United States Patent US 9,115,913 B1

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Impact of Casson Fluid on Magneto hydrodynamical multifluid flow under the influence of chemical reaction

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by

Shreedevi Kalyan
Department of Mathematics, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburagi

Indrajeeth Reddy
Department of Mathematics, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburagi

Hussain Soliman
3Department of Basic Science, Engineering Division,
International Academy for Engineering and Media Science, Egypt

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Abstract
This paper investigates mass and thermal transfer in a system of infinite vertically parallel plates under the influence of a chemical reaction(first order). This setup involves a Casson fluid and immiscible fluids. Using perturbation techniques, we solve the nonlinear coupled mathematical model, applying appropriate restrictions. The incompressible fluids, is assumed, fluid have different viscosities and thermal conductivities, and their transport properties are considered constant. We match the separate solutions using appropriate matching conditions. The study analysis explores how various parameters affect heat and mass transfer, presenting the results graphically. We find that both the thermal & the mass Grashof numbers increase the flow. regardless of the presence of a first-order chemical reaction. While viscous dissipation, viscosity, width and conductivity ratio promote the flow, the first-order chemical reaction parameter tends to suppress it in both regions.
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Geometric model of atomic nuclei

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by
Ilya A.Boldov

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Abstract
The article proposes a geometric model of atomic nuclei based on the homology of the structures of electronic shells and structures of nuclear layers and the assumption of anisotropy of nuclear forces and their action in six orthogonal directions (±X,±Y,±Z).

The order of filling the spatial positions of the core layers with both nucleon pairs (proton-neutron) and individual neutrons of the core surface is proposed.

Based on the computer program written by the author, the structures of all known and possible nuclei up to the 160th element of the Periodic Table are modeled.

An explanation of the so-called ”magic” cores has been obtained.

The spatial positions in which protons can be attached to the nucleus in cold nuclear fusion reactions are determined.

The location of 4He clusters in the structure of the core layers is revealed and it is shown how the fission of radioactive nuclei into unequal fragments by intercluster bonds occurs.

An explanation of the stability corridor of the nuclei is given.

The proposed model was verified by calculating the quadrupole moments of Lithium nuclides.
keywords:Atomic nucleus, atomic nucleus structure, nuclear forces, nuclear fission, stability of
atomic nuclei, Cold nuclear fusion.
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New scientific paradigm: Primacy of movement.
Low Energy Nuclear Fusion Chain Reaction (LENR) is a new source of carbon-free energy and a non-mechanical engine.

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by
Aleksandr Nikitin
E-mail: nikitinaleksandrp@gmail.com

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Abstract
The modern scientific paradigm has exhausted itself.
The motion of matter, including low-energy nuclear reactions LENR and gravity, the description of which is the task of science, can be further cognized solely on the basis of a new scientific paradigm:

  1. Postulating the primacy of the movement of our World as a way of its existence, as its absolute attribute, which is confirmed by all our experience.
  2. Our World – Cosmos – is the only entity that unites absolutely everything: material bodies, physical fields and ether, object and subject, current and conductor, “moving body” and “perpetual motion machine” with power N=h/tP
    (absolute invariant) in one person and singular.
  3. The materiality of Cosmos lies in its motion, which is the process of transformation of baryonic matter (BM) through neutrinos (as a “displacement current”) into “dark matter” (DM) and back, i.e. material-energy induction.
  4. Cosmos motion is a non-mechanical periodic process of spherical runoff-source (convergence-divergence) according to the Hubble-Planck factor (H-h), which is the cause of formation, existence and motion of material bodies. This
    material current creates on the equipotential surfaces the tension-acceleration (difference of energy potentials), which causes any movement of matter.
  5. ….

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Energy, Economical, Environmental and Medical Applications of Cold Nuclear Fusion of Hydrogen with Powder and Liquid Forms of Metals

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by
U.V.S. Seshavatharam
Honorary faculty, I-SERVE, Survey no-42, Hitech city, Hyderabad-84, Telangana, India
S. Lakshminarayana
Dept. of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-03, AP, India
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Abstract
Aim of this paper is to highlight the four major applications of Cold Nuclear fusion (CNF).

Considering Google publications, NASA publications, European funding amounts and other important experimental results, we have developed a mechanism for understanding the mystery of energy liberation in CNF associated with fusion of hydrogen with metals.

Apart from clean thermal energy liberation, we have identified three important applications of CNF. They are: Preparing Iridium-, Platinum-and Gold-like costly elements from Tungsten-like elements, converting high level nuclear radioactive waste into stable atomic nuclides and preparing radioactive isotopes for medical applications.

It may be noted that, we have developed a common, simple and workable theoretical procedure for understanding the above applications and it needs funding for conducting experimental studies.

We emphasize the point that, our proposed scientific concept of CNF is practical compared to other theoretical models of cold nuclear fusion.
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Self-powered solar-driven zero liquid discharge desalination plant based on drum film evaporators

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by
UZIKOV Vitaly
Engineer, Russia (uzikov62@mail.ru)

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Abstract
Millions of people suffer from a shortage of fresh water: the available resources rapidly reduce their capacity with the growing demand. Shortage of fresh water in several regions of the Earth is becoming a serious problem posing a threat to the mankind evolution and the environment conservation.
Water and energy scarcity are two major global challenges facing modern society. Right now, almost one-fifth of the world’s population is living in areas with water scarcity, and another 1.6 billion people are living in economic water scarcity areas because of technical or financial limitations to getting freshwater even when water is available. So, water treatment techniques employing solar energy are deemed attractive for producing fresh water from impotable water sources, including seawater, river/lake water and contaminated water, by safe and sustainable methods.
Solar-driven desalination in the countries with hot and arid climate can employ abundant and free solar energy to produce freshwater from natural water sources, making this technology a promising one to solve the water scarcity problem.
Besides, solar-driven zero liquid discharge (ZLD) desalination from waste brine water has recently emerged as a new important application of solar evaporation. Compared with conventional ZLD desalination technologies, solar-driven ZLD desalination produces solid salt as the only byproduct and uses sunlight as the only energy source, making it less energy intensive, more cost-effective, and affordable.
This paper considers a concept of a small self-powered solar-driven multi-stage ZLD desalination plant based on film evaporation drums and having a desalination capacity of up to 1100 liters of freshwater per day.
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Technology proposal to prevent the release of Fukushima tritium into the ocean

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by
UZIKOV Vital
y
Engineer, Russia
E-mail: uzikov62@mail.ru


UZIKOVA Irina
Engineer, France
E-mail: iuzikova@assystem.com

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Abstract
The need for isotope separation of water molecules with protium (ordinary hydrogen), deuterium and tritium arises in various industries: obtaining heavy (D2O) water for the nuclear industry; purification of radioactive water from tritium during the elimination of the consequences of the accident at the Fukushima NPP and heavy water at nuclear reactors; reduction of the natural concentration of heavy hydrogen isotopes in water for biological and medical purposes, etc.
But first of all, our proposals are an attempt to propose a technology that could prevent the discharge of water contaminated with tritium into the world ocean after the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.
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Possible ways to improve the heat generator A.Rossi

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by
Tertyshnik E.G.
E-mail: edtertysh23@yandex.ru
Epifanova I. E.
Epifanov A.O.

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Abstract
Based on the test report of the heat generator by A. Rossi (2011, Lugano), the authors calculated that the summa of nuclear energy had been generated by the heat generator for 30 days exeeded 9000 J . To improve the operational characteristics of the device, it is proposed to use a high-frequency generator to heat the reacting mixture. The use of titanium instead of nickel in the heat generator can also be useful. An experiment was carried out in during which a nuclear reaction in a mixture of 5 g of nickel and 0.5 g of lithium aluminum hydride was initiated by heating in a household microwave oven. Gamma analysis of the mixture after it had cooled revealed the presence of a number of short-lived nuclides including 46K (half-life 1.75 min.), 91mMo (half-life 1.077 min.), 168mLu (half-life 6.70 min.). At the moment of start of measurements, the activity of these nuclides ranged from 0.5 to 1 Bq.
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Power-independent cooling system for a high-power research reactor

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by

Vitaly Uzikov, Lead Ingeeneer, JSC “SSC RIAR” (Russian Federation)
Irina Uzikova, Nuclear Safety Engineer, Assystem E&OS (France)

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Abstract
This paper presents the results of the analysis of a universal system for cooling of the research reactors core. The cooling system based on the passive principle of natural convection of the coolant. This cooling system develops the concept of a reactor plant presented in [1]. This Chapter presents à three-dimensional model, technological and design diagrams of a reactor unit. The examples of the numerical assessment of transients during operation in normal and accident modes are shown to substantiate the possibility of using such system in research reactors of medium and high power, providing a neutron flux of more than 1 × 1015 cm-2/s.
A fundamental feature of the presented passive heat removal system is the absence of active elements in the cooling circuits, such as circulation pumps, shut-off and control valves, as well as the presence of an intermediate circuit with a non-radioactive coolant, made according to the principle of operation of a heat pipe (thermic syphon). Such design excludes the release of the radioactive coolant into the surrounding environment for any depressurization of the circuits. The cooling circuits include only vessels, piping and heat exchangers. The absence of elements with mechanical moving parts can significantly reduce the equipment failures probability and increase the reliability of the cooling system while reducing its cost.
The versatility of the proposed system allows using it for different reactor plants of a wide power range, designed for various nuclear research areas.
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Low-power modular lead-cooled nuclear reactor

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by
Vitaly Uzikov, Lead Ingeeneer, JSC “SSC RIAR” (Russian Federation)
Irina Uzikova, Nuclear Safety Engineer, Assystem E&OS (France)
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Introduction
One of the main directions of modern development of nuclear energy is the creation of small modular reactors. Small modular reactors installed in single or multi-unit power plants make it possible to combine nuclear and alternative energy sources, including renewable sources.
However, the problem of optimal choice of the type of coolant for such reactors remains unresolved. Despite the seemingly obvious choice, the use of water as a coolant carries significant risks of a heat transfer crisis in the core in emergency situations, and the possibility of an exothermic zirconium vapor reaction has led to catastrophic consequences at the Fukushima-Daiichi NPP [1]. The use of gas, organic heat transfer fluids or salts causes no less problems and risks. Liquid metal coolant – liquid sodium requires special care in handling it due to its fire and explosion hazard, and the use of a lead-bismuth coolant leads to the formation of a large amount of hazardous radioactive polonium-210, which, in case of accidents with depressurization, can escape into the environment and lead to serious radiation consequences in the adjacent territories. Therefore, perhaps the most acceptable coolant option for small-sized modular reactors may be ordinary lead.
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Novel Cold Fusion Reactors based on the real Cold Fusion Mechanism

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by
Noriyuki Kodama
Independent Researcher
Tokyo, 206-0011 Japan, 81-90-6164-9203, noriyuki.kodama.0820@gmail.com

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Abstract
I review my Cold fusion theory as described below, and I also propose the experiment to prove hydride bond compression theory based on the currently available reactors and propose the conceptualized Cold fusion reactors based on the cold fusion mechanism.
(1) Cold fusion occurs at the metal surface T site by the compression of D2 from the surrounding lattice atoms.
(2) Compression of D-D bond can create the small D2 based on the electron orbit theory, which has been proved experimentally and theoretically.
(3) Bond compression is the common mechanism for the successful cold fusion reactors.
(4) The reactors of Buffer energy nuclear fusion and E-CAT with Li-H utilize the bond compression of Li-H and created small hydrogen (tightly bound proton-electron pair) and Lattice Confinement Fusion utilize the bond compression of Er-D and create small D (tightly bound d and electron pair).
(5) Because both E-CAT with Li-H nuclear reaction and Lattice Confinement fusion of Er-D have no mechanism of bond compression, their reactions can be unstable and irreproducible.
(6) I propose that Lattice Confinement Fusion reactor will be used to prove the mechanism of bond compression to produce excess heat because it seems to be designed to prove the lattice confinement fusion because the transmuted element seems to be stable and it is easy to compress Er-d films by mechanical stress.
(7) I propose the conceptualized Cold Fusion Reactor with nano-metal particles which potential is controlled by the metal 2 parallel electrode, and location of nano-particles can be mixed by ultrasonic oscillator to vibrate nano-metal particle in D2O to get the uniform reaction of D absorption and cold fusion.
(8) Li-H bond can be compressed effectively by the collision of nano Li-H particle by ultrasonic oscillator vibration of Nano-Li-H particle, and can be compressed by 2 parallel metal plates directly This direct compression can be applicable to Lattice Confinement Fusion, however the efficiency is low due to the reaction of D to Er.
I also propose the conceptualized Cold fusion reactor for transmutation with metal surface for Cold fusion to create small H2 and backside potential control for H absorption with H2 gas in place of D2 gas to prevent the heat generation because small D2 can be reduced by D+D fusion.
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Antiferromagnetic nucleus of Cr

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by
Alan C. Folmsbee, 1565 Haiku Road, Haiku, Hawaii 96708 USA


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Abstract
The protons and neutrons in the nuclei of the elements are, in this theory, positioned in fixed locations for all common isotopes. Sphere stacking of baryons is used with both cubic and hexagonal packing. It is asserted that all elements heavier than boron have a cube of nucleons in the center of each nucleus. To provide evidence for this theory, the properties of iron and chromium are compared using their nuclear structures. Cr has two rings of protons. Geometric reasoning shows it may be possible to make a Boolean logic gate out of four atoms because of the magnetic phenomena of chromium.
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Technology proposal to prevent the release of Fukushima tritium into the ocean

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by
UZIKOV Vitaly, engineer, Russia (uzikov62@mail.ru)
UZIKOVA Irina, engineer, France (iuzikova@assystem.com)

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Abstract
The need for isotope separation of water molecules with protium (ordinary hydrogen), deuterium and tritium arises in various industries: obtaining heavy (D2O) water for the nuclear industry; purification of radioactive water from tritium during the elimination of the consequences of the accident at the Fukushima NPP and heavy water at nuclear reactors; reduction of the natural concentration of heavy hydrogen isotopes in water for biological and medical purposes, etc. But first of all, our proposals are an attempt to propose a technology that could prevent the discharge of water contaminated with tritium into the world ocean after the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.
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On the Role of Nuclear Binding Energy in Understanding Cold Nuclear Fusion

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by
U.V.S.Seshavatharam and S.Lakshminarayana
Honorary faculty, I-SERVE, Survey no-42, Hitech city, Hyderabad-84,Telangana, INDIA
Dept.of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-03, AP, INDIA
Emails: seshavatharam.uvs@gmail.com (and) lnsrirama@gmail.com
Orcid numbers: 0000-0002-1695-6037 (and) 0000-0002-8923-772X

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Abstract
Following the concept of strong interaction, theoretically, fusion of proton seems to increase the binding energy of final atom by 8.8 MeV.
Due to Coulombic repulsion, asymmetry effect, pairing effect and other nuclear effects, final atom is forced to choose a little bit of binding energy less than 8.8 MeV and thus it is able to release left over binding energy in the form of internal kinetic energy or external thermal energy.
Thus, in cold fusion, heat release to occur, binding energy difference of final atom and base atom seems to be less than 8.8 MeV.
Qualitatively, energy released during cold fusion seems to be approximately equal to 8.8 MeV minus the difference of binding energy of final and base atoms.
Based on this idea, under normal conditions, for the case of 2He4, fusion of four protons can liberate (35.2-28.3)=6.9 MeV and it is 3.5 times less than the current estimates.
Point to be understood is that, lesser the binding energy of final atom, higher the liberated thermal energy and vice versa.
With a suitable catalyst and sufficient hydrogen under suitable pressure, if reactor’s temperature is maintained at (1000 to 1500) 0C, there seems a lot of scope for a chain reaction of cold fusion in which light isotopes transform to their next stage with increased proton number or mass number and liberate safe and clean heat energy continuously.
By arranging 4 to 6 reactors and charging them periodically in tandem, required thermal energy can be produced continuously.
In this new direction, by carefully selecting the base isotope and its corresponding catalyst, experiments can be conducted and ground reality of cold fusion can be understood at various temperature and pressure conditions.
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«Hidden» thermodynamics – rational approach to known facts

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by
Aleksei Savchenko
A.A. Bochvar Institute of Inorganic Materials (VNIINM), Rogova 5A, Moscow, Russia,
sav-alex111@mail.ru +7-977-520-5299

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Russian version published in J. Atomic Strategy, S-Petersburg, in three articles (3 Parts):
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1. The discrepancy between the approaches to the second law of thermodynamics and phase equilibrium. Solid and liquid solutions, Issue 109, December 2015, 17-23.
2. Entropy effects in real systems,. Issue 110, January 2016, 14-19.
3. Entropy effects in multiphase systems. Phase diagrams and eutectics melting mechanism, Issue 111, February 2016, 28-33.
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Introduction to all 3 parts
Almost all natural processes are described by the laws of thermodynamics – the first (the law of energy conservation) or the second, determining the direction of physicalchemical processes.
The first law of thermodynamics is pretty clear, but it is not properly understood all the time. Sometimes the fact that there are no ideal isolated systems is ignored.
Sometimes the energy disappears when in the description of wave annihilation in a counterphase.
Many physics textbook note – in interference and diffraction, waves, if shifted by 180 degrees, damp each other and energy disappears.
I have mentioned this in an article [1].
As an additional example, fig.1 depicts wave interference pattern generated by the source when reflected. According to a common physics approach,
there are no oscillations to the right from the source in a narrow strip, and, therefore, energy.
And it is not correct as energy can’t disappear, it only transforms from one form (state) to another (currently unknown).
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Disputable issue of matter and antimatter symmetry

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by
Aleksei Savchenko
A.A. Bochvar Institute of Inorganic Materials (VNIINM), Rogova 5A, Moscow, Russia,
sav-alex111@mail.ru +7-977-520-5299

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Abstract
Analyzed the common views on the origin matter and antimatter.
Proposed and rationalized the hypothesis, stating that the antimatter was not lost in The Big Bang as a result of annihilation but remained in the matter, i.e. matter itself (protons and neutrons) consists of particles and antiparticles.
Rationalized the possibility of electron placed inside a neutron and, as a conclusion, the possibility to influence the nuclear half-life.
Proposed the hypothesis regarding the origin and structure of electron, muon, proton, neutron and neutrino, regarding the nature of nuclear (strong) interaction and regarding the prevalence of stretching pressures in Physical Vacuum.
Proposed the mechanism of the expansion of the Universe by «swelling» of the Physical Vacuum energy structure itself and some conclusions of that model.
Analyzed the possible energy effects, resulting from the sharp change in the density of Physical Vacuum.
Proposed an alternative mechanism for the Relic radiation origin (microwave background radiation).
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Brief review on alternative physics – An alternative opinion on physics

by
Aleksei Savchenko
A.A. Bochvar Institute of Inorganic Materials (VNIINM), Rogova 5A, Moscow, Russia,
sav-alex111@mail.ru +7-977-520-5299

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Introduction by V.B.Ivanov
General Director of A. A. Bochvar’s High Technology Research Institute of Inorganic Materials (VNIINM)

Alternative ideas empower the scientific and technological progress.
Exactly now we need new approaches and solutions that will lead us to a qualitatively new level.
This has always been the definitive scientific principle, and it will stay so.
Even dubious solutions give rise to discussions where the grains of truth are born. Refusing is easy.
Understanding, finding grounds and defining new solutions is hard, but it is necessary.
We offer for discussion a summary of report by A. M.Savchenko who works at our Institute, on some new trends in (alternative) physics and its place in the general development of the scientific thought.
Some parts of this paper may be questionable, and they are not always backed up by the official opinion. Yet, this is a real initiative.
Let us discuss.

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Energy Nature of Configurational Entropy

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by
Aleksei Savchenko
A.A. Bochvar Institute of Inorganic Materials (VNIINM), Rogova 5A, Moscow, Russia,
sav-alex111@mail.ru +7-977-520-5299

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Abstract
It is shown, that the entropy of mixing is of the energy nature (not only statistical one, as the probability of state).
Energetic entropy processes (in ideal mixing) are not observable, because of their hidden nature (simultaneously occurs the emission and absorption of heat).
But they are reflected in the changes of energy condition of Physical Vacuum (PV).
A hypothesis is proposed, in which changes in the entropy of mixing are analyzed as linked with the interaction between matter and Physical Vacuum.
Experimental results were carried out of interaction between Physical Vacuum and material bodies in different energetic exposures, including distanced, which resulted in body mass reduction due to increase in energetic density of Physical Vacuum around them.
The same effect is observed during the increase of mixing entropy – it points out on its energetic nature, not only the measure of disorder.
So, the second law of thermodynamics, when applied to open systems, i.e. matter plus Physical Vacuum, gets additional physical meaning as the law of energy conservation.
A hypothesis is conceived to explain the antigravity effects from the conducted experiments.
There was an attempt to find correlation by the use of Lenz’s Rule between the rise in entropy and Universe expansion, and also some particularities of Universal expansion with possibility to exceed the speed of light.
A physical explanation of Nikolai Kozyrev’s experiments is proposed.
Methods of entropy and anti-entropy stream (flow) generation, arising in the forced mode use of vortex heat generators, were tested, as were practical uses of received effects for purification of solutions from additives and for metals melting at lower temperatures.
Probable energetic effects that appear at fast changes in Physical Vacuum density are analyzed.
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On the unification of the forces

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by
Rosemary Ainslie

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Abstract
The arguments in support of this magnetic field model are, of necessity, developed outside any standard frame of reference. This requirement is due to the unusual nature of the field’s concepts, which have no precedents within the standard model and this paper therefore precludes citations.

This 4-part paper details concepts and arguments in support of a non-standard magnetic field model, broadly outlined by the author in a 2-part paper published in the Journal of Nuclear Physics, (JONP), 2012 and titled ‘Proposed variation to Faraday’s Lines of Force to include a magnetic dipole in its structure’. This 4-Part paper expands on a proposed unification of the forces based on a primary magnetic force that underpins the weak force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force and the gravitational force.

It argues that magnetic fields comprise an underlying material structure of dipoles that have a fixed quotient of charge. Their wide range of size and velocity is determined by an inverse proportionality constant, the smaller the particle, the faster and vice versa. Their field assemblies are exquisitely structured to generate an orbital velocity in excess of light speed, which renders them invisible. This fundamental, dipolar material spans 10 dimensions all of which have one of three alternate time frames but which share a commonality in space.

Where the standard model precludes any defeat of the unity barrier this field model both predicts and requires this potential. Proof of postulate, more fully referenced in the conclusion to Part-4 of this paper was earlier established in the first of those JONP papers, titled Experimental evidence of a breach of unity measured on switched circuit apparatus. This paper published experimental evidence of a unity breach with anomalous negative wattage measurements.

The object here is to give a detailed account of the field concepts to encourage a wider review and then a testing of both this and earlier published claims. It is coupled with a hope that the field’s fuller potentials can then be enabled through a systematic unravelling of their mechanisms in line with these insights. The model is not complete, as critical aspects of both the strong nuclear force and the gravitational force require development and/or proof. Arguments in support of this model have been developed with the use of logic and reasoned accordingly. This should enable a wide dissemination of these concepts against a broad range of specializations and as required. Questions are resolved as they conform to principles of correspondence or to experimental measurements or both.
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On the unification of the forces

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Towards the exit from the middle ages

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by
Ch. Stremmenos
Retired Professor of the Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry
of the Faculty of Industrial Chemistry in the University of Bologna

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When it comes to energy, the first thing to consider is how little we know about it. It is defined as the ability to produce work ,. but beyond that, we are not able to describe all the relevant substantive aspects. We know that energy can take many forms (kinetic, thermal, chemical, biochemical, nuclear, electromagnetic, etc.). We also know that it is a fundamental quality, and a physical entity (… and maybe METAPHYSICAL …) of the Universe . And we know that energy and matter are closely linked and interchangeable to a certain extent (as expressed by Einstein’s most famous equation E=mc²)
We are also quite sure that the law of conservation of energy it’s real. In other words, energy is neither created nor destroyed, but only transformed. Thus, the set of methods of use are constituted by systems that convert one form of energy into another that is for our most useful needs (eg thermal engines that generate mechanical work or electricity which in turn is available for a very high number of applications, … …). Now, we also know that quantum vacuum contains an enormous amount of energy in a primitive state. This huge amount of energy, calculated mathematically amounts to 10 ^ 113 joules per cubic meter that to realize this magnitude, we will refer to the phrase of the great physicist, award .Nobel Richard Feynman who finishing his tea, to say in front of the empty cup , to his disciples…. “There is enough energy in the space of this empty cup to evaporate all the oceans of our PLANET…!”
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