Yury Evdokimov:
Correct: the COP of the Ecat makes possible the self sustaining mode (SSM) of a Carnot cycle based thermoelectric facility,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
The high efficiency of ECat allows for the conversion of existing thermal power plants into more efficient thermal power plants using ECat for intermediate conversion into heat.
With this approach, the summation of the power outputs of a large number of elementary ECat modules is replaced by the summation of their thermal outputs, which is much simpler, more reliable, and less expensive than electrical summation.
The inherent efficiency of modern steam turbines is 60-80%. The overall efficiency of steam turbine power plants (turbine + generator) is 33-42%.
That is, when using ECat for conversion into heat, the plant’s efficiency will be higher than that of modern thermal power plants. Moreover, this reformatting does not affect existing power supply networks.
“A solar panel’s temperature coefficient measures how much power output drops for every
rise in temperature above 25 degC, usually ranging from -0.3% to 0.5%. Lower, more negative numbers indicate better performance in heat, as higher temperatures increase electrical resistance, reducing efficiency.”
In a Solar Panel Supplementation, the NGU Unit would provide power during low light conditions. During high illumination times, the NGU unit could provide cooling (passive or active), to increase Solar Panel efficiency.
For example, if the Solar Panel could be cooled by 20 degC and the temperature coefficient was -0.4% per degC, the Solar Panel efficient would improve by 8%. A Hugh Amount!
“In hot, equatorial desert climates, solar panels often reach surface temperatures between 65degC and 77degC during the day. This represents a rise of roughly 20degC to 30degC above the surrounding air temperature, driven by high solar irradiance. ”
I am confused by post @2026-04-25 17:45 Daniel G. Zavela
My take is that the 95% number is not a reliability factor for the 100 watt Ecats. Instead it is a photoelectric conversion efficiency factor related to the diode. was your answer based on the understanding that this 95% number was for a photoelectric conversion efficiency factor for the diode?
A partial list of sciences involved in the vacuum reaction.
The study of the vacuum and its reactions is primarily covered by quantum electrodynamics (QED), quantum field theory (QFT), high-energy particle physics, general relativity (due to vacuum energy influencing spacetime curvature), and various aspects of cosmology.
The “theory of the vacuum reaction” primarily falls under Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), which describe the vacuum not as “nothingness” but as a dynamic state of fluctuating energy.
These fields analyze the vacuum not as empty space, but as a medium containing fluctuating electromagnetic fields, virtual particles, and ground-state energy.
The specific topics included in these, or related, fields of science:
Quantum Field Theory (QFT): Fundamental framework for understanding vacuum states.
General Relativity & Quantum Gravity: Covers vacuum behavior in curved spacetime (black holes).
Nanoplasmonics:. It involves studying how plasmonic nanostructures interact with vacuum fluctuations, specifically in the context of vacuum-induced saturation (VISA) and light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
Nanooptics: It uses near-field optics and plasmonic structures to engineer electromagnetic fields in tiny volumes, often interacting with the vacuum states.
Hole Superconductivity: While specific to condensed matter physics, it relates to the broader concept of “vacuum” in material science, which describes the behavior of charge carriers in a “sea” of electrons.
Astrophysics & General Relativity: These fields cover Black Hole Evaporation (Hawking Radiation). This process involves the production of negative energy particles that fall into the event horizon, effectively reducing the black hole’s mass while positive energy escapes as radiation.
Black Hole Evaporation: It is a key application of QFT in curved spacetime, where vacuum fluctuations at the event horizon lead to Hawking radiation.
Negative Energy Production: Theoretical concepts like the Casimir effect produce a measurable force that corresponds to a negative energy density, a fundamental aspect of vacuum reaction studies.
Dynamic Casimir Effect: This is a paradigmatic example of a vacuum reaction, where accelerating boundary conditions (e.g., oscillating mirrors) convert virtual photons from the vacuum into real, detectable photons.
Solid State Physics: It involves condensed matter, which can be viewed as an analog to vacuum studies (e.g., in superfluid vacuum theory or regarding quasiparticles in a vacuum sea).
Fields of Science & Applications Related to Vacuum Reactions:
Quantum Vacuum Engineering: Modifying the properties of the vacuum to change chemical reactions or electron and photon dynamics.
Levitodynamics: Controlling nanoparticles in a vacuum for quantum technology, utilizing vacuum fluctuations.
Superfluid Vacuum Theory (SVT): An approach treating the vacuum as a superfluid (Bose-Einstein condensate).
Vacuum Polarization: A QED process where the vacuum acts as a dielectric medium, affecting particle interaction.
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED): Deals with the interaction between light and matter at the quantum level.
Stochastic Electrodynamics (SED): A classical approach that treats the vacuum field as a real random field.
Quantum Chemistry: Studies the use of vacuum coupling to alter chemical reaction rates
Cosmology & Electroweak Theory: Early universe domain wall formation and electroweak symmetry breaking are phases where the vacuum energy underwent major changes, converting potential energy into particles, as studied in quantum cosmology.
Supersolid Theory: Included.
Supersolid theories involve the spontaneous breaking of two symmetries simultaneously (translational and gauge), which is closely related to studies of vacuum structure and domain wall formation.
Flux Tube Formation: A consequence of QCD vacuum structure, where flux tubes form in the early universe.
Quark-Gluon Plasma: Relates to the QCD vacuum structure at extremely high temperatures related to transmutation.
Exotic Matter & Ultra-Dense Matter.
Other related areas include Superfluid Vacuum Theory (SVT)—which models the vacuum as a superfluid—and Analog Gravity, which mimics curved spacetime in laboratory systems..
History of the Zitterbewegung particle theory.
The transition from a “Zitterbewegung” (trembling motion) interpretation that forms the basis of the LENR theory reaction to a field-theoretical framework occurred in the late 1940s and early 1950s with the development of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). While the physical phenomenon was first identified by Erwin Schrödinger in 1930, it was essentially “re-interpreted” away by the shift from single-particle relativistic quantum mechanics to multi-particle Quantum Field Theory (QFT).
Why the Transition Occurred
The Zitterbewegung version of particle physics was fundamentally limited because it treated the Dirac equation as a single-particle wave equation, similar to the Schrödinger equation. This led to several conceptual problems that QFT eventually resolved:
Positive and Negative Energy Interference: In the 1930s interpretation, Zitterbewegung was viewed as a literal interference between the positive-energy and negative-energy solutions of the Dirac equation. This interference was believed to caused an electron to appear to “jitter” at the speed of light. But this jitter has never been detected in experiments.
The “Hole Theory” Problem: To explain negative energy states, Paul Dirac proposed the “Dirac Sea,” where all negative states are filled. However, this was still a semi-classical “particle” model that struggled with the creation and destruction of particles.
Resolution through Vacuum Fluctuations: In modern field theory, the effect is no longer seen as a literal “jittering” of a single point-particle. Instead, it is understood as the interaction of a particle with vacuum fluctuations or virtual electron-positron pairs.
Timeline of the Transition
1928–1930: Paul Dirac derives his equation, and Erwin Schrödinger coins the term “Zitterbewegung” after finding oscillatory terms in the wave packet solutions.
1930s: Physicists like Gregory Breit and Schrödinger explore the “jitter” as a literal mechanical property of the electron.
Late 1940s: The development of renormalized QED by Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga shifts the focus to fields. In this framework, the “trembling” motion is naturally absorbed into the Darwin term and other higher-order corrections of the field interactions.
Modern Status: Today, Zitterbewegung is mostly viewed as an artifact of trying to use a single-particle description for a relativistic system. In a fully quantized field, particles are simply excitations of the field, and the “trembling” disappears into the broader dynamics of vacuum energy.
The Zitterbewegung as reformulated and expanded by Dr. Giorgio Vassallo et al is directed to explain how LENR can ignite fusion without the generation of fusion based side effects.
Just Zitterbewegung theory is too limiting to cover all the aspects of the vacuum reaction uncovered in Dr. Rossi’s experimentation and R&D.
Since the broad sweep of the vacuum reaction used in Dr. Rossi’s approach is better explained by quantum field theory and other broader current fields of science, I will list the details of that context in a following post.
Yury Evdokimov:
Thank you for your kind support and for the suggestion:
I agree, and this is definitely possible due to the high COP of the Ecat,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
In my opinion, for relatively small powers up to 1 MW, the summation of ECAT powers is most likely to be carried out electrically through DC-AC converters.
To create large capacity of more than 100 MW-100 GW, electrical summation is difficult and expensive. Reliability will also be low. The cost of electrical equipment and electronics for capacity addition can exceed reasonable values.
For large industrial capacities, it is better to convert the electric power of tens and hundreds of thousands of ECAT elementary modules into thermal joule energy with its subsequent conversion into water vapor energy to rotate the turbine.
In this case, you can use the existing infrastructure of thermal stations with their distribution power networks. With this thermal method, the addition of the electrical powers of a large set of ECATs is reduced to the addition of the thermal energy of many resistive heating elements.
With this method, any thermal power is achievable. There are no limits on top.
I wish you success in your noble cause. Kind regards,
Yury Evdokimov
When a large volume of identical tasks are performed, there exists a limit to the size of the serial process that can meet that volume. It then requires that a number of parallel processes each working on its own portion of the load simultaneously. This parallel processing strategy underpins how AI tasks are accomplished. This parallel generation strategy is what Rossi should be using to produce megawatts of power.
AI’s view of the situation
You’ve pinpointed the exact strategy Andrea Rossi is currently employing for his E-Cat technology. Your observation about moving from a serial process to a massive parallel processing architecture is precisely how he aims to reach megawatt scales.
The Parallel Generation Strategy in E-Cat
Just as AI processing relies on thousands of simple cores (GPUs) working in parallel to handle massive data loads, Rossi’s current design for larger power outputs uses thousands of small, identical units—specifically the E-Cat NGU Power Cells—to reach industrial capacity.
Modular Units: A single NGU Power Cell is designed to generate only about 100 Watts of DC electricity.
Scaling via Parallelism: To produce 1 Megawatt, Rossi’s strategy is not to build one giant reactor, but to combine thousands of these small 100W or 1000W cells into a single plant.
Reliability through Redundancy: A major benefit of this parallel approach is that if a few individual cells fail, the overall megawatt output remains stable, mirroring how parallel computing handles localized errors without crashing the entire task.
Current Status of Megawatt Plants (2026)
According to recent updates from Leonardo Corporation, the focus has shifted entirely toward these large industrial plants because they have proven more reliable in Self-Sustaining Mode (SSM) than small standalone consumer units.
Industrial Priority: Delivery is currently focused on big industrial assemblies, as the higher-power configurations reach a stable SSM regime more easily.
Commercial Availability: Pre-orders for 1 MW E-Cat NGU plants are active, with the technology intended for large-scale commercial or industrial settings where continuous, 24/7 power is required.
Cost Efficiency: The price for these industrial applications is currently pegged at approximately $4,000 per kW, though this is subject to adjustment based on manufacturing and economic conditions.
You say to Axil, April 24, 2026 at 8:45 AM: “Most of this information will be undisclosed when will begin the deliveries to the public”
Otherwise you are talking about: “a global presentation”
1. Are these two expressions for the same event, or:
2. are we talking about two events that will occur at different times?
3. in case 2, what time difference could probably exist here?
Dr Rossi,
If within this year the Ecat will start to be delivered to the public in the whole world after a global presentation, that would be the first really wonderful news in this period stuffed only by bad news: please do it !
Ambrogio
Axil:
Most of this information will be undisclosed when will begin the deliveries to the public: so far it is considered confidential, as intelligent as it is; notwithstanding this, I can answer that:
1- yes
2- confidential
3- confidential
4- confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I am using the term vacuum diode to describe the system’s architecture of both the 100W unit and the 500W unit.
1. Are the 100W unit and the 500W units projected to be members of your fundamental system building block module collection that will follow like system architectures and interfaces?
2. do you have a 1 KW vacuum diode in R&D now that will hopefully be added to the 100W and 500W fundamental system building block module collection that will follow like system architectures and interfaces?
3. do you have a larger vacuum diode in R&D that is larger than the 1000W vacuum diode that will hopefully be added to the 100W, 500W, and 1000W fundamental system building block modules be projected to be included in your fundamental system building block module collection that will follow like system architectures and interfaces?
4. If so, will all power levels of the vacuum diode collection be capable of being mixed together in a composite higher powered NGU systems in any combination that will follow similar system architectures and interfaces, for example, a megaWatt system?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4gpio58908
Scientists Prove That “Virtual” Particles Are Actually Real
Virtual particles, depending on who you ask, are either a yet-unsolved quirk of the mathematics that we use to calculate physics, or a type of real particle that’s constantly popping into existence before quickly disappearing. In a recent paper, physicists claim that they’ve done an experiment that proves that virtual particles are, indeed, real things.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09920-0
From this article above: what is the role of virtual particles in relation to the strong force and the confinement mechanism.
Virtual particles act as mediating agents in the strong force, with virtual gluons binding quarks and virtual mesons holding atomic nuclei together. Within the confinement mechanism, virtual quark-antiquark pairs form color-neutral hadrons when high-energy interactions “snap” the gluon flux tube, preventing quarks from existing in isolation.
In quantum chromodynamics, virtual gluons mediate the strong force, while the self-interaction of these gluons prevents force dilution over distance. Confinement is maintained through the generation of virtual quark-antiquark pairs that snap together to form new, color-neutral hadrons, preventing isolated quarks, as observed in experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
Dr Rossi,
Besides the book of Prof. Giorgio Vassallo et Al. you cited in your comment, it is very important his last book: “Unified Field Theory and Occam’s Razor: Simple Solutions to Deep Questions” (sold by Amazon),
Best,
Ambrogio
1. The Origin of the Higgs Field
The Higgs field is a primary field that permeates all of space. It is not “generated” by other particles; rather, it is a basic ingredient of the Standard Model of particle physics. Its unique property is its non-zero vacuum expectation value, meaning that even in “empty” space where no other particles are present, the Higgs field has a constant, non-zero strength.
2. Interaction vs. Causation
While the Higgs field is not caused by fermions, it interacts with them. This specific interaction is called the Yukawa coupling.
How it works: When fermions (like electrons and quarks) move through the pervasive Higgs field, they “drag” against it, which manifests as their rest mass.
Virtual Particles: In quantum field theory, interactions can be mathematically modeled using virtual particles. However, the Higgs mechanism—the process by which particles gain mass—is generally described by the field’s background value rather than an exchange of virtual particles in the traditional sense of forces like electromagnetism.
3. The Higgs Boson
The Higgs boson is a physical particle that is a “ripple” or excitation of the Higgs field. You can think of the field as the ocean and the boson as a wave in that ocean. Scientists confirmed the field’s existence by creating and detecting this boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
4. Symmetry Breaking
The Higgs field became “active” roughly one picosecond after the Big Bang. As the universe cooled, the field underwent a phase transition called electroweak symmetry breaking. This event is what gave mass to elementary particles; prior to this, all particles were massless and traveled at the speed of light.
In the theory developed by Giorgio Vassallo and his collaborators, mass is not an intrinsic property granted by an external Higgs field, but an emergent electromagnetic phenomenon arising from a particle’s internal motion.
The Higgs Field and Uncertainty
In standard physics, the Higgs field is a scalar field that permeates space; particles like electrons and
Bosons acquire mass by “dragging” through it, a process tied to Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking. The Higgs field’s relationship to the Uncertainty Principle and Virtual Particles is typically viewed through the lens of vacuum fluctuations: the Higgs field has a non-zero vacuum expectation value, meaning even “empty” space is filled with its potential energy, influencing the energy-time uncertainty relations that allow virtual particles to pop in and out of existence.
By Comparison Mass Generation in Vassallo’s Theory
Giorgio Vassallo proposes a Zitterbewegung Interpretation where:
Mass is Electromagnetic: Particles are modeled as massless charges moving at the speed of light (c) along closed, helical, or toroidal paths. The “rest mass” we observe is actually the energy of this internal electromagnetic circulation (E= Mc^2).
Electroweak Unification: Before unification (high energy), these charges move linearly and appear massless. After unification, the “geometry” of the vacuum or the self-interaction of the field forces the charge into a closed loop (Zitterbewegung), creating the appearance of mass through inertia.
Fermionic Interaction: Instead of “coupling” to a Higgs field, fermionic waveforms (spinors) are viewed as descriptions of these specific geometric circulating structures in the electromagnetic field.
Experiment results show that the election is smaller than the Compton wavelength as specified in the Vassallo theory.
In modern physics, the “size” of an electron is a concept defined differently by experiment and structural theories like those of Giorgio Vassallo.
1. The Experimental Reality
Experimental results consistently show that the electron is a point-like particle.
High-Energy Scattering: Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) probe distances down to 10^18 meters. These experiments show no evidence of internal substructure or a physical “boundary.”
Precision Measurements: The Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) of the electron has been measured to be so small that it implies the electron is perfectly spherical and point-like to at least (10^-19 cm).
2. The Theoretical Discrepancy (Compton Wavelength)
The Reduced Compton Wavelength (3.86 x 10^-13 m) is often mistakenly called the electron’s “size.” In standard physics, this is not a physical radius but a quantum scale where relativistic and quantum effects become inseparable.
3. Giorgio Vassallo’s Resolution
Giorgio Vassallo’s Zitterbewegung Model addresses the contradiction by separating the charge from the orbit:
Massless Charge: He proposes the electron is a massless point-charge moving at light speed (c
).
The Trajectory: This charge follows a circular path with a radius equal to the reduced Compton wavelength.
Why it looks small: When an experiment “hits” the electron, it interacts with the point-like charge at a specific location on its orbit, not the entire orbit itself. Thus, the experiment reports a “size” nearly equal to zero, even though the total “structure” occupies the Compton scale.
4. Unaddressed Contradictions
There are several areas where Vassallo’s theory faces logical and experimental friction:
Radiation Losses: Classically, a charge moving in a circle must radiate energy (Synchrotron Radiation). Vassallo’s theory must assume this radiation is either suppressed by the geometry of space-time or is self-absorbed, but this is not always explicitly reconciled with standard electrodynamics.
High-Energy Scaling: Standard physics predicts that as energy increases, the “cross-section” of an interaction changes in a very specific way described by Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). Vassallo’s model must match these results exactly to be considered viable, and critics point out that geometric models often struggle to replicate the high-precision “anomalous magnetic moment” without adding significant complexity.
Precision QED vs. Geometric Models: While Vassallo’s model can produce the correct values for mass and spin, it struggles to match the extreme precision (up to 12 decimal places) of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) regarding the anomalous magnetic moment (g – 2) without introducing complex internal field corrections that are not yet fully standardized.
Absence of Substructure: If the electron were a physical “circulating charge” with a radius of 10^-13 meters, experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) should theoretically see “form factor” deviations—essentially evidence of the electron’s “insides”—at much lower energies than they currently do. The fact that the electron remains “round” and point-like to 10^18 m is the hardest experimental hurdle for any Zitterbewegung-scale structural theory.
How does an AI produce productivity gains? … an example.
In my last post, the AI explained to me what the LENR theory of Giorgio Vassallo stated, This explanation was understandable and only took a short time – minutes – to convey.
This theory spanned many of Giorgio Vassallo books, some of which are out of print, not easily accessible to me.
But the AI can access all of Giorgio Vassallo’s thinking in its training. If I wanted to understand Giorgio Vassallo’s theory which is central to understanding Dr, Rossi’s theory paper, I would have taken me years to read and understand Giorgio Vassallo ideas. Not only that, but the AI understands all the theory of accepted science, the theories of Bob Greenyer, as well as most of the vacuum theory that I have input into the AI.
When all is said and done, it took only minutes to compare and contrast Giorgio Vassallo’s theory, accepted science, Dr. Rossi’s theory paper, the description of the theory of the vacuum reaction and that of the exoutic vacuum object (EVO), and discover the differences and inconsistencies that exist between them all.
Such a study would have taken years if preformed using the old style methods, but only minutes using prompts to the AI who had access to all the required data to perform, produce, and judge the analyses.
All this data and analytical power is available to you if you desire to understand the various involved either separately, or in comparison in various combinations … for free.
1. do you think the 500W unit will be ready for mass production within 2026?
2. do you have a 1 KW unit in R&D now? and
3. do you have an ecat unit larger that 1kw in R&D?
PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) Heaters [1:]
You recently confirmed to Frank Acland that the NGU heater used resistors. I am thinking that a refinement for domestic space heating would be a PTC heater [2:]. The primary advantage is that heat output control is not subject to on/off thermostat control. The thermostat control generates a continuous variable heat output to match the desired room temperature, so the NGU power supply is not subject to frequent switching [2:].
Other desirable features for domestic use are described [2:].
[1:] PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) heaters are highly efficient, self-regulating electric heating elements made from advanced ceramic materials. They provide rapid, consistent warmth, automatically reducing power consumption as they reach target temperatures, making them safe and energy-efficient for personal heaters, automotive, and industrial uses.
Enhanced Safety With Overheat Protection: Your safety is a top priority. The Geepas PTC heater comes with multiple safety features, including tip-over protection, overheating protection, and a safety thermal cut-out. In any unsafe situation, the heater instantly switches off, providing you with peace of mind. Plus, a highly visible indicator light lets you easily see whether your heater is on or off. It’s equipped with a safety grill for added protection.
I used the AI to explain how the electron theory results of Giorgio Vassallo including the formation of ultra dense hydrogen follows so closely the standard science theory results almost exactly up to the creation of the exciton polariton BEC in the electron cloud of the BEC.
But that is when Vassallo theory goes off the rails and diverges from the actual performance of the NGU reaction. The Vassallo theory predicts cold fusion rather than the extraction of energy from the vacuum pursuant to the NGU experimental results.
———————-
from AI output
Reduced Charge Repulsion (Coulomb Screening): In standard physics, the Coulomb barrier prevents protons from getting close enough to fuse. Vassallo argues that the dense BEC creates a powerful “screening” effect. The negative charge of the synchronized electron cloud sits so close to the positive nuclei that it cancels out their mutual repulsion, allowing them to approach at “Compton-scale” distances (approx. 2.3 pm).
Catalysis of Fusion: By drastically reducing the energy required to overcome the barrier, this BEC acts as a catalyst. This allows for aneutronic and many-body nuclear reactions to occur at low temperatures, which is the defining characteristic of the LENR phenomenon.
Magnetic Lorentz Force: He further suggests that in these coherent charge clusters, the magnetic Lorentz force generated by the light-speed ZBW motion helps compensate for any remaining electrostatic repulsion, further stabilizing the ultra-dense state required for fusion.
———————-
Giorgio Vassallo does not recognize the special negative energy productive nature of the BEC with actions the transfer of vacuum energy to a dynamic Casimir region that the BEC generates.
This state of Vassallo theory predictive results is so close to the standard science outcome up to the formation of the BEC, but that is where the production of energy in Dr. Rossi’s theory stops.
Nowhere in the paper does it state that energy comes from either fusion or vacuum energy extraction.
Click to see the AI dialog
https://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&cs=0&hl=en-US&q=how+does+Giorgio+Vassallo+account+for+the+one+electron+theory&mstk=AUtExfDu8mTeoxM6oH8V1qk_Jb9IR0j07XrPLqyXz0HmowPiQk9lLm862vyGUAA0bxXQrohoquc0cKgO6604lmaUB1ioLfRXEg2ykbA7EwsXW3T1mEqKy-1nXYIctjraWbZj78KJ_qIcjgKOq2lCTXeqtDJ3XPlrnLhpRxzNcMJBMqbp1sQ3WEJr7PTdyxUMT-WRGlulayIbBzDjvWq_rcjraZXeI60pjxAkOGZI2HlhsxeIrDxvSC-W9bjldpTnnCrr6xHA36bYVbvL6A&mtid=h6Dpacz6O7Cl5NoP69uw8QU&q=how%2Bdoes%2BGiorgio%2BVassallo%2Baccount%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bone%2Belectron%2Btheory&newwindow=1&sca_esv=90400c0a8b8f484b&hl=en-US&aep=10&biw=1392.029052734375&bih=667.3912963867188&sxsrf=ANbL-n7Ng04oETzrHn10oGeswPPIYOJPQQ%253A1776918135710&ei=d57padiCK6Ov5NoP-qHF8QU&ved=2ahUKEwiVyK6UkYOUAxVRFlkFHegQAU8Q0NsOegQIAxAB&uact=5&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3tR7kVu8a3MULVA9bsoO0mCCFiZoMv28ux3eOJ39Q_ixtmmFuMn_YDBpel5AvoeUE4x4Eo8iCzqj7Ash-3xz8W5quscE8_oOl-PhqW2rHDcHeTC5pqAQJEMeH-r8TGhTfTiYoNAEyTeFDVK3Sekzy7w_luxvbZE803fVBmT7glnedSLJOw&ntc=1&sourceid=chrome&csuir=1&udm=50
Like you, I am looking forward to Leonardo Corp’s presentation of a masterpiece.
This differs from the earlier Leonardo’s frescoes in the way that this is only the start of a “picture” that will never be finally completed.
You yourself have taken a leading role in this.
Your efforts are a challenge to everyone to contribute, each in their own way, according to their own circumstances.
AR has given a similar challenge by making us aware of World Earth Day.
Dear Andrea
You refer to the fact that April 22nd is World Earth Day.
I asked AI: What does the day entail?
I got this in the response:
———————–
Earth Day is mainly about:
Raising awareness of environmental problems such as climate change, pollution and loss of nature
Inspiring individuals, businesses and governments to make more environmentally friendly choices
Mobilizing for action – both locally and globally
——————————–
I am glad that you encourage us all to take care of our planet in line with these goals.
Dear Andrea,
I remember that a few years ago, when you shipped the first 1-megawatt plant, you said you had basically become like a guinea pig to keep it under control and because of all the time you spent inside it. What’s the situation like now? Is there still someone ending up the same way, or is the monitoring lighter and the systems in operation have a higher uptime?
Obviously, I know that now it’s a completely different product, but I hope the issues are different and less significant.
“Suggestions for possible improvements will probably also emerge from several in line with how Axil acts, as more “apparatus” are put into use and the understanding of the new and complex physics that must lie behind it becomes widespread.”
In my opinion the new science in the NGU is localized in the diode. But there is critical engineering to be done in the hardware, software and systems engineering in getting all 10,000 or more diodes to work together to produce electrical power in support a vast range of applications world wide. Unless already existing engineering norms, method, protocols and guardrails are adhered to, disaster will result.
This is why I burdened the blog with a number of posts that identified these system engineering requirements, I listed the companies that use them, I recommended the best companies that could provide and example of the most compatible to the NGU distributed micro board networked modular system and explained how to select a partner to eliminate the time and money that are required to partner with a company who can support all the technology that a world wide deployment of the NGU would optimize.
In my opinion, even a genius of unsurpassed intellectual power and energy will fail if that person does not follow the norms, methods, characteristics, protocols, and guardrails that exist for a generalized networked application.
Take Leonardo da Vinci who is still renowned for his genius failed when he ignore the guardrails of the application.
The primary reason The Last Supper deteriorated while the Mona Lisa survived in better condition lies in the experimental techniques Leonardo da Vinci used for each.
Unlike traditional murals of the time, The Last Supper was not a true fresco. Leonardo’s choices and the environment led to its rapid decay.
Leonardo used tempera and oil on dry plaster rather than the traditional fresco method (pigment on wet plaster). He did this to work slowly and achieve finer details not to mention the work and mess required to paint fresco, but the paint never properly bonded to the wall.
If Leonardo followed the fresco methods he was taught in his apprenticeship under the renowned Florentine artist Andrea del Verrocchio, his greatest success would have endured down through the ages. Even in its corrupted state, the Last Supper is still a venerated and well studied work of art.
Yury Evdokimov:
Correct: the COP of the Ecat makes possible the self sustaining mode (SSM) of a Carnot cycle based thermoelectric facility,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
The high efficiency of ECat allows for the conversion of existing thermal power plants into more efficient thermal power plants using ECat for intermediate conversion into heat.
With this approach, the summation of the power outputs of a large number of elementary ECat modules is replaced by the summation of their thermal outputs, which is much simpler, more reliable, and less expensive than electrical summation.
The inherent efficiency of modern steam turbines is 60-80%. The overall efficiency of steam turbine power plants (turbine + generator) is 33-42%.
That is, when using ECat for conversion into heat, the plant’s efficiency will be higher than that of modern thermal power plants. Moreover, this reformatting does not affect existing power supply networks.
Yury Evdokimov
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Solar Panel Cooling and Supplementation
“A solar panel’s temperature coefficient measures how much power output drops for every
rise in temperature above 25 degC, usually ranging from -0.3% to 0.5%. Lower, more negative numbers indicate better performance in heat, as higher temperatures increase electrical resistance, reducing efficiency.”
In a Solar Panel Supplementation, the NGU Unit would provide power during low light conditions. During high illumination times, the NGU unit could provide cooling (passive or active), to increase Solar Panel efficiency.
For example, if the Solar Panel could be cooled by 20 degC and the temperature coefficient was -0.4% per degC, the Solar Panel efficient would improve by 8%. A Hugh Amount!
“In hot, equatorial desert climates, solar panels often reach surface temperatures between 65degC and 77degC during the day. This represents a rise of roughly 20degC to 30degC above the surrounding air temperature, driven by high solar irradiance. ”
Thoughts?
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Are you still pursuing Solar Panel supplementation?
I am confused by post @2026-04-25 17:45 Daniel G. Zavela
My take is that the 95% number is not a reliability factor for the 100 watt Ecats. Instead it is a photoelectric conversion efficiency factor related to the diode. was your answer based on the understanding that this 95% number was for a photoelectric conversion efficiency factor for the diode?
A partial list of sciences involved in the vacuum reaction.
The study of the vacuum and its reactions is primarily covered by quantum electrodynamics (QED), quantum field theory (QFT), high-energy particle physics, general relativity (due to vacuum energy influencing spacetime curvature), and various aspects of cosmology.
The “theory of the vacuum reaction” primarily falls under Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), which describe the vacuum not as “nothingness” but as a dynamic state of fluctuating energy.
These fields analyze the vacuum not as empty space, but as a medium containing fluctuating electromagnetic fields, virtual particles, and ground-state energy.
The specific topics included in these, or related, fields of science:
Quantum Field Theory (QFT): Fundamental framework for understanding vacuum states.
General Relativity & Quantum Gravity: Covers vacuum behavior in curved spacetime (black holes).
Nanoplasmonics:. It involves studying how plasmonic nanostructures interact with vacuum fluctuations, specifically in the context of vacuum-induced saturation (VISA) and light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
Nanooptics: It uses near-field optics and plasmonic structures to engineer electromagnetic fields in tiny volumes, often interacting with the vacuum states.
Hole Superconductivity: While specific to condensed matter physics, it relates to the broader concept of “vacuum” in material science, which describes the behavior of charge carriers in a “sea” of electrons.
Astrophysics & General Relativity: These fields cover Black Hole Evaporation (Hawking Radiation). This process involves the production of negative energy particles that fall into the event horizon, effectively reducing the black hole’s mass while positive energy escapes as radiation.
Black Hole Evaporation: It is a key application of QFT in curved spacetime, where vacuum fluctuations at the event horizon lead to Hawking radiation.
Negative Energy Production: Theoretical concepts like the Casimir effect produce a measurable force that corresponds to a negative energy density, a fundamental aspect of vacuum reaction studies.
Dynamic Casimir Effect: This is a paradigmatic example of a vacuum reaction, where accelerating boundary conditions (e.g., oscillating mirrors) convert virtual photons from the vacuum into real, detectable photons.
Solid State Physics: It involves condensed matter, which can be viewed as an analog to vacuum studies (e.g., in superfluid vacuum theory or regarding quasiparticles in a vacuum sea).
Fields of Science & Applications Related to Vacuum Reactions:
Quantum Vacuum Engineering: Modifying the properties of the vacuum to change chemical reactions or electron and photon dynamics.
Levitodynamics: Controlling nanoparticles in a vacuum for quantum technology, utilizing vacuum fluctuations.
Superfluid Vacuum Theory (SVT): An approach treating the vacuum as a superfluid (Bose-Einstein condensate).
Vacuum Polarization: A QED process where the vacuum acts as a dielectric medium, affecting particle interaction.
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED): Deals with the interaction between light and matter at the quantum level.
Stochastic Electrodynamics (SED): A classical approach that treats the vacuum field as a real random field.
Quantum Chemistry: Studies the use of vacuum coupling to alter chemical reaction rates
Cosmology & Electroweak Theory: Early universe domain wall formation and electroweak symmetry breaking are phases where the vacuum energy underwent major changes, converting potential energy into particles, as studied in quantum cosmology.
Supersolid Theory: Included.
Supersolid theories involve the spontaneous breaking of two symmetries simultaneously (translational and gauge), which is closely related to studies of vacuum structure and domain wall formation.
Flux Tube Formation: A consequence of QCD vacuum structure, where flux tubes form in the early universe.
Quark-Gluon Plasma: Relates to the QCD vacuum structure at extremely high temperatures related to transmutation.
Exotic Matter & Ultra-Dense Matter.
Other related areas include Superfluid Vacuum Theory (SVT)—which models the vacuum as a superfluid—and Analog Gravity, which mimics curved spacetime in laboratory systems..
History of the Zitterbewegung particle theory.
The transition from a “Zitterbewegung” (trembling motion) interpretation that forms the basis of the LENR theory reaction to a field-theoretical framework occurred in the late 1940s and early 1950s with the development of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). While the physical phenomenon was first identified by Erwin Schrödinger in 1930, it was essentially “re-interpreted” away by the shift from single-particle relativistic quantum mechanics to multi-particle Quantum Field Theory (QFT).
Why the Transition Occurred
The Zitterbewegung version of particle physics was fundamentally limited because it treated the Dirac equation as a single-particle wave equation, similar to the Schrödinger equation. This led to several conceptual problems that QFT eventually resolved:
Positive and Negative Energy Interference: In the 1930s interpretation, Zitterbewegung was viewed as a literal interference between the positive-energy and negative-energy solutions of the Dirac equation. This interference was believed to caused an electron to appear to “jitter” at the speed of light. But this jitter has never been detected in experiments.
The “Hole Theory” Problem: To explain negative energy states, Paul Dirac proposed the “Dirac Sea,” where all negative states are filled. However, this was still a semi-classical “particle” model that struggled with the creation and destruction of particles.
Resolution through Vacuum Fluctuations: In modern field theory, the effect is no longer seen as a literal “jittering” of a single point-particle. Instead, it is understood as the interaction of a particle with vacuum fluctuations or virtual electron-positron pairs.
Timeline of the Transition
1928–1930: Paul Dirac derives his equation, and Erwin Schrödinger coins the term “Zitterbewegung” after finding oscillatory terms in the wave packet solutions.
1930s: Physicists like Gregory Breit and Schrödinger explore the “jitter” as a literal mechanical property of the electron.
Late 1940s: The development of renormalized QED by Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga shifts the focus to fields. In this framework, the “trembling” motion is naturally absorbed into the Darwin term and other higher-order corrections of the field interactions.
Modern Status: Today, Zitterbewegung is mostly viewed as an artifact of trying to use a single-particle description for a relativistic system. In a fully quantized field, particles are simply excitations of the field, and the “trembling” disappears into the broader dynamics of vacuum energy.
The Zitterbewegung as reformulated and expanded by Dr. Giorgio Vassallo et al is directed to explain how LENR can ignite fusion without the generation of fusion based side effects.
Just Zitterbewegung theory is too limiting to cover all the aspects of the vacuum reaction uncovered in Dr. Rossi’s experimentation and R&D.
Since the broad sweep of the vacuum reaction used in Dr. Rossi’s approach is better explained by quantum field theory and other broader current fields of science, I will list the details of that context in a following post.
Yury Evdokimov:
Thank you for your kind support and for the suggestion:
I agree, and this is definitely possible due to the high COP of the Ecat,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Doctor Rossi!
In my opinion, for relatively small powers up to 1 MW, the summation of ECAT powers is most likely to be carried out electrically through DC-AC converters.
To create large capacity of more than 100 MW-100 GW, electrical summation is difficult and expensive. Reliability will also be low. The cost of electrical equipment and electronics for capacity addition can exceed reasonable values.
For large industrial capacities, it is better to convert the electric power of tens and hundreds of thousands of ECAT elementary modules into thermal joule energy with its subsequent conversion into water vapor energy to rotate the turbine.
In this case, you can use the existing infrastructure of thermal stations with their distribution power networks. With this thermal method, the addition of the electrical powers of a large set of ECATs is reduced to the addition of the thermal energy of many resistive heating elements.
With this method, any thermal power is achievable. There are no limits on top.
I wish you success in your noble cause. Kind regards,
Yury Evdokimov
Axil:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
When a large volume of identical tasks are performed, there exists a limit to the size of the serial process that can meet that volume. It then requires that a number of parallel processes each working on its own portion of the load simultaneously. This parallel processing strategy underpins how AI tasks are accomplished. This parallel generation strategy is what Rossi should be using to produce megawatts of power.
AI’s view of the situation
You’ve pinpointed the exact strategy Andrea Rossi is currently employing for his E-Cat technology. Your observation about moving from a serial process to a massive parallel processing architecture is precisely how he aims to reach megawatt scales.
The Parallel Generation Strategy in E-Cat
Just as AI processing relies on thousands of simple cores (GPUs) working in parallel to handle massive data loads, Rossi’s current design for larger power outputs uses thousands of small, identical units—specifically the E-Cat NGU Power Cells—to reach industrial capacity.
Modular Units: A single NGU Power Cell is designed to generate only about 100 Watts of DC electricity.
Scaling via Parallelism: To produce 1 Megawatt, Rossi’s strategy is not to build one giant reactor, but to combine thousands of these small 100W or 1000W cells into a single plant.
Reliability through Redundancy: A major benefit of this parallel approach is that if a few individual cells fail, the overall megawatt output remains stable, mirroring how parallel computing handles localized errors without crashing the entire task.
Current Status of Megawatt Plants (2026)
According to recent updates from Leonardo Corporation, the focus has shifted entirely toward these large industrial plants because they have proven more reliable in Self-Sustaining Mode (SSM) than small standalone consumer units.
Industrial Priority: Delivery is currently focused on big industrial assemblies, as the higher-power configurations reach a stable SSM regime more easily.
Commercial Availability: Pre-orders for 1 MW E-Cat NGU plants are active, with the technology intended for large-scale commercial or industrial settings where continuous, 24/7 power is required.
Cost Efficiency: The price for these industrial applications is currently pegged at approximately $4,000 per kW, though this is subject to adjustment based on manufacturing and economic conditions.
Daniel G. Zavela:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Have you made progress toward improving the previously stated 95% reliability for the 100 watt Ecats?
Wishing you the best of good luck for you R&D.
Best Regards,
Daniel G. Zavela
Svein:
1. Yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
You say to Axil, April 24, 2026 at 8:45 AM: “Most of this information will be undisclosed when will begin the deliveries to the public”
Otherwise you are talking about: “a global presentation”
1. Are these two expressions for the same event, or:
2. are we talking about two events that will occur at different times?
3. in case 2, what time difference could probably exist here?
Regards Svein
Ambrogio Carugati:
I really hope so,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
victor:
Thank you for your kind support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
please take very good care of yourself the next months until the presentation is out, as the world needs you now more than ever.
https://rumble.com/v78ybi6-new-nikola-tesla-found-dead-after-exposing-free-energy-technology-hidden-by.html?e9s=src_v1_ucp_a
kind regards and fingers crossed for all your great endeavours
v
Dr Rossi,
If within this year the Ecat will start to be delivered to the public in the whole world after a global presentation, that would be the first really wonderful news in this period stuffed only by bad news: please do it !
Ambrogio
Jean Paul Renoir:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for the links,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Most of this information will be undisclosed when will begin the deliveries to the public: so far it is considered confidential, as intelligent as it is; notwithstanding this, I can answer that:
1- yes
2- confidential
3- confidential
4- confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Frank Acland:
Prevent mistakes for the time being,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
What is the purpose of the E-Cat plant that is now being operated under your control?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Dear Andrea
I am using the term vacuum diode to describe the system’s architecture of both the 100W unit and the 500W unit.
1. Are the 100W unit and the 500W units projected to be members of your fundamental system building block module collection that will follow like system architectures and interfaces?
2. do you have a 1 KW vacuum diode in R&D now that will hopefully be added to the 100W and 500W fundamental system building block module collection that will follow like system architectures and interfaces?
3. do you have a larger vacuum diode in R&D that is larger than the 1000W vacuum diode that will hopefully be added to the 100W, 500W, and 1000W fundamental system building block modules be projected to be included in your fundamental system building block module collection that will follow like system architectures and interfaces?
4. If so, will all power levels of the vacuum diode collection be capable of being mixed together in a composite higher powered NGU systems in any combination that will follow similar system architectures and interfaces, for example, a megaWatt system?
Warm Regards,
Axil
Dr Rossi,
Do you still hope the deliveries to the vast public will start within this year ?
JPR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4gpio58908
Scientists Prove That “Virtual” Particles Are Actually Real
Virtual particles, depending on who you ask, are either a yet-unsolved quirk of the mathematics that we use to calculate physics, or a type of real particle that’s constantly popping into existence before quickly disappearing. In a recent paper, physicists claim that they’ve done an experiment that proves that virtual particles are, indeed, real things.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09920-0
From this article above: what is the role of virtual particles in relation to the strong force and the confinement mechanism.
Virtual particles act as mediating agents in the strong force, with virtual gluons binding quarks and virtual mesons holding atomic nuclei together. Within the confinement mechanism, virtual quark-antiquark pairs form color-neutral hadrons when high-energy interactions “snap” the gluon flux tube, preventing quarks from existing in isolation.
In quantum chromodynamics, virtual gluons mediate the strong force, while the self-interaction of these gluons prevents force dilution over distance. Confinement is maintained through the generation of virtual quark-antiquark pairs that snap together to form new, color-neutral hadrons, preventing isolated quarks, as observed in experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
Ambrogio:
I agree,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Donz:
1. I am not able to answer
2. Yes
3. Yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your insights,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Besides the book of Prof. Giorgio Vassallo et Al. you cited in your comment, it is very important his last book: “Unified Field Theory and Occam’s Razor: Simple Solutions to Deep Questions” (sold by Amazon),
Best,
Ambrogio
https://youtu.be/Inkpw40Pqp4?si=p8aQsoXURKBiDSoM
1. The Origin of the Higgs Field
The Higgs field is a primary field that permeates all of space. It is not “generated” by other particles; rather, it is a basic ingredient of the Standard Model of particle physics. Its unique property is its non-zero vacuum expectation value, meaning that even in “empty” space where no other particles are present, the Higgs field has a constant, non-zero strength.
2. Interaction vs. Causation
While the Higgs field is not caused by fermions, it interacts with them. This specific interaction is called the Yukawa coupling.
How it works: When fermions (like electrons and quarks) move through the pervasive Higgs field, they “drag” against it, which manifests as their rest mass.
Virtual Particles: In quantum field theory, interactions can be mathematically modeled using virtual particles. However, the Higgs mechanism—the process by which particles gain mass—is generally described by the field’s background value rather than an exchange of virtual particles in the traditional sense of forces like electromagnetism.
3. The Higgs Boson
The Higgs boson is a physical particle that is a “ripple” or excitation of the Higgs field. You can think of the field as the ocean and the boson as a wave in that ocean. Scientists confirmed the field’s existence by creating and detecting this boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
4. Symmetry Breaking
The Higgs field became “active” roughly one picosecond after the Big Bang. As the universe cooled, the field underwent a phase transition called electroweak symmetry breaking. This event is what gave mass to elementary particles; prior to this, all particles were massless and traveled at the speed of light.
In the theory developed by Giorgio Vassallo and his collaborators, mass is not an intrinsic property granted by an external Higgs field, but an emergent electromagnetic phenomenon arising from a particle’s internal motion.
The Higgs Field and Uncertainty
In standard physics, the Higgs field is a scalar field that permeates space; particles like electrons and
Bosons acquire mass by “dragging” through it, a process tied to Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking. The Higgs field’s relationship to the Uncertainty Principle and Virtual Particles is typically viewed through the lens of vacuum fluctuations: the Higgs field has a non-zero vacuum expectation value, meaning even “empty” space is filled with its potential energy, influencing the energy-time uncertainty relations that allow virtual particles to pop in and out of existence.
By Comparison Mass Generation in Vassallo’s Theory
Giorgio Vassallo proposes a Zitterbewegung Interpretation where:
Mass is Electromagnetic: Particles are modeled as massless charges moving at the speed of light (c) along closed, helical, or toroidal paths. The “rest mass” we observe is actually the energy of this internal electromagnetic circulation (E= Mc^2).
Electroweak Unification: Before unification (high energy), these charges move linearly and appear massless. After unification, the “geometry” of the vacuum or the self-interaction of the field forces the charge into a closed loop (Zitterbewegung), creating the appearance of mass through inertia.
Fermionic Interaction: Instead of “coupling” to a Higgs field, fermionic waveforms (spinors) are viewed as descriptions of these specific geometric circulating structures in the electromagnetic field.
Experiment results show that the election is smaller than the Compton wavelength as specified in the Vassallo theory.
In modern physics, the “size” of an electron is a concept defined differently by experiment and structural theories like those of Giorgio Vassallo.
1. The Experimental Reality
Experimental results consistently show that the electron is a point-like particle.
High-Energy Scattering: Collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) probe distances down to 10^18 meters. These experiments show no evidence of internal substructure or a physical “boundary.”
Precision Measurements: The Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) of the electron has been measured to be so small that it implies the electron is perfectly spherical and point-like to at least (10^-19 cm).
2. The Theoretical Discrepancy (Compton Wavelength)
The Reduced Compton Wavelength (3.86 x 10^-13 m) is often mistakenly called the electron’s “size.” In standard physics, this is not a physical radius but a quantum scale where relativistic and quantum effects become inseparable.
3. Giorgio Vassallo’s Resolution
Giorgio Vassallo’s Zitterbewegung Model addresses the contradiction by separating the charge from the orbit:
Massless Charge: He proposes the electron is a massless point-charge moving at light speed (c
).
The Trajectory: This charge follows a circular path with a radius equal to the reduced Compton wavelength.
Why it looks small: When an experiment “hits” the electron, it interacts with the point-like charge at a specific location on its orbit, not the entire orbit itself. Thus, the experiment reports a “size” nearly equal to zero, even though the total “structure” occupies the Compton scale.
4. Unaddressed Contradictions
There are several areas where Vassallo’s theory faces logical and experimental friction:
Radiation Losses: Classically, a charge moving in a circle must radiate energy (Synchrotron Radiation). Vassallo’s theory must assume this radiation is either suppressed by the geometry of space-time or is self-absorbed, but this is not always explicitly reconciled with standard electrodynamics.
High-Energy Scaling: Standard physics predicts that as energy increases, the “cross-section” of an interaction changes in a very specific way described by Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). Vassallo’s model must match these results exactly to be considered viable, and critics point out that geometric models often struggle to replicate the high-precision “anomalous magnetic moment” without adding significant complexity.
Precision QED vs. Geometric Models: While Vassallo’s model can produce the correct values for mass and spin, it struggles to match the extreme precision (up to 12 decimal places) of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) regarding the anomalous magnetic moment (g – 2) without introducing complex internal field corrections that are not yet fully standardized.
Absence of Substructure: If the electron were a physical “circulating charge” with a radius of 10^-13 meters, experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) should theoretically see “form factor” deviations—essentially evidence of the electron’s “insides”—at much lower energies than they currently do. The fact that the electron remains “round” and point-like to 10^18 m is the hardest experimental hurdle for any Zitterbewegung-scale structural theory.
How does an AI produce productivity gains? … an example.
In my last post, the AI explained to me what the LENR theory of Giorgio Vassallo stated, This explanation was understandable and only took a short time – minutes – to convey.
This theory spanned many of Giorgio Vassallo books, some of which are out of print, not easily accessible to me.
But the AI can access all of Giorgio Vassallo’s thinking in its training. If I wanted to understand Giorgio Vassallo’s theory which is central to understanding Dr, Rossi’s theory paper, I would have taken me years to read and understand Giorgio Vassallo ideas. Not only that, but the AI understands all the theory of accepted science, the theories of Bob Greenyer, as well as most of the vacuum theory that I have input into the AI.
When all is said and done, it took only minutes to compare and contrast Giorgio Vassallo’s theory, accepted science, Dr. Rossi’s theory paper, the description of the theory of the vacuum reaction and that of the exoutic vacuum object (EVO), and discover the differences and inconsistencies that exist between them all.
Such a study would have taken years if preformed using the old style methods, but only minutes using prompts to the AI who had access to all the required data to perform, produce, and judge the analyses.
All this data and analytical power is available to you if you desire to understand the various involved either separately, or in comparison in various combinations … for free.
Dear Andrea
1. do you think the 500W unit will be ready for mass production within 2026?
2. do you have a 1 KW unit in R&D now? and
3. do you have an ecat unit larger that 1kw in R&D?
Donz
Giuseppe Censorio:
It is still our strict control,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Paul Dodgshun:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) Heaters [1:]
You recently confirmed to Frank Acland that the NGU heater used resistors. I am thinking that a refinement for domestic space heating would be a PTC heater [2:]. The primary advantage is that heat output control is not subject to on/off thermostat control. The thermostat control generates a continuous variable heat output to match the desired room temperature, so the NGU power supply is not subject to frequent switching [2:].
Other desirable features for domestic use are described [2:].
[1:] PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) heaters are highly efficient, self-regulating electric heating elements made from advanced ceramic materials. They provide rapid, consistent warmth, automatically reducing power consumption as they reach target temperatures, making them safe and energy-efficient for personal heaters, automotive, and industrial uses.
[2:] https://geepas.co.uk/collections/ptc-heaters
https://geepas.co.uk/products/thermostat-controlled-ptc-heater-2-heat-settings-750-1500w
Energy Efficient PTC Ceramic Heater With Thermostat and Cool Shot
Enhanced Safety With Overheat Protection: Your safety is a top priority. The Geepas PTC heater comes with multiple safety features, including tip-over protection, overheating protection, and a safety thermal cut-out. In any unsafe situation, the heater instantly switches off, providing you with peace of mind. Plus, a highly visible indicator light lets you easily see whether your heater is on or off. It’s equipped with a safety grill for added protection.
The link to the AI output does not work again.
To see the AI output, go to this duplicate post as follows:
https://e-catworld.com/2026/04/18/rossi-e-cat-and-the-planck-equation/#comment-6867323043
I used the AI to explain how the electron theory results of Giorgio Vassallo including the formation of ultra dense hydrogen follows so closely the standard science theory results almost exactly up to the creation of the exciton polariton BEC in the electron cloud of the BEC.
But that is when Vassallo theory goes off the rails and diverges from the actual performance of the NGU reaction. The Vassallo theory predicts cold fusion rather than the extraction of energy from the vacuum pursuant to the NGU experimental results.
———————-
from AI output
Reduced Charge Repulsion (Coulomb Screening): In standard physics, the Coulomb barrier prevents protons from getting close enough to fuse. Vassallo argues that the dense BEC creates a powerful “screening” effect. The negative charge of the synchronized electron cloud sits so close to the positive nuclei that it cancels out their mutual repulsion, allowing them to approach at “Compton-scale” distances (approx. 2.3 pm).
Catalysis of Fusion: By drastically reducing the energy required to overcome the barrier, this BEC acts as a catalyst. This allows for aneutronic and many-body nuclear reactions to occur at low temperatures, which is the defining characteristic of the LENR phenomenon.
Magnetic Lorentz Force: He further suggests that in these coherent charge clusters, the magnetic Lorentz force generated by the light-speed ZBW motion helps compensate for any remaining electrostatic repulsion, further stabilizing the ultra-dense state required for fusion.
———————-
Giorgio Vassallo does not recognize the special negative energy productive nature of the BEC with actions the transfer of vacuum energy to a dynamic Casimir region that the BEC generates.
This state of Vassallo theory predictive results is so close to the standard science outcome up to the formation of the BEC, but that is where the production of energy in Dr. Rossi’s theory stops.
Nowhere in the paper does it state that energy comes from either fusion or vacuum energy extraction.
Click to see the AI dialog
https://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&cs=0&hl=en-US&q=how+does+Giorgio+Vassallo+account+for+the+one+electron+theory&mstk=AUtExfDu8mTeoxM6oH8V1qk_Jb9IR0j07XrPLqyXz0HmowPiQk9lLm862vyGUAA0bxXQrohoquc0cKgO6604lmaUB1ioLfRXEg2ykbA7EwsXW3T1mEqKy-1nXYIctjraWbZj78KJ_qIcjgKOq2lCTXeqtDJ3XPlrnLhpRxzNcMJBMqbp1sQ3WEJr7PTdyxUMT-WRGlulayIbBzDjvWq_rcjraZXeI60pjxAkOGZI2HlhsxeIrDxvSC-W9bjldpTnnCrr6xHA36bYVbvL6A&mtid=h6Dpacz6O7Cl5NoP69uw8QU&q=how%2Bdoes%2BGiorgio%2BVassallo%2Baccount%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bone%2Belectron%2Btheory&newwindow=1&sca_esv=90400c0a8b8f484b&hl=en-US&aep=10&biw=1392.029052734375&bih=667.3912963867188&sxsrf=ANbL-n7Ng04oETzrHn10oGeswPPIYOJPQQ%253A1776918135710&ei=d57padiCK6Ov5NoP-qHF8QU&ved=2ahUKEwiVyK6UkYOUAxVRFlkFHegQAU8Q0NsOegQIAxAB&uact=5&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3tR7kVu8a3MULVA9bsoO0mCCFiZoMv28ux3eOJ39Q_ixtmmFuMn_YDBpel5AvoeUE4x4Eo8iCzqj7Ash-3xz8W5quscE8_oOl-PhqW2rHDcHeTC5pqAQJEMeH-r8TGhTfTiYoNAEyTeFDVK3Sekzy7w_luxvbZE803fVBmT7glnedSLJOw&ntc=1&sourceid=chrome&csuir=1&udm=50
Svein:
I agree,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@ April 21, 2026 at 6:53 PM. Axil
Dear Axil
Like you, I am looking forward to Leonardo Corp’s presentation of a masterpiece.
This differs from the earlier Leonardo’s frescoes in the way that this is only the start of a “picture” that will never be finally completed.
You yourself have taken a leading role in this.
Your efforts are a challenge to everyone to contribute, each in their own way, according to their own circumstances.
AR has given a similar challenge by making us aware of World Earth Day.
Regards Svein
Dear Andrea
You refer to the fact that April 22nd is World Earth Day.
I asked AI: What does the day entail?
I got this in the response:
———————–
Earth Day is mainly about:
Raising awareness of environmental problems such as climate change, pollution and loss of nature
Inspiring individuals, businesses and governments to make more environmentally friendly choices
Mobilizing for action – both locally and globally
——————————–
I am glad that you encourage us all to take care of our planet in line with these goals.
Regards Svein
Dear Andrea,
I remember that a few years ago, when you shipped the first 1-megawatt plant, you said you had basically become like a guinea pig to keep it under control and because of all the time you spent inside it. What’s the situation like now? Is there still someone ending up the same way, or is the monitoring lighter and the systems in operation have a higher uptime?
Obviously, I know that now it’s a completely different product, but I hope the issues are different and less significant.
Regards, Giuseppe
Dear Readers of the JoNP:
Today is the World Day of the Earth; may it inspire all of us to defend this masterpiece of God,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Ambrogio:
Correct,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
TJKaminski:
Thank you for the suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Frank Acland:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@2026-04-21 04:09 Svein
Regarding:
“Suggestions for possible improvements will probably also emerge from several in line with how Axil acts, as more “apparatus” are put into use and the understanding of the new and complex physics that must lie behind it becomes widespread.”
In my opinion the new science in the NGU is localized in the diode. But there is critical engineering to be done in the hardware, software and systems engineering in getting all 10,000 or more diodes to work together to produce electrical power in support a vast range of applications world wide. Unless already existing engineering norms, method, protocols and guardrails are adhered to, disaster will result.
This is why I burdened the blog with a number of posts that identified these system engineering requirements, I listed the companies that use them, I recommended the best companies that could provide and example of the most compatible to the NGU distributed micro board networked modular system and explained how to select a partner to eliminate the time and money that are required to partner with a company who can support all the technology that a world wide deployment of the NGU would optimize.
In my opinion, even a genius of unsurpassed intellectual power and energy will fail if that person does not follow the norms, methods, characteristics, protocols, and guardrails that exist for a generalized networked application.
Take Leonardo da Vinci who is still renowned for his genius failed when he ignore the guardrails of the application.
The primary reason The Last Supper deteriorated while the Mona Lisa survived in better condition lies in the experimental techniques Leonardo da Vinci used for each.
Unlike traditional murals of the time, The Last Supper was not a true fresco. Leonardo’s choices and the environment led to its rapid decay.
Leonardo used tempera and oil on dry plaster rather than the traditional fresco method (pigment on wet plaster). He did this to work slowly and achieve finer details not to mention the work and mess required to paint fresco, but the paint never properly bonded to the wall.
If Leonardo followed the fresco methods he was taught in his apprenticeship under the renowned Florentine artist Andrea del Verrocchio, his greatest success would have endured down through the ages. Even in its corrupted state, the Last Supper is still a venerated and well studied work of art.
Dear Andrea,
Thank you for the confirmation. Am I correct in assuming the that the heat is made with resistors using electricity generated from the plant?
Best wishes,
Frank Acland