{"id":516,"date":"2011-10-02T03:39:30","date_gmt":"2011-10-02T08:39:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/?p=516"},"modified":"2011-10-02T08:24:18","modified_gmt":"2011-10-02T13:24:18","slug":"anomalous-mass-of-the-neutron","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/?p=516","title":{"rendered":"Anomalous mass of the neutron"},"content":{"rendered":"

by Wladimir Guglinski Mechanical Engineer graduated in the Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais- UFMG, (Brazil), 1973 author of the book Quantum Ring Theory-Foundations for Cold Fusion, published in 200<\/em><\/p>\n

Direct download<\/a><\/p>\n

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Abstract<\/strong>
\nA new model of the neutron n=p+s is proposed, where s is the selectron, a particle postulated by the Supersymmetry. \u00a0The model n=p+s belongs to the author\u2019s \u201cQuantum Ring Theory-Foundations for Cold Fusion\u201d, which is composed by 26 papers \u00a0published in a book form in 2006 by the Bauu Institute Press.
\nThe Nuclear Physics works with two models of the neutron. \u00a0The Yukawa’s model has several disadvantages (the most grave is the violation of the mass-energy conservation, although the theorists tried to justify it through the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle), because his model cannot explain some phenomena. \u00a0The quark model (d,u,d) also cannot explain other sort of phenomena, and then the theorists use the two models, sometimes they use the Yukawa’s model, and sometimes they use the quark model. \u00a0However, they are two incompatible models, and it is difficult to believe that Nature works through the use of two incompatible models for the production of phenomena.
\nThe old Rutherford’s model of neutron has been abandoned by the theorists because it seems that it cannot be reconciled with some principles of Quantum Mechanics. \u00a0Nevertheless, herein it is shown that Rutherford’s model can be reconciled with the principles of QM when we introduce the hypothesis of the helical trajectory.<\/p>\n

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Keywords: \u00a0new version n=p+s of Rutherford\u2019s neutron, Borghi and Conte-Pieralice experiments, Natarajan\u2019s helical trajectory incorporated to n=p+s, Borghi and Conte-Pieralice experiments suggesting a new Planck\u2019s gravitational constant, deuteron\u2019s quadrupole moment, neutron\u2019s magnetic moment, deuteron\u2019s magnetic moment.<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/strong>
\nThis paper was submitted to several peer reviewed journals of Nuclear Physics. \u00a0All they rejected it. \u00a0In the last journal, the referee rejected it by claiming that a neutron cannot be formed by one proton and one selectron because the energy required to form a selectron is of about 20GeV. \u00a0However, 20GeV is the energy required from the current theories, which do not consider the helical trajectory of the electron. \u00a0So, a neutron formed by proton and selectron is impossible when it is considered by the current Nuclear Physics, but it is not impossible if we consider a model of electron with helical trajectory.<\/p>\n

The model of neutron proposed in the Quantum Ring Theory does not violate the Fermi-Dirac statistics, as it is explained as follows:<\/p>\n

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  1. In the present theory it is proposed that the elementary particles move through a helical trajectory (HT).<\/li>\n
  2. In the author\u2019s paper [1], numbered No. 4 in his book, \u00a0it is shown that the HT has a property named Zoom-effect, according which the radius of the HT decreases with the growth of the velocity of the particle. \u00a0When the velocity is near to the velocity c of light, the radius of the HT tends to zero (which means that when an electron moves with relativistic speed, its motion approaches to a classical trajectory in the sense of Newton).<\/li>\n
  3. In the author\u2019s paper [2], numbered No. 5 in his book, it is proposed that the spin of the particles (in the sense of quantum theory) is a result of the intrinsic spin of the particle combined with the rotation of the particle about the line center of its HT.<\/li>\n
  4. So, as due to the Zoom-effect an electron with relativistic speed does not move through the HT, then an electron with relativistic speed becomes a boson, because it loses its quantum spin (which is a property of the HT, which vanished with the relativistic motion).<\/li>\n
  5. In the present paper it is calculated the velocity of the electron about a proton, within the structure of the neutron. Its velocity is 92% of the light speed, which means that within the neutron\u2019s structure the electron becomes a boson.<\/li>\n
  6. In the Supersymmetry it is postulated the existence of a particle with the same mass and charge of the electron, but with a null spin. \u00a0They call it selectron.<\/li>\n
  7. So, we can consider that in the present theory the structure of the neutron actually is n=p+s, that is, the neutron is formed by one proton and one selectron. \u00a0Therefore the neutron actually is structured by one fermion (the proton) and one boson (the selectron).<\/li>\n
  8. Then we realize that it is vanished the most grave restriction against the neutron formed by proton and electron, because now we can consider that the electron becomes a selectron within the neutron\u2019s structure. \u00a0Thereby such new structure fits to Fermi-Dirac\u2019s statistics, since in the new model n=p+s the neutron is formed by a fermion combined with a boson.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    So, as from the model of neutron n=p+s there is no<\/strong><\/span> violation of Fermi-Dirac statistics, and since the other restrictions against n=p+s are eliminated in the present paper, then the theorists have no reason anymore for rejecting a model of neutron formed by one proton and one selectron.
    \nThe mechanism according which an electron becomes a selectron within the structure n=p+s has been named \u201cspin-fusion\u201d in the author\u2019s theory. \u00a0Any lepton is subjected to be tied to a quark through the spin-fusion mechanism (within a structure with quark-lepton interaction we would rename the lepton by calling it \u201cselepton\u201d, which spin is zero).
    \nA theoretical quark model of neutron n = (u,d,u-s) has been proposed by the author in a paper published by the Journal of New Energy [3], where it was shown that several paradoxes of Physics can be eliminated through the adoption of the new model. \u00a0As for example:<\/p>\n

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    1. From the proposal of the \u201cspin-fusion\u201d phenomenon the cause is found for the violation of the parity in beta-decay.\u00a0NOTE: The spin-fusion mechanism is proposed in the author’s paper “Stern-Gerlach Experiment and the Helical Trajectory”[2], and it is based on the property of the helical trajectory of the elementary particles, as proposed in the author’s paper “Fundamental Requirements for the Proposal of a New Hydrogen Atom”[1].<\/li>\n
    2. From the new comprehension of the cause of violation of the parity, it is possible to propose a new interpretation for the temporal reversion (an interpretation of Christenson\u2019s discovery concerning the decay of some pions), in order that it is possible to eliminate the very strange hypothesis of temporal reversion in physics.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      The new model of neutron (u,d,u-s) can also supply theoretical backgrounds for the explanation of several questions arisen from new experimental findings, as we may mention for instance:<\/p>\n