{"id":580,"date":"2012-01-19T18:39:17","date_gmt":"2012-01-19T23:39:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/?p=580"},"modified":"2012-03-11T13:14:51","modified_gmt":"2012-03-11T18:14:51","slug":"interaction-between-neutrino-flavor-oscillation-and-dark-energy-as-a-super-luminal-propagation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/?p=580","title":{"rendered":"Interaction between neutrino flavor oscillation and Dark Energy as a super-luminal propagation"},"content":{"rendered":"

by Marco Lelli<\/em><\/p>\n

Direct Download<\/a><\/p>\n

As it is well known a recent series of experiments, conducted in collaboration between CERN laboratories in Geneva and the Gran Sasso National Laboratory for Particle Physics, could have decreed the discovery of the transmission of a beam of super-luminal particles.
\nExperimental data indicate that the distance between two laboratories (approximately 730 km) was covered by a beam of neutrinos with an advance of \u00a0approx 60 nanoseconds with respect to a signal travelling at the relativistic limit speed c (which takes a time interval of the order of 2,4.10-3 s to perform the way).
\nNeutrino beam starts from CERN and after travelling 730 km through the Earth’s crust, affects lead atoms of \u00a0the OPERA detector at Gran Sasso laboratories. Production of neutrino beam is due by the acceleration and collision of protons and heavy nuclei. This event produces pions and kaons, which then decay into muons and \u03bd\u03bc. <\/em>
\nThe initial energy of \u00a0neutrino beam is 17 GeV and its composition is almost entirely due to\u00a0\u03bd\u03bc. <\/em>
\nPublication of \u00a0the OPERA experimental data immediately got a deep world mass-media echoes: the possible confirmation of the results of the experiment seems to imply an explanation leading to change our current thoughts about theory of relativity and, therefore, the intimate space-time nature. In this assumption c may not be considered a speed limit on the quantum scale investigation.
\nIn this paper we try to show how the uncertainty principle and the oscillation in flavor eingenstates of neutrino beam may provide a possible explanation for OPERA\u2019s data.
\nOur research assumes two basic hypotheses.<\/p>\n


\nFirst approximation:<\/em> approximation in number of \u00a0flavor eigenstates \u00a0(and then in mass eigenstates) within is supposed to play neutrino oscillation.
\nWe consider this oscillation between two flavor eigenstates. Then we assume that each component of \u00a0the neutrino beam can be described by a linear combination of two eigenstates of flavor. These two eigenstates are: \u03bc\u00a0flavor (the flavor of neutrino beam generation) and \u03c4\u00a0flavor.
\nOscillations in this two flavor was already observed in first half of 2010 within the same OPERA experimental series.
\nAlthough, as it is known, the neutrino oscillation cover three mass eigenstates for its complete description, we assume here an approximation for dominant mass of neutrino \u03c4, which reduces the description of neutrino propagation in a linear combination of only two mass eigenstates.
\nIn this approximation we can now describe the propagation of each neutrino produced at CERN as a combination of two mass eigenstates as follows:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Flavor and mass eigenstates are related by a unitary transformation which implies a mixing angle in vacuum similar to Cabibbo mixing angle for flavor of quarks:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

then<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

Second approximation:<\/em> we suppose that propagation of neutrino beam is in vacuum. The propagation in vacuum is determined by the temporal evolution of the mass eigenstates<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

We can consider valid this assumption, at least in first approximation, because matter interacts in particular with \u03bde<\/em> and less with \u03bd\u03bc<\/em> and \u03bd\u03c4.<\/em>\u03bde<\/em> weakly interacts with matter by W\u00b1\u00a0and Z\u00b0\u00a0bosons while \u03bd\u03bc<\/em> and \u03bd\u03c4 <\/em>only by Z\u00b0\u00a0bosons. So the principal possible effect consists in a massive transformation of \u03bde <\/em> in the |\u03bd\u03bc<\/em>\u203a eigenstate.
\nConsidering the small number of \u03bde <\/em>in starting beam we can neglect this effect.
\nAssuming that in the initial state \u00a0only \u03bd\u03bc<\/em> are present in the beam, through a series of elementary steps, we can get<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

then we can obtain the probability<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

In the approximation m\u03bc <\/em>\u00ab E\u03bc<\/em> we can write<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

and finally the transition probabilities between eigenstates of flavor<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u03bd\u03bc<\/em> beam produced at CERN propagates as a linear superposition of mass eingestates given by the following relation<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

This superposition generates an uncertainty in propagating mass \u00a0neutrino that grows over time and is equal to<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

This uncertainty in the mass eigenstates of the neutrino implies an uncertainty in the energy of propagation.
\nGiven the relativistic equation<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

taking the momentum of propagation p=cost, the uncertainty linked to neutrino mass eigenstate is linearly reflected in an \u00a0uncertainty in the propagation energy:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

Therefore we have<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Following \u00a0the uncertainty principle we have<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

so the uncertainty (12), about the value of \u03bd\u03bc<\/em> energy of \u00a0propagation, causes a corresponding uncertainty in its time of flight between the point of production and the point of arrival.
\nThis uncertainty is expressed as follows:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In OPERA case available experimental data are:<\/p>\n

\"\"Assuming sen\u00b22\u03b812=1<\/em>, in analogy with the value attributed to Cabibbo quark mixing angles, and a value for \u0394m12 <\/em>\u2248 10-\u00b2eV \u2248 1,6.10-\u00b2\u00b9 J\u00a0 we have<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

then<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

(14) shows that the advance \u00a0 \u00a0on the propagation of neutrino beam, detected in the execution OPERA experiment, is between the range determined by the uncertainty principle.
\nThe advance \u0394t\u00a0is then interpreted by the uncertainty principle and the neutrino flavor oscillation during propagation. This oscillation implies an uncertainty in the neutrino propagation energy, due to the linear superposition of its mass eigenstates, which affects the uncertainty of its flight time.
\nAccording to this interpretation, therefore, the results of OPERA experiment, if confirmed, would represent not a refusal of the condition of c as a relativistic speed limit, but rather a stunning example of neutrino flavor oscillation according to physics\u2019s laws known today (uncertainty principle \u00a0and speed limit c).
\nThe range indicated in (14) depends on the competition of two factors. On one hand, the intrinsic nature of inequality of the uncertainty principle, on the other our fuzzy knowledge of \u0394m12<\/em> between mass eigenstates of neutrinos with different flavors.
\nOne of the most convincing experimental proofs of flavor neutrino oscillation is the lack of solar electron neutrinos measured experimentally respect to the theoretically expected flow.
\nOPERA, as well as other tests, was designed to observe possible flavor oscillation in a neutrino beam running along the earth’s subsurface. Any oscillation can be found by observing a change of flavor in a fraction of neutrinos in the arrive.
\nHowever, if this happens, neutrino mass eigenstate is described by a linear superposition of mass eigenstates of pure muon neutrino and tau neutrino.
\nThis condition generates an uncertainty on the propagation energy, which translates into an uncertainty on the flight time.
\nThis is directly proportional to the total flight time and the square of the difference between the mass values of the different flavors of neutrinos, while it is inversely proportional to the total energy of the beam.
\nIn this interpretation, therefore, the advance of the flight time of the neutrino beam with respect to the velocity c, far from being a refutation of the relativistic speed limit, is a good demonstration of neutrino flavor oscillation.
\nSo we could use the advantage \u0394t\u00a0in an attempt to determine, more accurately, the value of \u0394m12<\/em>.
\nOn the other hand, examples of physical effects equivalent to a super-luminal propagation of particles are considered in other fields of contemporary theoretical physics. Hawking effect about the emission temperature of a Black Hole is, under this respect, a very significant example.
\nCosmic neutrinos flavor oscillations<\/em>. We can now consider what could be the value of the advantage \u0394t\u00a0respect to the time of flight of c in the case of neutrinos coming, for example, from a SuperNova explosion.
\nIn this case the average energy of neutrinos \u03bde<\/em> is of the order of 10^7 eV and the time of flight, for example in the case of \u00a0SuperNova 1987a, of the order of 10\u00b9\u00b2 s.
\nUnder these conditions we have<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

and it is conceivable that it may start a continuous sequence of oscillations in mass eigenstates.
\nThe logical consequence of this situation is a superposition of two equally probable mass eigenstates.<\/p>\n

\"\"We lose the information of to the initial state of the emitted neutrino along the way.
\nSo the \u00a0uncertainty in mass eigenstates \u00a0exists with respect to the state of arrival of the neutrino and a mixing of \u00a0mass eigenstates with the same probability equal to \u00bd.
\nIn this hypothesis we have<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

therefore an advantage \u0394t\u00a0of approx six orders of magnitude lower than in the OPERA case.
\nInterpretation of the principle of uncertainty used above<\/em>. \u00a0The uncertainty principle is commonly intended as an aid to explanation for the impossibility of determining, by observation, contemporarily the position and momentum of a physical system, with absolute precision, because the one excludes the other.
\nAssuming this interpretation the uncertainty principle could explain , in the case of OPERA, a set of measures centered on an advance\u00a0\u0394t=0 with a spread on the obtained measurement results \u00a0in the order of (14).
\nIn contrast, the \u00a0experimental measurements provided by OPERA appears to be centered on a value of \u0394t \u2248 60 ns in advance respect to the time of flight of c!
\nWhich explanation is therefore possible to give to the application of the uncertainty principle to justify the consistency of the data provided by OPERA with the fundamental laws of physics known today?
\nThe most coherent interpretation seems to be as follows: the temporal evolution of the neutrino mass eigenstate introduces a temporal evolution in the state of total energy that interacts with space-time producing a reduction of the time of flight. This interaction has to be coherent with the uncertainty principle.
\nEnergy gained or released by neutrino, during oscillation, must be released or gained by space-time, according to the principle of conservation of energy.
\nA more accurate explanation will require the introduction of some new hypotheses.
\nWe suppose below that space-time possesses a quantized structure. We define a fundamental 1D string element that has the dimension of a length or a time. This fundamental element is a 1D vector in the 2D string wolrdsheet: we call this element the quantum of space-time.
\nTo each 1D of space-time is associated a 1D energy-momentum vector (the total energy associated to a quantum of space-time) that is related to the module of the 1D quantum of space-time with a relation of constraint that we define below.
\nTo introduce the basic unit of space-time we introduce the Polyakov 2D string action \u00a0and we proceed to its quantization finding the 1D elementary quantum of space-time<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

Now we want to consider (17) in the limit n ->\u00a01. The infinitesimal parameters d\u03c3 and d\u03c4 take the meaning of physically limit movement along, respectively, the spatial direction and \u00a0temporal direction of the 2D string worldsheet.
\nWe can call these limit movement as follows<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u03a9^x e \u03a9^0\u00a0take the meaning of quantum of space-time in space direction and time direction \u00a0in the 2D string worldsheet.
\nTherefore, in this case, to each spatial direction of the elementary string element corresponds a temporal direction that, in a Minkowski\u2019s manifold, is orthogonal to the space direction. The relation (18) binds the module of the element of string along the spatial direction with respect to temporal direction, in the case of a Minkowski\u2019s manifold, and have the values\u00a0lp<\/em> and lp<\/em>\/c.
\nDouble differentiation<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

appearing in (17) must now be rewritten taking into account that in a Minkowski\u2019s manifold, for relations (18), we can write<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

then<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

Since it is possible to show that 2D string worldsheet action of Polyakov coincides with Nanbu-Goto action<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

given the relation<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

and because we have<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

we can rewrite (18) as follows<\/div>\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
In (20) with T\u03bc\u03bd <\/em> we have indicated relation\u00a0T<\/span>\u03bc\u03bd = <\/em> T\u03b7<\/span>\u03bc\u03bd<\/em>. So we indicate string tension in 2 dimensions as a tensor of rank 2.
\nIn a Minkowski\u2019s manifold we have:<\/div>\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
So the string tension in a Minkowski\u2019s manifold can be written as a tensor of rank 2 whose product with the module of the fundamental string elements (the quantum of space-time) in spatial and temporal direction is constant and equal to Planck’s quantum of action. Contracting one of the two indices of tension with one of the two vectors \u03a9^\u03bc<\/em> or \u03a9^\u03bd <\/em>we get the 2D energy-momentum vector for the string element along the direction \u03bc and \u03bd respectively,<\/div>\n
\"\"<\/div>\n
it is now possible to define the following relation<\/div>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Relation (23) was obtained in a Minkowski\u2019s manifold: it is therefore valid in a region of space-time in which the action of gravitational energy is negligible. Under these conditions (23) defines a relation of constraint: the product of the 1D length of the fundamental string element (the length of the module of the quantum of space-time) and the 2D energy-momentum vector of 2D string worldsheet associated with this element is constant and equal to Planck’s constant.
\n2D energy- momentum vector E\u03bd t<\/em>hus defines the \u00a0expectation value of energy of empty space that corresponds to the amount of energy needed to increase string length of an element of length lp<\/em> along \u03bd direction.
\nSimilarly we can define\u00a0E\u03bd <\/em> as the 2D\u00a0energy-momentum vector associated with the\u00a0increase of a quantum of space-time along \u03bd\u00a0direction. For these reasons, in a Minkowski\u2019s\u00a0manifold, (23) takes the form:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

valids in each quantum of space-time.
\nCalculation of the anticipation \u0394t\u00a0in the time of flight.<\/em> (24) can be written taking into account variations in the 2D string worldsheet fundamental element:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

multiplying the two members is obtained the variational relation of least action for the elementary 2D string worldsheet:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

so we have<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

and then<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

From (28) we obtain (13) and the result (14). In (28) the term \u00a0 is an appropriate constant\u00a0of integration that take in to account vacuum fluctuations of energy of magnitude \u00a0 for the system under investigation.
\nConclusions.<\/em> Conducing our analysis in 2D we quantize the 2D Polyakov string worldsheet action, obtaining a constraint relation that relates 2D energy -momentum vector and the module of 2D elementary \u00a0string element (the quantum of space-time).
\nWe have therefore assumed that the neutrino flavor oscillation interacts with the energy associated with each element of the 2D worldsheet string (or the space-time) exchanging energy. This exchange is obeying the law of conservation of energy.
\nThis kind of interaction does not require any hypothesis of fifth force, and may, on the contrary, be assumed of gravitational type, in the sense that the energy due to the neutrino mass eigenstates interacts with the energy of the elementary string element with an easy phase overlapping, just as it is with a gravitational mass.
\nWe can therefore assume that neutrino, through the temporal evolution of its mass eigenstates, exchanges energy with space-time. This exchange causes a change, a contraction in the length of the 2D fundamental \u00a0string element. Integration of this contractions along the path of neutrino flight produces as a result the observed advantage \u00a0 \u00a0in the time of the flight.
\nThe energy associated with each elementary quantum of 2D string worldsheet in a Minkowski\u2019s manifold corresponds to the energy of empty space-time, ie the vacuum energy of the gravitational field in absence of gravitational source. The target of a forthcoming work will be to show how this vacuum energy is able to produce effects phenomenological equivalent to hypothesis of dark energy and dark matter under certain conditions.
\nBasing on the assumptions here introduced the same uncertainty principle, from first and irreducible principle of physics, assumes the rank of derived condition through (25) – (28) by a more fundamental principle that is (23).<\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\n

[1] B. M. Pontecorvo, Sov. Phys. Usp., 26 (1983) 1087.
\n[2] L. Wolfenstein, Phys. Rev. D, 17 (1978) 2369.
\n[3] S. P. Mikheev e A. Yu. Smirnov, Il Nuovo Cimento C, 9 (1986) 17.
\n[4] S. Braibant, G.Giacomelli, M. Spurio, Particelle ed interazioni fondamentali, Springer, 2010.
\n[5] J. N. Bahcall, \u201cNeutrino astrophysics\u201d (Cambridge, 1989); http:\/\/www.sns.ias.edu\/~jnb
\n[6] http:\/\/www.arcetri.astro.it\/science\/SNe\/sn1987a.jpg
\n[7] H. A. Bethe e J. R. Wilson, Astrophys. J., 295 (1985) 14.
\n[8] G. Pagliaroli, F. Vissani, M. L. Costantini e A. Ianni, Astropart. Phys., 31 (2009) 163.
\n[9] V. S. Imshennik e O. G. Ryazhskaya, Astron. Lett., 30 (2004) 14.
\n[10] W. Baade e F. Zwicky, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 20 (1934) 259.
\n[11] A.M.Polyakov, Gauge Fields and Strings, Harwood academic publishers, 1987.
\n[12] Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam, \u00a0arXiv:1109.4897.
\n[13] F. L. Villante e F. Vissani, Phys. Rev. D, 76 (2007) 125019.
\n[14] F. L. Villante e F. Vissani, Phys. Rev. D, 78 (2008) 103007.
\n[15] M. A. Markov, \u201cThe Neutrino\u201d (Dubna) 1963.<\/p>\n

by Marco Lelli<\/em><\/p>\n

Direct download<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Marco Lelli<\/p>\n

Direct Download<\/p>\n

As it is well known a recent series of experiments, conducted in collaboration between CERN laboratories in Geneva and the Gran Sasso National Laboratory for Particle Physics, could have decreed the discovery of the transmission of a beam of super-luminal particles. Experimental data indicate […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/580"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=580"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/580\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":584,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/580\/revisions\/584"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=580"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=580"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=580"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}