{"id":185,"date":"2010-04-08T11:30:52","date_gmt":"2010-04-08T16:30:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/?p=185"},"modified":"2010-05-19T03:34:09","modified_gmt":"2010-05-19T08:34:09","slug":"valutazioni-idee-e-proposte-sulla-nuova-fonte-energetica-e-sulla-fusione-fredda-in-generale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/?p=185","title":{"rendered":"Evaluations, ideas and proposal upon new energy sources"},"content":{"rendered":"

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by Prof. Christos Stremmenos*<\/div>\n

\nBACKGROUND<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
The hostile attitude which cold fusion has been confronted with since 1989, but even long before, shown also by the bibliography related to the scientific papers of Focardi and Rossi, eventually led to general disinterest and oblivion of this subject. After several years of apparent inaction, the theme of cold fusion has been recently revitalized thanks to, among others, the work and the scientific publications of Focardi and Rossi, which has been conducted in silence, amidst ironical disinterest, without any funding or support. \u00a0In fact, recently, practical and reliable results have been achieved based on a very promising apparatus invented by Andrea Rossi. \u00a0Therefore I want to examine the possibility of further development of this technology, which I deem really important for our planet.<\/span><\/div>\n

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INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
I will start with patent no.\/2009\/125444, registered by Dr. Ing. Andrea Rossi. This invention and its performance have been tested and verified in collaboration with Prof. Sergio Focardi, as reported in their paper, published in February 2010 in the Journal of Nuclear Physics [1]. In this scientific paper they have reported on the performance of an apparatus, which has produced for two years substantial amounts of energy in a reliable and repeatable mode and they have also offered a theoretical analysis for the interpretation of the underlying physical mechanism.<\/span><\/div>\n
In the history of Science, it is not the first <\/span>time that a practical and reliable apparatus is working before its theoretical foundation has been completely understood! \u00a0 The photoelectric effect is the classic example in which the application has anticipated its full theoretical interpretation, developed by Einstein. Afterwards Einstein, Plank, Heisenberg, De Broglie, Schr\u00f6dinger and others formulated the principles of Quantum Mechanics. \u00a0For the interactive Nickel\/Hydrogen system it would be now opportune to compile, in a way easily understood by the non expert the, relevant principles and concepts for the qualitative understanding of the phenomenon as well as possible future research activities.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/div>\n

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CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM PHYSICS CONCEPTS<\/strong><\/div>\n
Starting with the behavior of electrically charged particles in vacuum, it is known that particles with opposite electric charge attract themselves and \u201cfuse\u201d producing an electrically neutral particle, even though this does not always happen, as for instance in the case of a hydrogen atom, where a proton and a electron although attract each other they do not \u201cfuse\u201d for reasons out of the scope of this paper. \u00a0 On the contrary, particles charged with same sign of electric charge always repel each other, and their repulsion tends to infinity when their distance tends to zero, which implies that in this case fusion is not possible (classical physics).<\/span><\/div>\n
On the contrary, according to Quantum mechanics for a system with a great number of \u00a0particles of the same electric charge (polarity) it is possible that a few of them will fuse, as for instance, according to Focardi-Rossi, in the case of \u00a0Nickel nuclei in crystal structure and hydrogen nuclei (protons) diffused within it, Although of the same polarity, \u00a0a very small percentage of these nuclei manage to come so close to each other, at a distance of 10-14 m, where strong nuclear forces emerge and take over the Coulomb forces \u00a0and thus form the nucleus of a new element, either stable or unstable.<\/span><\/div>\n
This mechanism, which is possible only in the atomic microcosm, is predictable by a quantum-mechanics model of a particle put in a closed box. \u00a0According to classical physics no one would expect to find a particle out of the box, but in quantum mechanics the probability that a particle is found out of the box is not zero! This probability is the so called \u201ctunneling effect\u201d, which for systems with a very large number of particles, predicts that a small percentage of them lie outside the box, having penetrated the \u201cimpenetrable\u201d walls and any other present barrier through the \u201ctunnel\u201d! In our case, the barrier is nothing else but the electrostatic repulsion, to which the couples of hydrogen and nickel nuclei (of the same polarity) are subjected and is called Coulomb barrier.<\/span><\/div>\n
Diffusion mechanism of hydrogen in nickel: Nickel as a catalyst first decomposes the biatomic molecules of hydrogen to hydrogen atoms in contact with the nickel surface. Then these hydrogen atoms deposit their electrons in the conductivity band of the metal (Fermi band) and due to their greatly reduced volume, compared to that of their atom, the hydrogen nuclei readily diffuse into the crystalline structure of the nickel, including its defects. At this point, in order to understand the phenomenon it is necessary to briefly describe the structure both of the nickel atom and the nickel crystal lattice. <\/span><\/div>\n
It is well known that the nickel atom is not so simple as the hydrogen atom, as its nucleus consists of dozens of protons and neutrons, thus it is much heavier and exerts a proportionally higher electrostatic repulsion than the nucleus of hydrogen, which consists of only one proton. In this case, the electrons, numerically equal to the protons are ordered in various energy levels and can not be easily removed from the atom to which they belong. Exception to this rule is the case of electrons of the chemical bonds, which along with the electrons of the hydrogen atoms form the metal conductivity band (electronic cloud), which moves quasi freely throughout the metal mass.<\/span><\/div>\n
As in all transition metals the nickel atoms in the solid state, and more exactly their nuclei, are located at the vertices and at the centre of the six faces of the cubic cell of the metal, leaving a free internal octahedral space within the cell, which, on account of the quasi negligible volume of the nuclei, is practically filled with electrons of the nickel atoms, as well as with conductivity electrons. <\/span><\/div>\n
It would be really interesting to know the electrons specific density (number of electrons per unit volume) and its spatial distribution inside this octahedral space of the crystal lattice as a function of temperature.<\/span><\/div>\n

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DYNAMICS OF THE LATTICE VIBRATION STATES<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
Another important aspect to take into consideration in this system is the dynamics of the lattice vibration states, in other words, the periodic three dimensional normal oscillations of the crystal lattice (phonons) of the nickel, which hosts hydrogen nuclei or nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium or tritium) that have entered into the above mentioned free space of the crystal cell.<\/span><\/div>\n
It could be argued that the electrons specific density and its spatial distribution in the internal space of the crystal structure should be coherent with the natural frequencies of the lattice oscillations. This means that the periodicity of the electronic cloud within the octahedral space of the elementary crystal cell of Nickel generates an oscillating strengthening of shielding of the diffused nuclei of hydrogen or deuterium which also populate this space. <\/span><\/div>\n
I believe that these considerations can form the basis for a qualitative analysis of this \u201cNEW SOURCE OF ENERGY\u201d and the phenomenology related to cold fusion, including energy production in much smaller quantities and various reaction products.<\/span><\/div>\n

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SHIELDING OF PROTONS BY ELECTRONS<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
In the Focardi-Rossi paper the shielding of protons provided by electrons is suspected to be one of the main reasons of the effect, helping the capture of protons by the Ni nucleus, therefore \u00a0generating energy by fusion of protons in Nickel and a series of exothermic nuclear reactions, leaving as by-product isotopes different from the original Ni (transmutations). Such shielding is one of the elements contributing to the energetic efficiency of the system. \u00a0From this derives the opportunity, I think, to focus upon this shielding, both to increase its efficiency and to verify the hypothesis contained in the paper of Focardi-Rossi. \u00a0Of course, what we are talking of here is a theoretical verification, because the practical verification is made by monitoring the performance of the apparatus invented and patented by Andrea Rossi, presently under rigorous verification in the USA, where a 1 MW unit is under construction.<\/span><\/div>\n
If we assume that the repulsive (Coulomb) effect can be overcome by the tunnel effect, which is promoted by the shielding provided by the cluster of electrons, in other words by the value of the specific density of the electron cloud in which the proton is immersed (partly neutralizing its electropositive charge), then the goal of our experiment should be to increase this density in the space where interactions of nuclei of hydrogen and nickel occur. \u00a0In parallel, in order to establish a theoretical basis for the neutralization of protons, in my opinion, we have to resort to the Quark theory in the context of interactions between baryons and leptons. \u00a0Nevertheless, by increasing the electrons specific density the enhanced partial neutralization of protons can be estimated by means of measurement of the produced energy.<\/span><\/div>\n

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SUGGESTED THEMES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
Based on the above and with the aim to improve the understanding of the cold fusion phenomenon and its emerging applications, I would suggest the following two main themes of research:<\/span><\/div>\n

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Interactive systems \u00a0 H\/Ni
\nInteractive systems \u00a0 D\/Pd<\/span><\/div>\n
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For the first system the experimental goal would be to increase the electrons specific density in the space where the nuclear reactions occur. The interactive spaces, in my opinion, would be two, i.e., on the surface and within the bulk of the Nickel. These spaces should function in different ways in relation to the mechanism of overcoming the repulsive Coulomb barrier (tunnel effect), which facilitates the fusion of the two nuclei, since the specific density of the shielding electrons is different in these two cases. I think that the specific density of the shielding electrons on the surfaces is lower than that within the \u201cbulk however the direct contact of a larger number of protons with the nuclei of nickel atoms, which reside on the crystal faces, would statistically facilitate fusion.<\/span><\/div>\n
Therefore, in order to verify experimentally the Focardi-Rossi Theory we could work with various samples of Ni of different but well known grain size, and assuming that the Nickel crystals are approximately spherical we could correlate the resulting energy efficiency with the corresponding size of the total surface of the nickel grains in contact with hydrogen.<\/span><\/div>\n

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We have previously assumed that the specific density of the shielding electrons on the surface is less than that in the bulk and if this is true, then the efficiency of the system should depend on the negative electrostatic field applied to the Ni, since such a negative field is present only on the surface of the Ni spheres, thus increasing this density. \u00a0To experimentally verify this hypothesis we can proceed with a sample of pulverized Ni with known grain size and total global surface, layered homogeneously, but not excessively compact on a flat ceramic base. \u00a0This could function as one of the two plates of a capacitor with negative polarity, while the other plate, with positive polarity, could be provided by a metal plate parallel to and above the Ni ceramic base, set at an appropriate distance which would ensure sufficient electric insulation between them. These plates will then be charged to a variable voltage, starting from very low levels for safety reasons. The maximum voltage to be applied will depend on the distance of the two plates but also on the dielectric constant of the hydrogen. Such tests, referred only to the interfacial nuclear effects, could verify the Focardi-Rossi Theory, but also control the efficiency of the reactor without any consumption of energy.<\/span><\/div>\n

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At the beginning of this work we have also referred to the dynamics of the quantized vibration crystal lattice states, underlining that the periodical values \u00a0of the specific density of the cluster of electrons inside the octahedral volume of the Ni atoms exerts an oscillatory shielding power on the protons of H or D diffused within this space.<\/span><\/div>\n
Ten or more years ago, while I was working on cold fusion in parallel with Sergio Focardi, I remember that when I talked to him about resonance, he told me \u201cResonance will reserve surprises for us!\u201d \u00a0I think that surprises are yet to come and we can deepen our knowledge on this subject by working in parallel in three directions:<\/span><\/div>\n
1.<\/span> <\/span><\/span>Introduce and test the validity of other potential mechanisms of nuclear fusion between nickel and hydrogen nuclei confined within the crystal lattice of nickel. <\/span><\/div>\n
2.<\/span> <\/span><\/span>Improve deuterium confinement within Palladium by introducing and testing the validity of potential mechanisms for overcoming the Coulomb barrier between two deuterium nuclei confined within the crystal lattice of Palladium (these are also subjected to the oscillating shielding power of the specific density of the electronic cloud within the Pd lattice). <\/span><\/div>\n
3.<\/span> <\/span><\/span>Attempt to develop a unifying model for the mechanisms related to the overall phenomenology of cold fusion, in relation to the two above interactive systems.<\/span><\/div>\n

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The proposal which follows is mainly based on experimental results, described briefly herein and published in an experimental thesis, obtained mostly in tests performed at the National Technical University of Athens in Greece, in 2000, while I was working there as a visiting Professor. Rammann spectroscopy tests were performed on a Pd sample charged with Deuterium. It is known that metals don\u2019t exhibit Rammann spectra and before our Pd sample was charged with D, it didn\u2019t either. However, as the D nuclei diffused in the Pd lattice the Rammann spectrum started to become evident, with a shape characteristic of the vibration dynamics of the system Pd-D wherein the peaks of the spectral profile were dependent on the quantity of the absorbed D nuclei. \u00a0I believe that these spectra are due to discreet quantum vibration states of the Pd-D system, and can be utilized by means of the coherent electromagnetic resonance in order to increase and control the thermal \u201canomalies\u201d, thus upgrading and controlling the produced energy. <\/span><\/div>\n

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The vibration amplitude of the \u201cHarmonic oscillator\u201d has the same form, both within classical mechanics \u00a0and quantum-mechanics context, consequently electromagnetic fields of adjustable intensity (laser) and tunable to the Rammann spectral frequencies, which have been observed, could induce by resonance an enhanced compression of the oscillating crystal lattice. This would statistically enhance the overcoming of the Coulomb barrier and since the Pd lattice oscillation period is very long compared to nuclear reaction times, it would create conditions of cold fusion of this confined hydrogen isotope, trapped within Pd, thus producing \u00a0He4+24 MeV of energy [2,3]. <\/span><\/div>\n

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The research work which we have tried to present in a way understandable by the non specialist, is based on both theoretical and experimental aspects, among which first is the theory of quantum electrodynamics of Giuliano Preparatta and the oscillating shielding power of the electrons specific density on the deuterium nuclei diffused within the Pd crystal lattice.<\/span><\/div>\n
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A graphic representation indicating the normal vibrations (phonons) of the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator, shown in Fig. 1, which as a model is closest \u00a0to the <\/span><\/div>\n
lattice, should make it easier to understand the mechanisms of the nuclear reaction, however only on the external surface or within the 2-3 outer layers of the crystal structure.<\/span><\/div>\n
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CONCLUSIONS<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
In conclusion I think that the ideas for the promotion of a basic research programme should be listed in the following order:<\/span><\/div>\n
1.<\/span> <\/span><\/span>For interactive H\/Ni systems, the development of experiences regarding grain size and electrostatic field effects, which can be also useful for D\/Pd systems.<\/span><\/div>\n
2.<\/span> <\/span><\/span>Rammann and infra red (IR) spectroscopy studies, of fundamental significance for the definition of the lattice vibration states of the H-Ni interactive system, demand sophisticated experimental techniques of multiple light wave reflections obtained by driving such waves through materials, which are transparent to that light wavelength. A schematic example of the assembly of a cell for the study of IR and Rammann reflections spectroscopy from Ni, Pd, or other metal nanopowder is given in the Fig. 2<\/span><\/div>\n
3.<\/span> <\/span><\/span>For the experimental investigation of resonance in interactive Ni\/H, D\/Pd, or other systems, a pulsed laser system is needed, which can be tuned to the wavelength of the observed spectral profile, with variable peak power in the range of up to 200 W.<\/span><\/div>\n
I would like to conclude this contribution with an ancient Greek proverb of universal value: \u00ab\u039f\u0399 \u039a\u0391\u0399\u03a1\u039f\u0399 \u039f\u03a5 \u039c\u0395\u039d\u0395\u03a4\u039f\u0399\u00bb, i.e., \u201ctimes do not wait\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
The author wishes to acknowledge Dr. A.G. Youtsos and Dr. Andrea Rossi for their contribution in formulating this paper in English<\/span><\/div>\n

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REFERENCES<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
1.<\/span> <\/span><\/span>www. journal-of-nuclear-physics.com \/Focardi Rossi<\/span><\/div>\n
2.<\/span> <\/span><\/span>Antonella del Ninno, Antonio Frattolillo, Antonietta Rizzo,Rapporto Tecnico ENEA RT2002\/41\/FUS, ENEA – Unit\u00e0 Tecnico Scientifica Fusione;Centro Ricerche Frascati, Roma, 2002<\/span><\/div>\n

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3.<\/span> <\/span><\/span>Cold fusion \u2013 Wikipedia\/Arata <\/span><\/div>\n

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*AUTHOR\u2019S BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE:<\/div>\n
Christos STREMMENOS is a retired Professor of the Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry of the Faculty of Industrial Chemistry in the University of Bologna. \u00a0He has served as Ambassador of Greece in Italy (1982-1987), and has been awarded the title of \u201cCavaliere di Gran Croce al Merito\u201d of the Italian Republic. \u00a0In the University of Bologna, as well as in the Polytechnic of Athens (National Technical University of Athens) he has taught Molecular Spectroscopy, Applied Spectroscopy and Photochemistry. His research work, from the beginning of his academic career until the assumption of his duties as Greek Ambassador, was in the field of spectroscopy of both solid and liquid crystals and he studied their static and dynamic structure by employing quantum mechanics criteria. After his mission at the Embassy of Greece in Rome was completed, he tried to reproduce the Fleishmann-Pons Experiment, however he did not achieve reliable results and thus he started to work in the field of nuclear reactions between nickel and hydrogen or deuterium.<\/div>\n

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\u0395\u039a\u03a4\u0399\u039c\u0397\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3 \u0399\u0394\u0395\u0395\u03a3 \u039a\u0391\u0399 \u03a0\u03a1\u039f\u03a4\u0391\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3 \u0393\u0399\u0391 \u03a4\u0397\u039d \u039d\u0395\u0391 \u03a0\u0397\u0393\u0397 \u0395\u039d\u0395\u03a1\u0393\u0395\u0399\u0391\u03a3<\/strong><\/div>\n
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\u039a\u03b1\u03b8. \u03a7. \u0395. \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2*<\/div>\n
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\u039f\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u00a0\u201989 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0’ \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd S. Focardi \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 A.Rossi, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u00a0\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03c2. <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u0398\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u0394\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 WO\/2009\/125444 \u00a0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 90 \u03a7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf Ing. A. Rossi \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\/\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 S. Focardi, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00a0www. journal-of-nuclear-physics.com \/focardi rossi (1),<\/span><\/div>\n
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\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 “\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03c2” \u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0’ \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0397 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c5\u03c6\u03c5\u0390\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00a0Einstein \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 , \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u00a0Plank, Heisenberg,De Broglie, Schr\u00f6dinger \u03ba.\u03bb.\u03c0. \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u039a\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. <\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb \/\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 ( \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 Focardi-Rossi \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7..), \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u00a0\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u039e\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf , \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 “\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9”, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u00a0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 (\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1) \u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u2026 \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u00a0\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf. <\/span><\/div>\n
(\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae,.. \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7\u03c2..!.)<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7, \u03c0.\u03c7. \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae Focardi-Rossi, \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 ) \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u00a0(\u224810-14 m), \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u00a0 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9 (“box”) \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. <\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u2026!..<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 “\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2” \u03ae “tunnelling effect”, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb..!.).. \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bf \u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 “\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Coulomb”.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u00a0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb \/\u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf, \u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf. <\/span><\/div>\n
\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Fermi ), \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u00a0\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf-\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc. \u00a0\u0395\u03be\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u00a0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (trasition metals) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 , \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u00a0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. <\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0398\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8. \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5) \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1). \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u00a0\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae. <\/span><\/div>\n
\u0397 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac,<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039d\u0395\u0391 \u03a0\u0397\u0393\u0397 \u0395\u039d\u0395\u03a1\u0393\u0395\u0399\u0391\u03a3, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u00a0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd Sergio Focardi \u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00a0Andrea Rossi, \u03b7 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u00a0\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u00a0\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0397 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u00a0\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf: \u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u00a0Focardi \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Rossi \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf, \u03b7 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u00a0\u03c4\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u00a0\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf, \u03be\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 (“tunnelling effect”), \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd “quark”, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u00a0“\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd” \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 “\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd”.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u00a0\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\/\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\/ \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf “\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2” \u03ba.\u03c4.\u03bb.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1), \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb , \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\/ \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1 \u00a0\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae Sergio Focardi \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5, \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\/\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf (Bologna) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 “\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2..\u03ba.\u03bb\u2026” \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (LASER) \u2026 \u00a0\u0395!..\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5 \u2026\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 .. \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b7..!.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0397 \u03ad\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1..\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5..\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 Focardi-Rossi.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u00a0ad hoc \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 “\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1” \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac (\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u00a0“\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1” \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7 ;\u2026 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae.!!),\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u00a0\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (2002) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 He4 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7 D+D \u00a0(\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 De Nino, Rizzo et at (2) \u00a0) \u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (Frascati).<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03cc \u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (22-5-08), \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a8\u03a5\u03a7\u03a1\u0397\u03a3 \u03a3\u03a5\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u039e\u0397\u03a3 \u03a4\u039f\u03a5 \u0394\u0395\u03a5\u03a4\u0395\u03a1\u0399\u039f\u03a5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba. ARATA (3) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\/\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u00a0OSAKA \u00a0, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u00a0\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ‘2000, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd “\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2” \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c3\u03cc\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf. \u00a0\u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u00a0Rammann. \u00a0\u03a9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 Rammann . \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bb. <\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac \u03c3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 Pd-D2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. <\/span><\/div>\n
\u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5…(\u039d\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf, \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf).<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u03a0.\u03c7. \u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 h \u03bd1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 h \u03bd2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd2- \u03bd1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 (\u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03b5\u03be \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2) \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac \u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1..<\/span><\/div>\n
\u039c\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03be \u00a0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd2- \u03bd1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (LASER) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039b\u0395\u0399\u0396\u0395\u03a1. \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0391\u03bd \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03b2\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u039c\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 (10 -14 m,) \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Coulomb, (tunneling effect), \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. \u00a0\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 He4 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0395=mc2<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1…..\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2…<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u0394\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \/\u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u00a0\u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf (Ramann , I.R. \u03ba.\u03c4.\u03bb) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 He4 \u00a0\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u00a0\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u0394\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \/\u039d\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb \u03ae \u00a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 (trasition metals).<\/span><\/div>\n
\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u039f \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2, ( \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2), \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Coulomb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 10-20 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u0397 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 Ramann \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd D-D \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf I.R., \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u00a0Pd-D, \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ae <\/span><\/div>\n
\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2 \u00a0(\u03bc\u03b5 \u00a0\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 0-200 watt \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd ) <\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u039c\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 (Giuliano Preparata), \u03bf\u03b9 “\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1” \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u0397 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd(“\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2”), \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00b7<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u00a0\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 , \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac (\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, Ramann , I.R. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 He4 \u00a0), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u00a0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00a0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/div>\n
\u038c\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u00a0\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u00a0\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5. \u0394\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5..!!.. …”\u039f\u0399 \u039a\u0391\u0399\u03a1\u039f\u0399 \u039f\u03a5 \u039c\u0395\u039d\u0395\u03a4\u039f\u0399.!..”<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 :<\/span><\/div>\n
(1)<\/span> <\/span><\/span>www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/Focardi Rossi<\/span><\/div>\n
(2)<\/span> <\/span><\/span> Antonella del Ninno, Antonio Frattolillo, Antonietta Rizzo<\/span><\/div>\n
Rapporto Tecnico ENEA RT2002\/41\/FUS<\/span><\/div>\n
ENEA – Unit\u00e0 Tecnico Scientifica Fusione;Centro Ricerche Frascati, Roma, 2002<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
(3)<\/span> <\/span><\/span>Cold fusion \u2013 Wikipedia\/Arata <\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
*\u0392\u0399\u039f\u0393\u03a1\u0391\u03a6\u0399\u039a\u0391 \u03a3\u03a4\u039f\u0399\u03a7\u0395\u0399\u0391 \u03a7. \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5: \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 2003, \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\/\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Bologna (\u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u0392\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2). \u03c4. \u03a0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c2 \u00a0“\u03b5\u03ba \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd” \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 (1982-1987) \u00a0\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u00a0\u201c\u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf \u201d \u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00a0\u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u00a0\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u00a0( Cavaliere \u00a0di \u00a0Gran \u00a0Croce \u00a0al \u00a0Merito \u00a0della \u00a0 Repubblica \u00a0Italiana ) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc \u00a0\u0392\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u00a0 \u00a0\u201cTARGA \u00a0EUROPA”.<\/div>\n
\u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u00a0\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u00a0\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u00a0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1, \u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00a0\u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u00a0\u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u00a0\u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u00a0\u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u00a0(C.N.R.) \u00a01961-1967 \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u00a05 \u00a0\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u00a0\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u00a0\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u00a0\u039c\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u00a0\u03a6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00a0\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0. \u00a0\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 (1968-1972). \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u00a0\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u00a0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u00a0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u00a0\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u00a0\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (1972-2002) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\/\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u00a0\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03be\u03b5: \u00a0\u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039c\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1., \u03a6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba.\u03bb. \u00a0\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c3\u03cc\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c4\u03bf 2000) .<\/div>\n
\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u00a0\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Bologna , \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 12\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\/\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n<\/p>\n

by Prof. Christos Stremmenos* BACKGROUND The hostile attitude which cold fusion has been confronted with since 1989, but even long before, shown also by the bibliography related to the scientific papers of Focardi and Rossi, eventually led to general disinterest and oblivion of this subject. After […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/185"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=185"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/185\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":252,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/185\/revisions\/252"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}