{"id":338,"date":"2010-12-12T16:26:25","date_gmt":"2010-12-12T21:26:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/?p=338"},"modified":"2010-12-14T13:36:30","modified_gmt":"2010-12-14T18:36:30","slug":"hydrogennickel-cold-fusion-probable-mechanism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/?p=338","title":{"rendered":"Hydrogen\/Nickel cold fusion probable mechanism"},"content":{"rendered":"

by
\nProf. Ch. E. Stremmenos<\/em><\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Leaving aside for the moment any rigorous theoretical approach based on quantitative analyses, I would like to focus, qualitatively only, on the subject of shielding of dispersed protons in the electronic cloud within the crystal structure. The Focardi-Rossi approach considers this shielding a basic requirement for surpassing the Coulomb barrier between the hydrogen nuclei (protons) and the Nickel lattice nuclei, resulting into release of energy, which is a fact, through a series of exothermic nuclear processes leading to transmutations, decays, etc.<\/p>\n

\n

The reasoning presented in this note is based on elementary considerations of<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0The hydrogen atom (Bohr) in its fundamental energy state
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0The Heisenberg uncertainty principle
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0The high speed of nuclear reactions (10\u02c6-20 sec)<\/p>\n

The hydrogen atom (Bohr) in its fundamental state, in the absence of energy perturbations, remains indefinitely in its stationary<\/strong><\/span> state shown below. This is due to the in-phase wave (de Broglie), which follows the \u201ccircular\u201d path of its single orbiting electron. The wave length and radius of the \u201ccircular\u201d path are determined by the fundamental energy state of this atom.<\/p>\n

\"\"When hydrogen atoms come in contact with the metal (Ni), they abandon their stationary<\/span><\/strong> state as they deposit their electrons in the conductivity band of the metal, and due to their greatly reduced volume, compared to that of their atom, the hydrogen nuclei (naked protons) readily diffuse into the defects of the nickel crystalline structure as well as in tetrahedral or octahedral void spaces of the crystal lattice.<\/p>\n

It should be underlined that, in addition to the deposited hydrogen electrons, in the nickel mass included are also electrons of the chemical potential of the metal. Jointly these electrons constitute the conductivity electronic cloud, distributed in energy bands (Fermi), and quasi free to move throughout the metallic mass.<\/p>\n

In this dynamic state of \u201cnon-localized\u201d plasma, based on the uncertainty principle (Heisenberg),<\/p>\n

\"\"it is conceivable that, for a very short time period (e.g.\u00a0 10\u02c6-18 sec), a series of neutral mini atoms<\/strong> of hydrogen could be formed, in an unstable state<\/strong>, of various size and energy level, distributed within the Fermi band, which is enlarged due to the very short time (Heisenberg).<\/p>\n

The neutral mini-atoms of high energy and very short wave length – which is in phase with the \u201ccyclic\u201d orbit (de Broglie) – are statistically captured be the nickel nuclei of the crystal structure with the speed of nuclear reactions (10\u02c6-20 sec<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

For these mini-atoms to fuse with the nickel nuclei, apart from their neutral character for surpassing the Coulomb barrier, they must have dimensions smaller than 10\u02c6-14 m<\/strong><\/span>, where nuclear cohesion forces, of high intensity but very short range, are predominant. It is assumed that only a percentage of such atoms satisfy this condition (de Broglie).<\/p>\n

The above considerations are based only on an intuitive approach and I trust this phenomenon could be tackled in a systematic and integrated way through the \u201ctheory of time dependent perturbations\u201d by employing the appropriate Hamiltonian, which includes time:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

\n

The mechanism proposed by Focardi \u2013 Rossi, verified by mass spectroscopy data, which predicts transmutation of a nickel nucleus to an unstable copper nucleus (isotope), remains in principle valid. The difference is that inside the unstable copper nucleus, produced from the fusion of a hydrogen mini-atom with a nickel nucleus, is trapped the mini-atom electron (\u03b2-<\/strong>), which in my opinion undergoes in-situ<\/strong><\/span> annihilation, with the predicted (Focardi-Rossi) decay \u03b2+<\/strong> of the new copper nucleus.<\/p>\n

The \u03b2+<\/strong> and \u03b2-<\/strong> annihilation (interaction of matter and anti-matter) would lead to the emission of a high energy photon, \u03b3<\/strong>, (Einstein) from the nucleus of the now stable copper isotope and a neutrin to conserve the lepton number. However, based on the principle of conservation of momentum, as a result of the backlash of this nucleus, the photon energy \u03b3 is divided into kinetic energy of this nucleus of large mass (heat) and a photon of low frequency.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Furthermore, it should be noted that the system does not exhibit the M\u00f6ssbauer*<\/strong> phenomenon for two reasons:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 The copper nucleus is not part of the nickel crystal structure and behaves as an isolated atom in quasi gaseous state
\n2.\u00a0 Copper, as a chemical element, does not exhibit the M\u00f6ssbauer<\/strong> phenomenon.<\/p>\n

In conclusion, it should be underlined that the copper nucleus thermal perturbation, as a result of its mechanical backlash(heat)<\/strong><\/span>, is transferred to its encompassing nickel lattice and propagated, by in phase phonons (G. Preparata), through the entire nano-crystal. This could explain why in cold fusion the released energy is mainly in the form of heat <\/strong>and the produced (low) \u03b3 radiation can be easily shielded.<\/strong><\/p>\n

.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prof. Ch. E. Stremmenos\u00a0\u00a0 (ATHENS,\u00a0 DIC. 1910)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Prof. Ch. E. Stremmenos<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

Leaving aside for the moment any rigorous theoretical approach based on quantitative analyses, I would like to focus, qualitatively only, on the subject of shielding of dispersed protons in the electronic cloud within the crystal structure. The Focardi-Rossi approach considers this shielding a basic requirement […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=338"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":342,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338\/revisions\/342"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=338"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=338"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=338"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}