico cluster” with a two-dimensional, impenetrable nucleonic nucleus that behaves as a superconductor. This structureless object, often generated from plasma via high-frequency radiation, maintains structural integrity through a precise balance of nuclear and electromagnetic forces, allowing it to interact with surroundings as a solid, deformable body rather than a standard plasma. The invention claims that this “quantum macro object” provides a high-density, energy-releasing source that can be harnessed for practical, low-cost power generation and acceleration technologies.
This is a descriptive excerpt:
The quantum macro object of the present invention may be created from the surrounding air if certain conditions are met that allow existing electrons to fill quantum energy levels, En, where n represents the quantum number of a particular electron. Preferably however, the creation of the quantum object is facilitated through the use of a plasma generated from a gaseous substance exposed to high frequency radiation. The high frequency field and high temperature facilitate the release of electrons with an initial velocity and energy of V1 and E1 respectively. Importantly, as conditions are met causing the various atomic nuclei to form into a macro positively charged nucleus, the associated electrons, because of Pauli’s exclusion principle, are forced to jump to the highest quantum energy levels, thereby becoming “quantum electrons.” In other words, these electrons suddenly receive additional energy, or potential energy, that is not derived from their immediate environment, but is a free gift of nature. This additional potential energy may be released or converted to quantum energy when these electrons are acted upon by some external source. Thus, the practical applications of being able to contain and channel this energy are immediately apparent.
It is not possible to isolate a volume in ordinary plasma. Plasma particles (electrons and atomic nuclei) cannot be captured by a holding force. They diffuse unobstructed into the surrounding atmosphere. The quantum macro object of the present invention is a structureless nuclear component that forms a metastable homogenous compact body with well-defined section boundaries. The structureless nuclear component cannot mix with the atoms of the atmosphere, which are separate and distinguished as individuals, even though the quantum macro object plasma can be penetrated by atmospheric atoms. The quantum macro object is an autonomous body.
The quantum macro object is a stable body. This stability results from the nuclear forces underlying its “destructive” strength, as well as the balance between the creative (nuclear) forces of attraction and the destructive forces of repulsion (electromagnetic forces). The radius of activity of the forces of attraction is only R<Rk,p while the forces of repulsion are unlimited, meaning, of course, unlimited when there is no “screen” created by particles with opposite charges. If the quantum macro object releases its negative charge, or only part of it, then it will be destroyed under the electromagnetic forces of repulsion. If, for example, one electron is isolated from each atom of 1 cm3 air, and if the isolated electrons are placed at a distance equal to 1 cm., an enormous force of attraction between electrons and positive ions will be created. The pressure resulting from the repulsion force between the same electrical charges within the charged volume will also be enormous. Thus, it is absolutely impossible to have considerable division between electric charges in ordinary plasma. However, this same situation becomes a possibility with the quantum macro object.
The quantum macro object is a material continuum with no discrete particles. The substance of the quantum macro object (atoms, molecules, clusters) is not neutral. Moreover, the quantum macro object is a very good conductor of electricity. Its contact with charged conductors initiates very powerful emissions instantaneously. In short, the quantum macro object is a superconductor. If a current from an external source is induced from the exterior, it will circulate within the quantum macro object endlessly unless there is a leak.
The most mysterious aspect of natural ball lightning is the source of its energy. Readers who are interested in the problem are acquainted with numerous hypotheses attempting to explain the source of its proposed colossal energy. None, however, can explain all of the peculiarities in ball lightning's behavior. Some hypotheses suggest that the energy comes from within the sphere of ball lightning-that it is somehow stored in the form of chemical or physical energy. However, evaluating the maximum value of the potential energy shows that it is no higher than the energy necessary for the complete ionization of the atoms, which is much lower than the destructive energy unleashed by ball lightning that witnesses have observed. A second set of hypotheses suggests that the energy source exists outside of the sphere of ball lightning and reaches the sphere by an electric guide or a wave-guide. This hypothesis is also unsatisfactory. To compensate for the losses received within the volume occupied by the ball lightning requires that the wave-guide or current channel possess enormous energy-about 100 Wt/cm2.
Like ball lightning, the quantum macro object of the present invention also is believed to possess enormous energy potential. The quantum macro object, because of the quick and complete ionization of its atoms, appears to be below the bottom quantum boundary Rk,p (point 3 in FIG. 1). In this state, it is “hidden,” undetermined. It has no contact with the surrounding, determined world and remains unnoticed. To escape its isolation and at the same time to preserve the density of its substance (R=R3) unchanged, the quantum macro object appears on the bottom boundary kp at point 2. But its very appearance in the determined world is accompanied by an additional energy ΔE, which is not taken from the ordered world but which is sort of a quantum gift of nature. Within the limits of ΔR=Rk,p,1−Rk,p,3, this seeming violation of the law of energy preservation is permitted.
The idea of a violation of the law of energy preservation is not new but this violation concerns only the restriction: ΔE×Δt≧h. It is believed that within the span of Δt quantum time, so-called virtual particles could be initiated, a process which, in itself, violates the law of energy preservation. However, in the course of this quantum time span, all energies are restored. The quantum moment ends with no losses or extra energy.
Although the quantum nuclear component has no definite internal structure as its individual atomic nuclei are melded together and undistinguishable, the electron component of the plasma, however, after quick ionization, is transformed into regular electron plasma comprising a plurality of individual free electrons. The structureless nuclear component of the quantum macro object is not only superfluid in quality but also has properties of heat superconductivity. The quantum macro object is one body (a macro atom) and the electrons are in a single electron cloud characterized by the collective motions of the electrons and the satisfaction of Pauli's exclusion principle. The electrons in the electron cloud cannot be in an equal quantum state. What distinguishes the separate electrons in the electron cloud is their different energies. All energy levels around the Fermi surface are occupied by electrons.
Another unique characteristic of the quantum macro object is its nucleus. It is believed by the inventor that the nucleus is a two-dimensional object because a quantum material object can only be in a “closed two-dimensional formation.” The proton (nucleon) component of the quantum macro object is “open to the outside.” It has a sharp line of demarcation separating this two-dimensional object from the surrounding environment.
During some experiments, the quantum macro object was touched with a metal stick. In this experiment, the metal stick could not penetrate into the nucleus because the nucleus possessed no volume. Instead, the nucleus was deformed by the metal stick. Thus, the quantum macro object behaved like a solid. During these experiments, the dimensions of the surface of the nucleus did not change either. The quantum macro object nucleus is “closed to the inside,” therefore, no macro-material formation can penetrate through the quantum surface.
When observing the quantum macro object experimentally, the macro nucleus and the electron cloud are perfectly visible and distinguished from one another. In several of these experiments (using a quartz dielectric container and air as the gaseous substance), the color of the electron cloud was orange. The nucleus was observed as having a sharp spherical boundary between the orange-colored electron cloud and the volume of gas closed by this quantum boundary. Using various levels of input power, the quantum macro object may become transparent. In this state, the quantum macro object radiates a lot of heat, but no shining plasma formations are visible in its volume. This experiment provides a very good visual illustration of the two-dimensional structure of the nucleus of the quantum macro object.
The nucleus of the quantum macro object is also impermeable to electrical current. In one experiment, a rather weak high voltage current (in some experiments: U=15,000 volts, I=0.01 amps) was used to create an arc discharge between two electrodes. Instead of penetrating the nucleus and taking the shortest route between two points (the electrodes), the electrical current traveled around the nucleus of the quantum macro object, thus sort of “sliding” along the surface of the nucleus.
Several experiments have led the inventor to formulate many beliefs about the quantum macro object. First, the quantum macro object is a giant macro atom composed of a two-dimensional quantum nucleonic nucleus and a three-dimensional electronic shelf. Second, the quantum macro object is an unusual material object behaving much like a material point in space. On the quantum surface of this two-dimensional material body, there are no differentiated points or areas. Third, the nucleus of the quantum macro object is a closed two-dimensional material formation, which can be deformed without changing the volume of the surface. Fourth, it is not possible to create the quantum macro object between two closed surfaces (like ordinary plasma). Fifth, the surface of the nucleus of the quantum macro object is much like a mirror in which every particle can see its counterpart.
The quantum macro object as a source of energy has overwhelming advantages. It is believed that it will produce quantities of very cheap energy, may be used to construct very powerful electron accelerators, require no burning of fossil fuels, create no waste products, create no environmental hazards, be safe to use, and be technically simple to manufacture, maintain, and adapt to commercial and household use.
—————————————
Note: Kiril Chukanov poked the domain wall with a metal stick and failed to pernitrate into the interior of the cluster.
Dr Rossi
You still think there is a possibility thet the SSM will be reached within January 2027 ?
Best JPR
Why does the domain wall of the pico cluster shield particle emissions?
https://share.google/aimode/kR934jX5bbJozbW7z
The link to the AI response functions in this duplicate Post:
https://e-catworld.com/2026/05/30/rossi-on-important-developments-with-ssm/#comment-6884985673
Upon reading some of the theory contained within the article: “A Comprehensive Conceptual Framework for LENR” by Bhagirath Joshi, University of Lowell (UMass Lowell), Doctoral Research, Physics, I wondered why no gamma radiation or heat is produced by the pico clusters that are central to the competing theory of the vacuum reaction as formulated by Dr. Rossi et al, I asked the AI as follows:
Why does a domain wall that confine a exciton polariton condensate (aka Exotic Vacuum Object – EVO) selectively shield photonic radiation to coherent light but exclude gamma and heat that occurs within from observation?
and
Does the Gross-Pitaevskii equations used to model domain boundaries predict selective photon transparency through a domain wall?
The AI response as follows:
https://share.google/aimode/sPJMHXaIhLbX7MYZI
The Partner is making a catastrophic error by incorporating an internal inverter within the NGU system: here is why:
In summery, by incorporating an internal inverter within the NGU system, the the NGU assumes the responsibility for grid stability with entails lots of complications, software, additional hardware, testing, and the exposure to assuming the blame for a failure of the grid.
My late post might have failed to convey the possible consequences in placing an inverter inside the NGU system, so I will try again to be clear:
To protect grids from widespread failures like the unprecedented cascading voltage collapse on the Iberian Peninsula, the electrical system needs upgraded technology to manage rapid changes in power flows. Experts emphasize that the failure was primarily a management and coordination issue—not an inherent fault of non rotating power sources like the NGU solar or wind.
Preventing future failures requires the following interventions:
Grid-Forming Inverters:
Modernize wind, solar, NGU with internal inverters and battery facilities with grid-forming inverters. Unlike older inverters that simply track the grid that the partner now assumes is its only responsibility, these new required inverters establish their own stable voltage and frequency references, effectively mimicking the grid-stabilizing inertia of traditional power plants.
Dynamic Voltage Support:
Mandate that all power sources, including renewables and battery storage, actively regulate grid voltage. Historically, only conventional thermal plants were permitted to provide this support.
Its possible that the authorities will require the new grid managing inverters be tested before the NGU is allowed to be sold.
Large-Scale Energy Storage:
Deploy substantial grid-scale battery storage and pumped-storage hydroelectric plants. These systems can rapidly inject or absorb power to prevent extreme over-voltage and frequency oscillations.
Stringent Grid Codes:
Update and strictly enforce operational rules so that generation units don’t all disconnect simultaneously during initial system disturbances, as happened in Spain. This is likely to include the NGU power generators.
Enhanced Grid Coordination:
Update grid management software to include high-speed, automated decision-making support, allowing operators to react to frequency or voltage anomalies in milliseconds. The newly required smart inverter inside the NGU is likely to include a microprocessor that executes a complicated grid coordination protocol that could make manufacturing the NGU problematic.
For further details on how regulatory frameworks can prevent these imbalances, you can explore
The official European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) reports on the Iberian blackout.
https://www.entsoe.eu/
Dear Readers :
Today have been published on the Journal of Nuclear Physics the 5 chapters of “A Comprehensive Conceptual Framework for LENR” by Bhagirath Joshi, University of Lowell (UMass Lowell), Doctoral Research, Physics.
The Journal of Nuclear Physics Editorial Commettee