Abstract
Review of the periodic table and existing research on isotopes of the various elements of the periodic table is conducted and the attempt is made here to visualize the process of element formation.
The role of Neutron in element formation is investigated and found to be vital for existence of elements . In the new light, the new model of nucleus is proposed which explains the stability of the nuclei and reason for multiple stable isotopes of elements.
Review of the Periodic Table
The inspection of the periodic table of elements reveal an interesting fact that for all elements other than Hydrogen, for element to be stable, number of Neutrons are always greater or equal, to the number of Protons in the nucleus. The periodic table is analyzed with respect to the abundance in nature for the elements.
The fusion of Hydrogen to produce Helium can be envisioned as follows:
1H + 1H + 1H + 1H → 2H + 2N + 2e+ (1)
where 2e+ later annihilating to produce additional gamma radiation.
Since tremendous force is needed to keep four protons together during the formation of helium and emit 2 positrons, it is unlikely. The mass of neutron is more than the mass of proton and this fact alone negates the likeliness of the above scenario.
- Neutrons are the building blocks for elements in nature.
- In the elements , other than hydrogen, neutron and proton form a pair (np) and keeps distinct identity.
- Excess neutrons stay at the center of the nuclei but keeps their distinct identity.
- Abundance of isotope is close to 100% when excess neutrons are odd count.
- If the excess neutron count is even, the isotope is radio active.
- Majority elements have only one Isotope.
- Only Potassium has three isotopes, the one with 2 excess neutron is radio active with 0.001 relative abundance.
- Elements He, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S are close to one in abundance with no excess neutron and maximum three isotopes.
- Element Be has one excess neutron and one isotope, 100% abundance.
- All other higher elements require four or more excess neutrons for the element to be abundant in nature and has up to 10 stable isotopes.
- Element Ca is exception with 0 excess neutron and 97% abundance. However it is unstable with >E+21 a Half life.
The nature prefers, for more complex nucleus, more neutrons than protons and creates a delicate balance to form a stable nuclei.
This balance of forces is so critical that in case of element F (the stable isotope is with 9 proton and 10 neutrons) The isotope 18F with 9 Protons and 9 Neutrons, with in 20 minutes decays and forms 18O which is stable with 8 protons and 10 Neutrons and gives up a e+ positron to convert proton to neutron and e+ and e- reaction produces Gama radiation.
Equation 18F → 18O + e+
Thus the existence of Neutron is vital to the existence of the universe itself, because without neutron, elements may not have been possible and hence the intelligence as we know today.
Structure of Neutron
The fact that Gravitational binding forces (Fg) of masses in the nucleus needs to be more than the destructive electromagnetic forces (Fem) created by the electrically positive environment of the nucleus, (Fem < Fg) excess neutrons are required in the nuclei. However, even at the center of the nucleus neutrons keep their distinct identity, rather than lumping together to form one heavy neutron. Therefore, neutron can not be just a fuzzy mass but a well defined structure able to hold induced charges with precise demarcation of boundary with an insulating layer, more like a free standing capacitor. Which suggests that at least three particles with two sets of characteristics are required to create a neutron. For our model here, that has to be two particles capable of holding charges and one particle which provides insulation between these particles, similar to that of dielectric layer in the capacitor. Thus in this postulated model the neutron looks and behaves neutral for all practical purposes. However, within nuclei keeps separate and distinct identity and does not combine with other neutrons to form a one central heavy body.
The proposal here defers from the model independent analysis predicting the structure having negative charge on the surface, Positive charge in the next lower level and than neutral mass. My model suggests that neutron is a free standing charged capacitor. This helps in keeping the distance between excess neutron in the nuclei. Otherwise there is nothing stopping these neutrons from lumping together to form a mini neutron star with in the nuclei. This model of Neutron is justified from the known fact that Neutron is heavier than Proton.
For elements other than Hydrogen, the nuclei becomes a chaotic environment. For Example, in case of
4He, two protons require their space and wants to be separate from each other as far as possible, and two neutrons are caught between the two protons as shown in figure 1. From the reference frame of protons it is envisioned that Neutrons spin on its axis at very high rotational speed. One clockwise and other anticlockwise.
Model of nuclei
A new model of nuclei is proposed as shown in the figure 3. A spherical shell of excess neutrons with one neutron at the center of the shell surrounded by paired proton neutron (pn) shell.
For the stable nuclei system the electromagnetic forces needs to be balanced and gravitational forces maximized. From the example of 4He above, it is envisioned that elements are built, in this model, by Heavy Hydrogen nuclei (pn) as a building block and just enough excess neutrons to provide needed gravitational force for stability.
Energy levels (orbitals) in pn outer shell follows the similar shell structure of electrons, with K,L,M,N,O being primary shell and s, p, d, f, g sub shells with similar total charge particle capacity. However for excess neutron shell it differs, where a single neutron stays at the center of the nuclei when in excess. The energy level for that central neutron in this model is called “Foundation neutron” (Fn).
The Table 4 shows the placement of neutrons in each shell.
Nuclei Stability Analysis using above model
For Odd atomic number nuclei:
In the ‘p-n shell’ the outermost pair has no symmetry, however the excess neutron shell is symmetrical for all odd atomic number elements giving the stability and abundance. Referring to table 2 and table 4 , isotopes, with one excess neutron, has relative abundance in nature of 1 or close to 1, The excess neutron takes the place of Fn. The isotopes with 2 excess neutrons are all radio active which can be attributed to the asymmetry of neutron in unfilled K shell, which can hold up to 2 neutrons. When the K shell is completely filled as in the case of 41K, the nuclei is stable. Table 2 outlines isotopes and abundance for majority of elements, all follow the same principle and model fits perfectly with the exception of 14N with atomic number 7. Iodine has 21 excess neutrons, as we see in table 4, the outer most excess neutron shell is symmetrical, making it stable. All other elements follows.
For Even atomic number nuclei:
The stability is obtained from the pn shell. However, excess neutron shell becomes asymmetric and depending on which sub shell, there is a room for additional excess neutrons and hence exhibits many stable isotopes with relative abundance. Theoretical probability calculation may prove this fact.
Instability and radio activity in heavy elements:
The neutron proton (np) pair in nuclei has capability to grow indefinitely. However as the heavier elements are built the inner excess neutron shell is large enough to interact with lower np shells, thus giving instability to the nuclei. e.g. for 238U there are 148 total neutrons and 54 excess neutrons. A nuclei with 111 excess neutron will completely fill up the O shell. All elements after 209Bi are radio active, this shows that interaction of neutrons form excess neutron shell(inner shell) with pn shell is destructive when the N shell is half filled. Thus there is a upper limit to the size of the inner excess neutron shell and this may be the reason for non existence of super heavy stable elements in nature.
Conclusion
This proposed model of nuclei, explains the stability and relative abundance of the nuclei. The nuclei(except for H and He) in this model is a shell with in a shell, where an innermost shell structure is formed with excess neutrons with one Fundamental foundation neutron (Fn) and the rest arranged in shell structure. Protons, form pair with neutron and form shell enclosing this excess neutron shell as shown in figure 3. The stability of the nuclei is a direct result of symmetrical placement of neutrons in the outer most shell of excess neutron shell. The same shell is responsible for many stable isotopes in even atomic number nuclei. The additional isotopes are possible if the outer shell of excess neutron shell holds odd number of neutrons. The nature of neutron is postulated here, the proof of which depends on future experiments.
References
Numerous Scientists’ and scholars’ exhausting work in development of periodic table, investigation of Isotopes is utilized and due credits are given. The list is too large to print here, but due credits are mentally given to all scientists.
Dear Mr Rossi,
I have been following your extremely important mission since your first public announcement Jan. 2011. I’ve been watching the latest live anniversary interview by Sterling Allan 14 Jan 2012, indeed encouraging information from you.
I have a question regarding the 10 kW Home-Cat, which I also have ordered myself.
What concerns me is the need for fairly high electrical energy demand 1 of 6 hours, 2,7 kWh.
I understand that you require nickel powder, hydrogen, catalysing matter and continuous electrical energy for “radio frequency” electromagnetic radiation perhaps also audio waved stimuli to start and maintain the reaction properly.
Initially and intermittently the Cat seems to require an electrical heating (at least one hour of 6) to start up under 1 hour before any self-sustainable 6 hours period is possible a process than repeated I have understood every 6-7 hour.
In order to reduce external electrical energy consumption, would it not be possible for two Home-Cats (A and B) to heat each other? E.G. when A operates in self-sustain mode it could heat B (from its 120 C liquid) while B is in non-sustainable mode and vice versa. I presume the 1 hour heat would be the most energy demanded function. I presume in such scenario Cat A and B are located physically close to each other perhaps support the same heating system or separate water systems.
All the best
Dear Gene Quong:
Thank you for your calculations,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Charlie:
Thank you fot the info, we will study it.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Nei Taylor:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Frankalde:
Will take 1 to 2 years,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mariora:
The E-Cat of the first generation will make heat. The application of the electricity generator of the second generation will leave the heat that will be used for heateng purposes in the houses, therefore iyt will not be wasted.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Kourosh:
Still 1/6th of the energy produced, because the gas cannot activate the reactor.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Rossi,
I followed with interest your interview on smartscarecrow.
As it stands, the electrically started home e-cat, according to specs,
has a COP of 6 to 1, and so is a sensible replacement for electric heating and
an alternative to heat pump systems.
Question : what is the minimal electrical energy requirement if some auxiliary gas heater
is used to help bring the unit to 120°C?
Regards
Rossis’ interesting talk points:
Fuel lasts 4,320 operational hours (180 days at 24 hours a day).
2.7 to 2.9 kWs needed for 1 hour to start the home 10 kW E-Cat
Every 6 hours 1 hour must be heat the resistance in order to guarantee stability in the reactor.
This hour will eat 3KW..
So you will need at least 6 ecat running in parallel to be absolutely independent..
When electricity wil be produced it will probably have a gain around 15%, so 1.5KW/h per ecat, leaving out 8.5KW/h of thermal energy.
With 6 ecat running in parallel, you can have 9KW/h of electricity which may be used this way: 3KW to sustain ecat operation and 6 KW for your needs or to sell them on the network/market.
The remaining are 51KW of thermal energy.
What can yo do with that energy???
For sure you can have some boiler to heat water for personal use (shower, washing hands, domestic uses). These boilers accumulate heat water, but at a certain point heating will no longer be necessary (at least until the internal water temperature will go down a certain level..). This can be solved simply with some easy valves today..
Then you can have a heat pump in every room of your home, which will use the heat to cool down the temperature in the summer and to heat the home in the winter.. also here, at a certain point you will need to turn them off because you reached the desired temperature..
But still you will have much heat available..
There are people that will use that to heat a pool or a hot thub, but still I think is not enough, and we will need to dissipate all that excessive heating in some other way.. May be we can create a sort of network for a certain number of houses working together and sharing the heat pipes and also electricity..
Or the actual electrical company may provide very cheap electricity and use the heat to provide big city with tele-heating..
It’s a pain that one should waste so much thermal energy.. hopefully someone will invent a thermal/electric exchanger with a huge gain.. that will be the next big step..
L’E-cat produrrà, al momento, energia sotto forma di calore: a quando un E-cat che produca direttamene energia elettrica? Con i sensi della mia più sentita stima e con i migliori auguri di successo per l’iniziativa che state portando avanti.
Frankalde
Mr. Rossi,
Thank you sir, I really enjoyed your wonderful interview with Sterling this afternoon. Keep up the great work and efforts. Your interview can now be seen on YouTube at this address:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RP5cG-36Bag
dear Mr Rossi,
I wondered if you were aware of this research.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-06/uom-uom062211.php
seems the perfect partner for the ecat
http://www.mediafire.com/file/xv9bdm1mkti3ujk/ecat.xls
I created this spreadsheet to calculate the total yearly savings of $743.46 on a natural gas bill of $1,311.76, if 10 kilowatt e-Cat is installed. The payback period is 8 months and is based on data from my Fortis bill and information available on their website.
Dear Mario:
If you want to become a distributor of E-Cats please contact us in september, when we will organize the network.
Contact
info@leonardocorp1996.com
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Readers:
Please see the link http://www.applet-magic.com/neutronrepulsion.htm
Thayer Watkins of San José State University observes the following:
“One More Observation
Consider the stability of a shell consisting of particles which attract each other. There is the example of the solar disk consisting of masses subject to mutual gravitational attraction. That system evolved into one in which each shell consisted of a single planetary system, a planet and its satellites. That is likely what would happen in a neutron shell if the neutrons attracted each other. Since that apparently does not happen in the neutron shells, some of which consist of as many as 44 neutrons this is one more argument that neutrons do not attract each other under the nuclear strong force but instead repel each other. ”
FYI
Bhagirath Joshi
Dear Bernie Koppenhofer:
Desalination is a purpose this technology can perform. Yes, we are moving in this field.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Gentile dott. Rossi,
La contatto poiché sono interessato alla rivendita, montaggio ed assistenza dei suoi E-Cat domestici.
Risiedo a Roma ed ho la disponibilità di operai e magazzini.
Mi faccia sapere se è interessato.
Dear Rick Meisinger:
The E-Cats will be refilled every 180 working days, not wasted.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi;
I was curious if the reactor core for the home E-Cat had been simplified to the point where it was single use and disposable, plug and play and throw into the recycle bin after use, or will they be refilled at the factory.
Warm Regards;
R.M.
Mr. Rossi:
I am very surprised we have not been hearing more about the E-Cat being used for desalination. Is there anything going on behind the scenes in that regard that you can share with us. Thank you and Good Job. Keep building E-Cats, let NASA do the demenstations. (:
Dear Gio:
Thank you!
Yes, the industrialization is very important, because is the system that will allow to everybody in the World to buy an E-Cat, whatever his economic condition, whatever his heating system.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Riva:
Obviously your pre-order is welcome. I think I knew you when I worked in Milan during the first 45 years of my life. In Milan I worked in the field of energy production from bio-masses and I met you in SGS of Agrate Brianza, where was my factory, from 1970 through 1995.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Ivan Baldinotti:
Thank you: by the way, I too work abroad, in the USA, and I am proud of this.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear G. Veronesi:
We will give all this information in September, so that you will have all the time to prepare. We have not decided yet many particulars, which are changing with the industrialization needs.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Federico Cuscianna:
Well, thank you, I am always well.
To make electricity you need, to achieve acceptable efficiencies, temperatures of at least 400 Celsius degrees, while we have reached 200, but we are in progress, we are resolving the problems .
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Keith W:
1 $/MWh is valid also for the E-Cat.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andre Blum:
1- We guarantee COP 6, but self sustained mode will be done
2- on and off will take 1 hour, but the operation will be modulable
3- yes, by a thermostate
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Uranox:
(you got a toxic name, Pal!)
The dimensions have been revolutionized recently. The E-Cat will be very small. Let me conserve it as a surprise.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Marius:
1- Yes
2- You mean a battery as a back up in case of black out? Yes, is possible.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Paul Heath:
1- yes, the end- user if will want will be able to change the refill
2- yes, but we still guarantee 1/6th, more than this will be a bonus.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Claud:
Thank you for understanding the essence of our work.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Frank Acland:
1- both solutions will be possible, the Customer will decide. The E-Cat will be very cheap, easy, small.Eventually we will eliminate all the obstacles to the fact that the Customer must be the sovereign of the E-Cat
2- few dollars
3- from us and our licensed resellers
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Occam:
The word “impossible” is not acceptable to me. Anything can be more or less probable in time.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Joe:
1- 1 to 2 years
2- Honestly, I did not think to this eventuality: good idea, though!
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Osiem:
Yes, in the last months the E-Cat is changed tremendously. We are working on the industrialization and decided a product phylosophy that will surprise everybody.
To work for E-Cat you should specify what are you able to do and what you want to do.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
How much has changed EACT in the last three months? From what I read here it appears that ECAT is light years from its prototype, which is two years old. The conclusion is that new technologies alone generate even newer technology. It seems that ECAT is a fusion of new technology, which kindly be desired.
I worked in the district heating sector, deals with substations automation and visualization. ECAT will introduce many changes in the heating and can even lead to extinction of heating plants. In what direction should I go to be able to work for ECAT?
Dear Andrea Rossi,
1. When do you expect that the E-Cats will be ready for the retrofitting for electrical power?
2. When that happens, will you also be including a chargeable battery for those of us who have no access to a power grid in order to “plug-in” the E-Cat? (A self-running device is certainly a tremendous advantage over your potential competitors.)
All the best,
Joe
Dott. Rossi
E’ possibile che si arrivi a sviluppare dei rubinetti per acqua calda autoscaldanti , con la sua tecnologia ? L’idea non è mia ma del Prof . Del Giudice qualche tempo fà …
Saluti
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Thanks for sharing the very interesting information about your E-Cat plans. I wonder if you could help us understand:
1. Why the decision to allow E-Cat owners to refuel their own machines? (previously you had said your agents would have to do this)
2. How much will it cost for a 6-month refuel?
3. Where will consumers purchase their fuel?
Thanks so much — and best wishes for the revolution!
Regards,
Frank Acland
“I will never stop, within one year we will start the delivery of million pieces…. This technology must be popular, must cost a very low price, must be a real revoluton, not a bunch of theoretical (wrong) chatters.”
Dear Andrea, I find in these words the essence of your scientific philosophy, the winning approach that since one year ago (in hard times) made me confident of the success of your challenge for the discovery of the century.
Happy to read them again today. I hope the best for you and your final effort!
C.R.
Dear Dr Rossi,
It warms my heart to hear such positive sounds from the manufacturing of kitty. You’re awesome!
Question:
1) I just read that it will now be possible for the enduser to change the fuel for the ecat themself? Has this recently changed?
2) Will the next gen ecat be self-sustained by using it’s own generated electricity to control the LENR reaction? That would raise the COP immensely, correct?
Thanks in advance!
Best regards,
Paul Heath
Dear Mr. Rossi,
Your strategy for bringing this technology forward is nearly as great and important as the Ecat itself! Best of luck in pushing it all the way through.
(1)Will the home Ecat be able to be switched between 110 and 220 volt input?
(2)Can it in an emergency situation/brownout be run on 12/24 volts for a limited time?
Warmest Regards,
Marius
Dear Ing Rossi,
Have you already any clue about the (approx.) final size the domestic ECat will be?
Dear Andrea,
1. Will the E-cat, as you envision it to be produced now, be able to run in self sustained mode? I.e.: once powered up, will it require input power for its control circuits, only?
2. Will an E-cat be able to be switched on and off easily and if so, is that a quick process?
3. Will the E-Cat output power be proportionally selectable (by either a thermostate or by human intervention)?
Wishing you good rewards for your very hard work.
Andre
Dear Andrea Rossi
Your statement of $50/kW for the home e-cat is very exciting. What do you expect the running costs for a 10kW unit to be? On ecat.com it specifies $1/MWh operating and maintenance cost for the 1MW plant. Do you have a figure for the e-cat home yet?
Dear Ing. Rossi,
how you doing?
I come back with a small question: which is the water temperature that e-cat can achive ?
Because in my little brain, … if the water goes up to 100° you have vapour and if you have vapour you have energy.
So, why do you consider the e-cat only a heat system and not also an electrical generator?
Sempre pronto a partire,…
cordialmente
federico
Dear Mr. Rossi
Waiting for the E-Cat’s start it should be very useful to know some implementing details for preparing the connection with new and old plants.
In particular I’ll be very happy to know:
1) Diameter, pass and position for in and out water tubes
2) Min input temperature and flow for water, max out temperature (depending from flow)
3) Pressure drop depending from flow
4) Electric (Dc or AC) consumption, COP and modulation possibilities (time response)
5) Particular needs for heating or refreshing or other determining the disposals
6) Overall dimensions
I believe that those news do not touch secrets, but they would be very important for planning.
Thank you in advance
G V
Dear Rossi,
I am following the evolution of the e-cat since the first experiments in Bologna. I am very happy that soon your work will have a commercial confirmation and I hope success. Being a scientist that is working abroad from Italy, every time an italian is successful in science makes me hope that one day things will be different in Italy, and research will have the right place in our society.
Good look with your work!
Best regards
Ivan
Gentile dott. Rossi , la ringrazio per lo straordinario lavoro che sta facendo .
Ne approfitto per prenotare una delle sue caldaie .
Da un ex fisico ormai in pensione che ha lavorato molti anni fa nel campo della fisica dello stato solido (laboratori SGS ,ora STM) e che condivide con lei le origini Milanesi .
Con i migliori auguri
Piercarlo Riva
dear ing. Rossi
i’m following your story with great interest and i ‘m really interested in your business development. I totally agree with you when you write:”The industrialization we are working on is probably as much important as the invention itself”.
The e-cat won’t be only the discovery of the millenium , but also the business case.
You and your team are making a great job.
Avanti così!
gio