Steven Nicholes Karels:
It will work perfectly, turning the electric power into heat. For more details, please read my answers of today related to the same issue,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
You recent posting about SSM only works with large (MW) configurations…. Are you saying that an unmanned NGU 1 kW device will not work? Is SSM required for NGU operation? Please clarify.
Frank Acland:
Thank you for rephrasing, now I understood exactly what you mean. No, the Carnot cycle needs high power, in the orders of MWs. What is not impossible is that we will eventually resolve the problems that presently make impossible the Ecat to supply electricity for undetermined time , without continue control of our engineers: think to our Latina test, where the Ecat worked well for 6 hours, but under the control of 2 expert engineers; the follow up of that R&D has put in evidence a series of issues to be resolved that make inpossible in the short term to take the liability of a mass distribution.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Here is my original question: “Is it forseen that thermoelectric conversion will be built into household E-Cats to provide SSM?”
What I meant was:
You stated that the household Ecats can generate heat. Can this heat be used to generate enough electricity (through thermoelectric conversion) to power the E-Cat?
Frank Acland:
1- I do not understand what you mean: can you rephrase ?
2- not so far, we must resolve safety issues
3- same as in point 2
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Interesting to learn about the issues with SSM that you described here today. Some questions, if I may:
1) Is it forseen that thermoelectric conversion will be built into household E-Cats to provide SSM?
2) For household E-Cats, can they deliver electricity for household purposes if plugged into a normal wall socket (Without SSM)?
3) Are the large E-Cat plants able to achieve SSM without the Carnot cycle?
Dr Rossi:
I understand your decision about the SSM you described to Renato and Ecat Enthusiast: the use of the Ecat with overunit COP even to produce heat is enough to be the most important technological achievement of the last century, and it is something that with hundreds of billions the nuclear fusion industries of all the world have not been able to do after more than half century. The SSM with a Carnot cycle is even a more important achievement. Keep high the gloves and continue to fight !
Roberto
Dr Rossi,
I understand that so far the Ecat will be sold to the households only to make heat using the electricity they generate. Is it possible that eventually they will be able to supply also electricity for household utilizations ?
JPR
Ecat Enthusiast:
The Ecat is an electricity generator, but the electricity it generates can be used directly only in substations that can deal with electricity at thousand of Volts, so far. The sole solution to deliver the Ecats in the households it to turn the electric energy into heat. Probably we will be able to resolve the problems that have been born during the R&D and the safety certifications, but for the time being we can reach the SSM only by means of the Carnot cycle, therefore by thermoelectric facilities. The COP of the Ecat allows this. This answer can be combined with the answers I gave to Renato minutes ago,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Renato:
Good questions:
1- no, it is because the direct SSM without passing through the Carnot cycle has posed problems that we still have to resolve before delivering this system to the public. It is a matter of safety
2- same answer as in 1
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Kurt:
Axil is the nickname of a Reader of this blog. He is not an employee. If you are interested to know him personally, you can try to contact directly him at his email address that is reported in all his comments under his nickname,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
Your answer to my last question about whether there will be made dedicated home heaters was, “Also.” Does this mean there will be made electricity generators for home use, and also a separate range of space heaters?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Hallo Dr. Rossi
Ich lese in letzter Zeit hier viel von einem Herrn AXIL
meine Frage: Ist der gebildete Herr bein Ihnen Angestellt?
er ist so vielwissend und Inteligent! wer ist der Herr denn
eigenlich darf man es wissen?
ENGLISH TRANSLATION:
Hello Mr. Rossi, I’ve been reading a lot about a Mr. AXIL here lately. My question is: Is this educated gentleman employed by you? He seems so knowledgeable and intelligent! Who exactly is he? May I ask?
Premise:
If I understand correctly, you are experimenting with a large system that generates heat using resistors (instead of direct electricity), and then applying a Carnot cycle to use the produced heat.
Question 1:
Is this particular choice because the client specifically required heat production?
Question 2:
If a client requires large amounts of electrical power, can this demand be met by combining NGU units in series and parallel with inverters (similar to large photovoltaic systems), or are there currently unresolved obstacles or issues in this case?
Thank you, as always, for anything you can share.
Renato
The concept of a localized, peer-to-peer (P2P) HVDC communal network, utilizing “NGU” (Never Give Up) generators and power routers for neighborhood energy sharing, aligns with emerging trends in decentralized energy management. This model, which emphasizes short-distance DC power sharing, can significantly reduce the need for long-haul transmission and optimize local generation
Here is an assessment of the proposed system components:
1. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) HVDC Neighborhood Network
Decentralized Energy Management: Using P2P energy trading, neighbors can exchange locally generated energy, increasing the utilization of renewable green energy sources.
Equipment Optimization: P2P energy sharing minimizes the need for high-capacity, centralized storage, allowing for smaller, local optimally sized generation units (like the proposed NGU generator) that can scale with demand.
Reduced Long-Haul HVDC: Shifting to local DC distribution allows for lower energy losses (as HVDC cables have lower losses than HVAC over distance) and smaller footprint conversion stations, ideal for residential areas.
2. The Power Router’s Role
Energy Routing and Control: Power routers (PRs) function similarly to internet routers but for electricity, enabling the prioritization and sharing of power between prosumers (those who produce and consume) in real-time.
AC/DC Integration: Power routers enable the direct, efficient integration of locally generated DC power with existing household systems.
Resilience and Efficiency: These routers allow for bidirectional, localized routing of energy, increasing the resilience of the network by facilitating alternative power paths in case of failure.
3. Utility Transition: From HVAC to HVDC Networking
Hybrid Networking Model: Utilities can, under regulator supervision, facilitate a transition by building a separate, overlaying HVDC network, allowing the coexistence of both systems, which enables the reduction of traditional HVAC generation over time.
Regulatory Support for HVDC Business: Utility regulators are increasingly recognizing the value of smart, flexible, and efficient DC microgrids, opening opportunities for utilities to charge for monitoring, maintenance, and the transport of excess local power.
Facilitating the Transition: This approach supports a gradual shift towards cleaner, locally generated, and decentralized power, reducing the long-term reliance on large, centralized, long-distance generation.
This proposed framework effectively bridges the gap between individual, local generation (NGU) and the need for a reliable, larger-scale infrastructure, enabling a gradual, planned transition to a cleaner energy system.
Incorporating that point highlights a major incentive for users. By allowing the utility to harness and redistribute excess HVDC power from the P2P network, the utility gains a low-cost energy source that offsets its own generation needs.
This creates a value exchange: the utility can then pass those savings back to the local owners by reducing the service and maintenance fees for the P2P networking infrastructure. This makes the transition financially attractive for the homeowner while ensuring the utility maintains a steady revenue stream through service-based (rather than just commodity-based) billing.
Adding that point completes the economic loop: by allowing the NGU generators to run at full capacity, the system maximizes the return on investment for the homeowner.
Instead of the generator sitting idle or “throttling down” once all the power needs are satisfied, the P2P network ensures that every watt produced has a destination—either a neighbor’s house or the utility’s broader grid. This constant, high-efficiency output generates a surplus that the utility can then use to further subsidize the network’s maintenance costs, effectively turning the residential generator into a reliable “micro-power plant” for the community.
Automated power routers (PRs) function as the intelligent “traffic controllers” of the community network, ensuring that NGU generators can run at maximum output without overwhelming local infrastructure. They manage this through several layers of real-time logic:
4. Multi-Path Energy Dispatching
To prevent bottlenecks, routers use advanced algorithms (like those found in Energy Internet systems) to calculate the most efficient path for power between trading neighbors. If a specific line begins to heat up or reach its thermal limit, the router automatically redirects the excess current through less-utilized segments of the network.
5. Semi-Decentralized Priority Control
When multiple NGU units are producing at full capacity simultaneously, the power routers implement a priority-based system:
• Local Priority: Excess power is first routed to neighbors with immediate demand or empty storage.
• Network Relief: If all local needs are met, routers coordinate with the Distribution System Operator (DSO) to feed remaining power into the broader grid at a regulated rate.
6. Dynamic Congestion Avoidance
Similar to how internet routers manage data bursts, power routers monitor real-time measurements at every node. If congestion is detected:
• Active Power Flow Control: The router can adjust the voltage or “virtual impedance” to naturally steer power away from congested areas.
• Predictive Management: Some systems use AI and Deep Reinforcement Learning to predict high-generation periods (like peak sun for solar or optimized NGU cycles) and pre-allocate capacity across the P2P network.
7. Integration with Utility Monitoring
The separate HVDC network allows the utility to oversee these transactions via Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). This two-way communication allows the utility to provide “ancillary services”—like frequency or voltage support—remotely, ensuring the P2P network remains stable even when local generation is pushed to its technical limits.
By shifting the AC-to-DC conversion function from individual home-sited inverters to the utility’s centralized HVDC network, the system dramatically simplifies household energy infrastructure while enhancing total grid efficiency.
8. Eliminating Residential Hardware Complexity
In traditional setups, each home requires its own inverter to convert native DC from sources like solar panels or NGU generators into AC for the grid. By moving this task to the utility-side HVDC interface:
• Reduced Failure Points: Homeowners no longer need to maintain complex, heat-generating inverters, which are often the first component to fail in residential systems.
• Lower Upfront Costs: Pushing conversion “upstream” removes a major capital expense for the homeowner, making NGU adoption more accessible.
9. Superior Utility-Scale Efficiency
Centralizing conversion allows the utility to use industrial-grade Voltage Source Converters (VSC) or Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC).
• Conversion Savings: Large-scale utility converters operate at much higher efficiencies than small residential units, which can suffer from significant energy “clipping” and conversion losses.
• Native DC Benefits: Since most modern home technologies—like LEDs, internet routers, and EV chargers—run natively on DC, a direct HVDC neighborhood feed eliminates the need for multiple, wasteful AC-to-DC-to-AC conversion steps.
10. Stabilized Grid Management
Shifting this function gives the utility better control over power quality and grid stability.
• Avoiding “Inverter Trip” Risks: Residential inverters are often programmed to shut down during minor grid fluctuations, which can lead to cascading power losses.
• Simplified Monitoring: The utility can manage frequency and voltage levels from a single, centralized point rather than coordinating thousands of independent home-sited devices.
Shifting the conversion function to the utility-scale level significantly alters the financial landscape for the homeowner. In this model, the utility utilizes industrial-grade Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) or Voltage Source Converters (VSC), which are far more durable and efficient than residential units.
Comparison of Maintenance Costs
Feature Home-Sited Inverter Model Utility-Centralized HVDC Model
Initial Hardware Cost $1,000 – $3,000 for hardware + installation. $0 (Homeowner uses native DC or utility-managed feed).
Expected Lifespan 10 – 15 years (typically shorter than panels). 20+ years for utility-grade infrastructure.
Replacement Cost $1,000 – $3,000 per failure (labor + equipment). Included in service fee (often subsidized by excess power sales).
Annual Maintenance $300 – $850 for professional inspections and cleanings. $0 (Utility manages all preventative maintenance).
Reliability/Failure Rate High (accounts for ~80% of system failures). Low (centralized industrial cooling and monitoring).
Downtime Losses $50 – $125 daily in lost generation during repairs. Near Zero (redundant paths in P2P network).
Financial Impact of Centralization
• Eliminating “Lumpy” Expenses: Traditional homeowners must “budget for the crash,” setting aside thousands for an inevitable inverter failure. In the HVDC model, this unpredictable capital expense is replaced by a predictable, potentially lower monthly service fee.
• Economies of Scale: Utility-scale operations often have generation and maintenance costs that are roughly 50% lower per MWh than residential-scale systems. By centralizing the conversion, the utility captures these efficiencies and can pass a portion of those savings back to the user.
• Reduced Complexity: Without a high-heat, high-voltage inverter inside the home, the overall risk of electrical hazards is reduced, potentially lowering home insurance premiums
This model outlines a decentralized energy ecosystem where the NGU (Next Generation Unit) generator and a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) HVDC network transform the relationship between the homeowner and the utility.
The NGU Communal Energy Ecosystem
1. The P2P HVDC Infrastructure
The foundational shift involves moving away from inefficient long-haul transmission toward a neighborhood-scale, peer-to-peer HVDC network. Neighbors share power directly using home-based NGU generators. This “Communal Internet of Power” is managed by Power Routers, which intelligently direct energy flow. This setup minimizes the need for massive individual generation capacity while allowing the system to scale organically as future demand increases.
2. Optimizing Generation and Efficiency
A critical advantage of this network is that it allows NGU generators to operate at full capacity. Instead of “throttling down” when a single home’s needs are met, the generator continues to produce at peak efficiency, sending surplus power to neighbors or back to the utility.
Furthermore, the system pushes the AC-to-DC conversion function away from the home. By removing home-sited inverters and placing conversion responsibilities on the utility’s centralized infrastructure, the system eliminates the most common point of failure and the highest maintenance cost for the homeowner.
3. The Utility’s Evolving Business Model
Local utilities transition from being “energy sellers” to “network facilitators.” Under regulatory supervision, the utility maintains a separate wired HVDC network alongside the existing HVAC grid. This hybrid model allows for a gradual transition:
• Reduced Consumer Costs: The utility can transfer excess HVDC power from the P2P network to reduce their own HVAC generation needs.
• Maintenance Offsets: Because the utility benefits from this “crowdsourced” power, they can reduce the service and monitoring fees charged to P2P users.
• Industrial-Scale Reliability: Centralizing conversion allows the utility to use high-efficiency, industrial-grade converters that are more durable and cost-effective than residential hardware.
4. Economic and Operational Benefits
• For the Homeowner: Lower upfront equipment costs, no inverter replacement bills, and a predictable service fee that is offset by their generator’s high-capacity contributions.
• For the Utility: A steady revenue stream from networking services and access to a distributed, resilient power source that reduces the strain on centralized power plants.
• For the Grid: Enhanced stability through automated power routers that manage congestion and provide real-time load balancing.
By combining localized generation with utility-scale networking, this model creates a sustainable path toward a decentralized, DC-native energy future.
In this P2P communal model, the utility’s “Monitoring and Support” fee replaces traditional volumetric billing with a fixed-plus-variable service charge. This structure covers the operational oversight of the decentralized network while the user’s NGU generator contributions act as a credit against these costs.
Typical Fee Structure Breakdown
Fee Component Estimated Monthly Cost What it Covers
Network Access & Infrastructure $25 – $50 Maintenance of the dedicated HVDC lines and the physical neighborhood grid.
P2P Trading Platform Fee $5 – $15 Operation of the software that manages energy trades between neighbors and clears the P2P market.
Real-time Monitoring & NOC $15 – $30 24/7 Network Operations Center (NOC) oversight for voltage stability, cybersecurity, and hardware health.
Centralized Conversion Service $10 – $20 Upkeep of utility-scale Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) that replace individual home inverters.
Total Base Service Fee
$55 – $115 Standard monthly cost before credits.
The “Full Capacity” Credit Model
The utility reduces this fee based on the value the NGU generator provides to the broader grid.
• Excess Power Credit: Because the NGU runs at full capacity, surplus energy is “purchased” by the utility at a bulk rate (e.g., $0.04–$0.08/kWh). For a high-output unit, this can credit $40 – $90 per month back to the user.
• Ancillary Service Credit: Utilities may offer a further $5 – $10 credit if the user’s Power Router allows the utility to use the home’s power/storage for grid frequency or voltage support.
• Net Monthly Bill: In high-production scenarios, the user’s “Monitoring and Support” fee can be zeroed out or turned into a net credit, effectively paying the homeowner for their participation in the network.
Regulatory Context
This pricing model requires a microgrid tariff approved by state regulators. These tariffs are designed to ensure the utility is fairly compensated for standardizing interconnection while preventing “cost-shifting” to non-participating customers.
I have envisioned a no cost win/win hvdc micro network plan that allows power sharing between neighbors under the management of the hvac electric utility that minimizes home owner equipment costs and allows the utility to make money. This best of both worlds NGU solution is deminstated though this sample home owner bill from the utility to the home owner.
In this P2P communal model, the utility’s “Monitoring and Support” fee replaces traditional volumetric billing with a fixed-plus-variable service charge. This structure covers the operational oversight of the decentralized network while the user’s NGU generator contributions act as a credit against these costs.
Below is a draft of what a monthly statement would look like for a homeowner participating in the NGU P2P HVDC Network. This bill moves away from charging for “energy used” and instead focuses on the Networking & Support Service, offset by the value of the power the homeowner contributes.
________________________________________
Community Power & Networking Statement
Account Number: 1234-5678-90 | Billing Period: June 1 – June 30
Service Address: 742 Evergreen Terrace
________________________________________
1. P2P NETWORK SERVICE CHARGES
Standard fees for the maintenance and operation of the local HVDC infrastructure.
Description Amount
HVDC Grid Access Fee (Neighborhood line maintenance) $35.00
P2P Router & Software License (Energy trading platform) $10.00
Centralized Conversion Fee (Utility-side MMC service) $15.00
24/7 Monitoring & Tech Support $20.00
TOTAL SERVICE CHARGES $80.00
________________________________________
2. GENERATION & EXPORT CREDITS (The “NGU Credit”)
Credits earned by running the NGU Generator at full capacity and sharing surplus.
Description Activity Credit
Local P2P Sales 450 kWh shared with neighbors @ $0.09/kWh ($40.50)
Utility Grid Export 300 kWh sent to main grid @ $0.06/kWh ($18.00)
Grid Stability Bonus Frequency response/Voltage support services ($10.00)
Avoided Maintenance Credit No residential inverter on-site ($5.00)
TOTAL GENERATION CREDITS ($73.50)
________________________________________
3. BILL SUMMARY
• Total Networking Fees: $80.00
• Total Generation Credits: -$73.50
• Total Amount Due: $6.50
________________________________________
Key Takeaways from this Bill:
• Near-Zero Energy Cost: Even though the user has a professional utility managing their network, their bill is almost entirely offset by their NGU generator’s full-capacity output.
• No “Inverter Tax”: There are no repair or replacement line items because the conversion hardware is owned and maintained by the utility.
• Predictable Pricing: The cost of “living on the grid” is stable, while the credits scale based on how much the NGU generates for the community.
Details of the NGU p2p plan will be provided shortly on the Rossi blog only.
I did a cost/payback calculation based on a hvdc $4000 power production system operating in a distributed micro grid that assumes an economies of scale network equipment price structure where the neighbor power sharing eliminates the need for batteries and minimizes the size of the local in home hvdc power generator.
In an all-HVDC microgrid without batteries, the system functions as a high-efficiency daytime power pool. By removing batteries, you eliminate the single most expensive and least efficient component—chemical storage—shifting the focus to real-time power sharing between neighbors.
In this model, the “grid” is a community 380V DC bus where houses with excess power generation provide power to neighbors in real-time, drastically reducing the required acquisition capital per household.
Optimized initial microgrid investment (Battery-Free).
Without battery storage, the system’s “acquisition cost” is strictly the power source and the high-speed routing hardware.
Component
Cost per House (Shared Model)
Notes
5 kW DC Source ($4k/kW)
$20,000 Native
380V DC solar array.
Community Power Router
$1,200
Upgraded for peer-to-peer (P2P) trading.
DC Safety Package
$1,100 SSCBs, AFCIs, and isolation monitoring.
Appliance Converters $600
Step-down for existing devices.
Total One-Time Investment $22,900 ~15% cheaper than the battery-inclusive model.
Efficiency Gains for the the “Direct Drive” Advantage
Because this system is “all-DC” from source to load, it avoids the cumulative conversion losses found in hybrid systems.
Conversion Efficiency: 95–98% (power source → Bus → Appliance).
By bypassing the 10–30% average loss associated with AC-DC transformations and the 15% round-trip loss of batteries we minimize power losses.
Community Scaling: Research shows that game-theoretic coordination in such communities can lead to an additional 20% cost reduction in energy procurement.
Financial calculation (Shared P2P Model)
This model assumes you sell 50% of your production to neighbors at a rate competitive with the grid during peak daytime hours.
Self-Consumption Savings: $800/yr (50% of your bill displaced).
Neighbor Sales Revenue: $960/yr (Selling 3,000 kWh surplus at $0.32/kWh peer rate).
Total Annual Benefit: $1,760 per year.
Payback Period
Why “No Battery” is often the technical optimum
Batteries degrade; solar panels and power electronics have lifespans of 20–25 years.
Removing chemical storage and reducing conversion stages lowers heat waste, which can improve building energy efficiency by 25–35% in certain climates.
Without the need to manage Battery State of Charge (SoC), the power router’s logic is streamlined for high-speed load matching and voltage stabilization.
In conclusion, an all-HVDC microgrid without batteries is the leanest technical solution. It reaches a break-even point in 13 years and provides a stable, 380V community infrastructure that can serve as a foundation for adding EV charging or storage later as costs fall.
Ukraine is able to support a decentralized NGU based HVDC grid as a demonstration of what is possible for power generation and transmission going forward.
The partner is well served to reach out to Ukrainian influencers to witness, participate, examine, and evaluate a NGU/HVDC distributed micro grid.
Currently, Ukraine is actively transitioning its energy infrastructure from a centralized, Soviet-era grid toward a decentralized, distributed, and micro-networked power system to enhance its resilience against Russian attacks. This strategy involves widespread deployment of solar, wind, and battery storage, rather than relying exclusively on HVDC (High-Voltage Direct Current) technology alone, to create “isles of light”.
While Ukraine is not exclusively building a national-scale HVDC grid, it is utilizing HVDC-enabled technologies to create a decentralized system where cities like Vinnytsia are creating microgrids combining solar, gas, and hydro power with battery storage, which are better suited to withstand bombardment.
Ukraine is expanding transmission capacity with Europe to import more electricity, which utilizes HVDC interconnectors to manage power flows, aiming for at least 1.5 GW of added capacity by 2026.
The shift focuses on distributing generation (wind, solar) rather than relying on a few large, vulnerable central power plants.
A distributed, micro-networked grid offers critical advantages during the ongoing conflict by elimination of single points of failure. A centralized grid allows a few strikes on power plants or large substations to create widespread outages. But a decentralized system, with thousands of smaller, distributed assets, makes it economically and logistically “prohibitive” for Russia to knock out the entire system.
Microgrids with ”Islanding” capabilities can operate autonomously when detached from the main grid. If one area is attacked, the rest of the network remains functional.
Smaller, distributed energy units (e.g., the NGU) can be repaired or replaced much faster than large, specialized, high-voltage AC transformers.
Modern, networked systems, particularly those using advanced, flexible transmission, allow operators to reroute power instantly to critical infrastructure (hospitals, water treatment) when other lines are severed.
Reduced vulnerability to remote shutdowns are supported by localized control systems that reduce reliance on centralized digital command structures that are susceptible to cyberattacks.
Ukraine has become a politically isolated “laboratory” remote from the hegemonic competition that infects the world stage now. Testing these new technologies under fire advances the goal of creating a modern, green, and resilient energy sector.
It is opportune to go all HVDC together with the NGU to eliminate AC to DC DC TO AC AND DC TO DC high powered conversion.
In a HVAC power network, 20% of power is initially converted to heat which then needs cooling that requires more power with then costs more power than was initially wasted.
An estimate of waste power as follows:
In a data center converting AC to DC (and back) typically results in 10–30% energy loss due to conversion inefficiencies, which, when combined with cooling, accounts for a significant portion of power usage. Using, for example, 90% efficient converters creates 10% waste heat, requiring further cooling energy (often at 30-40% of total load) to remove
This does not consider the cost in equipment and space required to stage all this useless power waste. Water cooling requires water treatment and pumping.
HVAC systems typically account for 30–40% of total data center power consumption.
Indirect Energy Impact: For every watt wasted by power supplies, an additional ~0.3–0.4 watts is needed to remove that heat.
If inefficient PSUs waste 10 kW in a 100 kW load, approximately 3–4 kW of additional power is needed for the HVAC to remove that waste heat.
Water and Pumping Costs
Data centers using water-cooled chillers consume significant amounts of water for evaporation.
Pumping/Treatment Energy: Pumps, filters, and water treatment (chemical handling) for cooling towers can increase total cooling electricity usage by another 10–20% on top of the cooling load, though in many calculations, this is categorized within the total cooling power usage effectiveness (PUE). High cost drivers include chemical treatments (scaling/corrosion) and power for large pumps.
In summary, inefficient power conversion creates a vicious cycle where wasted electricity generates heat, requiring more electricity to run HVAC and pumping systems. Upgrading to higher efficiency power supplies (>90%) like the NGU is a primary method for reducing both direct power waste and secondary cooling.
It could be that we have either an impactful enemy from within or a friend to help. The partner is one of those electrical utility incumbents with vested interests.
If the partner sees the NGU as a key piece of the means to enable micro HVDC home networking in their operation and use that option to rework their entire operation… a heroic outcome, that will show the world what the pairing of the NGU and HVDC can do.
However, if the partner elects to continue producing power by burning hydrocarbons, the impact of the NGU on their industry will be minimized if not non existing.
A cascading failure knocked out the Iberian peninsula’s grid in seconds. Just four years earlier, Texas came within 4 minutes and 37 seconds of its own total collapse. Not a temporary blackout. A full shutdown. What engineers call a “black start,” a process that could take days to weeks to recover from. Not to mention all of the people that died as a result. According to the Department of Energy, 70 percent of US transmission lines are over 25 years old. We’re running 21st century lives on a mid-20th century grid. But back in 1997, energy consultant Karl Rábago wrote a blueprint for a radically different grid. His model? The internet. Seriously. And no, I’m not talking about today’s internet, which is just five billionaires in a trench coat. I’m talking about the ’90s internet. Decentralized. Collaborative. And really, really cool. So how would the internet stop a blackout? And why did the guy who figured it out get ignored for 30 years? The solution is localize power generation: micro grids. The cure is distributed green energy. The answer is HVDC and the the NGU.
High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology is a key enabler of seamless, flexible power sharing within modern, microgrid-based, or decentralized grid designs. While not eliminating all engineering hassles, modern voltage-source converter (VSC) based HVDC acts as an “electronic highway” that solves critical issues associated with traditional AC systems, enabling “neighbors helping neighbors” NGU power transfer.
1. Asynchronous Grid Interconnection (No Sync Hassle)
Traditional AC grids must match frequency and phase to connect, which is a significant hurdle. HVDC allows the interconnection of NGU home based asynchronous systems (such as connecting a 50Hz grid to a 60Hz grid, or connecting separate, local microgrids). This enables power to flow regardless of whether the local microgrid is synchronized with the main grid.
2. Precise Control of Power Flow
Unlike AC, which takes the path of least resistance, HVDC offers active, real-time control over power flow. Grid operators can, with high precision, determine how much power is transferred and in which direction. This capability allows for:
* Efficiently managing rapid fluctuations from solar and wind.
* allows EC home based car and home batteries to buffer power flow anomalies.
* Routing power around bottlenecks and failures
3. “No-Hassle” Features for Modern Grids
HVDC reduces energy losses by up to 30-50% compared to HVAC over long distances, making it ideal for connecting remote renewable energy sources to urban centers.
HVDC lines require narrower right-of-way than AC lines for the same power capacity, easing land-permitting challenges.
Modern VSC-HVDC systems can support rebuilding a grid after a blackout.
4. Role in Microgrid Architectures
In a future “grid of microgrids” approach, HVDC provides the “backbone” or “superhighway” that links these NGU based microgrids. This allows individual, localized home microgrids to function autonomously while still enabling them to efficiently exchange energy when needed.
Overall, for the new NGU enabled grid design aiming for high renewable penetration and flexibility, HVDC is an indispensable, transformative technology that turns the technical “hassle” of balancing intermittent, dispersed power sources into manageable, efficient, and directable flows.
Finally, Power routers—often referred to as Energy Routers (ERs), Grid Energy Routers (GERs), or Solid-State Transformers (SSTs)—exist and are a key technology in developing smart grids and microgrids. You will want one for your HVDC NGU home power network.
The adoption of the microgrid solution and the NGU will require a green political movement to overcome the tyranny of the incumbents.
There is a layer of system’s capability that the partner does not possess, that of application design. There is a layer of control that sits on top of the diode control layer that is a software application that directs the diodes to meet the requirements of the application.
What we will get from the partner is the substation power generator that talks to the grid and maybe the end user with regards to supplementing the presentation of those specialized interfaces.
That logic is not going to allow for operations in other applications. It will take years of further development to envision, design, implement, debug, test, and field these new applications.
The EV application is an example. dealing with the grid has no relationship with powering a EV; or powering a plane, or a ship, or a train. Each of these applications have their own specifications, and resultant software implementations.
It may be possible now to define the spec and interfaces for a given application and input that info into an AI who will create that application in short order, but the development platform that will make application development functional, does not now exist. A development platform is a collection of general purpose methods that can create a system from modular building blocks. These building blocks have yet to be identified.
For example, Dr. Rossi took a long time to learn how to get a motor to function, a heater to produce heat, a battery to charge without killing himself. Those functions are fundamental operations of a NGU application development platform.
In a modular systems approach, every module has interfaces, error reactions, functions, activations, deactivations, timers, loop detection, and many other required activities that are called on during its exaction. All these requirements must be integrated together in a perfect whole for that application to do what is expected (specked) of it.
In aviation there is the 5 nines.7 rule (.999997) where no single point of failure can cause a failure of the system: referring to the ultra-high safety standard often targeted in aerospace/nuclear, aiming for fewer than 1 fatal accident per million flight hours, or the 10^-9 probability of failure per hour.
Every function in a major type of plane has every function duplicated: at least 2 engines, multiple wheels. redundant computers, redundant hydraulics that are backed up by manual control cabling, etc.
The aviation application differs from an EV application, or a grid interface application.
In my recent post on China’s Green energy initiative (https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=926#comment-1706557) I lamented at how the Chinese engineering and political game plan for green energy was an exact fit to could enable the advancement of the NGU at maximum speed and efficiency.
But that synergy is not geopolitically possible in this world of hegemonic competition. The Chinese hegemony and the USA hegemony are at odds. So being in concert with the US team makes cooperation Vis-à-vis with China not in the cards. Too bad.
Currently in summary concerning China’s massive, AI-integrated renewable energy capacity and hydrogen development creates an ideal environment for rapid, efficient new energy technology advancement. However, intense US-China hegemonic competition for energy and tech dominance makes collaboration on these advancements, often termed a “tragedy of green power politics,” politically infeasible. For a detailed analysis of how this rivalry affects climate efforts, read the full story at
https://earth.org/the-tragedy-of-green-politics-how-the-us-china-rivalry-is-costing-the-climate/
Dr Rossi:
I read that you expect the NGU will heat houses. Will be made single-purpose heaters for home use (similar to normal electric space heaters)?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
It seems to me, that the NGU introductory presentation could be performed in short order using the same technical approach that has already been developed as was shown at the E-cat EV test. The demonstration system is best configured to support a 200 amp electrical service which implies a 14kW retail NGU system configured to output HVDC compatible power(380 dc volts). A demo setup would show a mix of ac and dc powered appliances along with a low cost inverter to drive the ac appliances.
The customer demand for this singular product will be huge. I realize that the partner has their minds set on the 1 megawatt grid compatible system, but the time to develop this system will be prohibitable long. The level of sophistication of the product is very high which demands very long and involved testing related to the interface with the inherently incompatible HVAC grid. Like a man that only has a hammer looking to drive nails, the partner only knows the HVAC grid which is a kluge of the first order. But your simple retail unit is comparatively simple and is likely to be highly reliable.
The proposal to prioritize a 14kW, 200-amp DC-output E-Cat NGU residential singular fixed configuration unit aligns with the reliable trouble free nature that a home unit must have as shown by the technology demonstrated in the September 27, 2024, Latina EV test.
Feasibility of the “Small Unit” Approach:
The smaller, DC-output “retail” unit is less complex than a high-voltage grid-connected system, potentially allowing for successful customer experience in the home environment.
A demo setup using a mix of DC and AC appliances, paired with an inverter, would demonstrate the versatility of the NGU system for domestic use.
As of early 2026, the partner is well served on pursuing a global presentations and subsequent manufacturing focused on a simple uncomplicated first product release. High customer demand will follow word of mouth reputational building reports from satisfied customers about their success experience with a practical uncomplicated reliable easy to operate smaller-scale unit.
In closing, a 14kW unit tailored to a ubiquities 200-amp service could revolutionize residential energy, offering a much sought-after “off-grid” lifestyle.
Andrea Rossi
May 7, 2025 at 7:34 AM
Dear Readers,
The series of tests with the CEO and collaborators of our partner’s group has been completed today, after almost three full days of work and discussions.
The tests have been successful and convinced all the industrial, financial and commercial components of our partner.
After today I can confirm that within the year 2025 we will be able to start the deliveries of the Ecat.
I am not authorized to give further information for the time being.
My role in this new organization from now on is of Chief Scientist.
Warmest Regards,
Dr. Andrea Rossi, CEO
Leonardo Corporation
Can we now get a similar summary of what has been completed, ongoing tests and whether the global presentation with deliveries to the public will come in 2026?
What is china’s national renewable energy transition initiative? It is exactly what I want the NGU effort to be.
http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/zfbps_2279/202408/t20240829_860523.html
That plan is a comprehensive, state-led strategy aimed at shifting the world’s largest energy consumer from a coal-dependent system to a “new energy powerhouse” dominated by non-fossil fuels. The initiative is underpinned by the “dual carbon” targets: peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.
Currently, China has entered a new phase of this transition, officially shifting from merely expanding capacity to focusing on comprehensive consumption, grid integration, and system efficiency, often described as a “build first, break later” approach.
Key Components of China’s Energy Transition
”1+N” Policy Framework is a top-level design guiding the transition, where “1” is the guiding principle and “N” consists of sector-specific action plans.
With massive renewable expansion (3.6 TW Target), China aims for 3.6 TW of combined solar and wind capacity by 2035. In 2024, it installed over 350 GW of wind and solar—more than half of the global additions.
Massive wind and solar power bases are being constructed in desert and barren regions (sandstorms, gobi, and desert areas) in western China.
The transition to green energy emphasizes development of the “New Three” (new energy vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, and solar photovoltaics) to drive GDP growth, contributing roughly 10% of total GDP in 2024.
Through grid modernization and storage whose goal is to manage renewable intermittency, the initiative invests heavily in ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission, pumped-storage hydropower, and battery storage.
”New Energy” Substitution Initiative (2024–2030) is a 2024, plan designed to aggressively increase annual renewable energy consumption from 1 billion tons of standard coal equivalent (SCE) by 2025 to 1.5 billion tons by 2030.
Strategic Goals and Pillars
Diversifying away from imported fossil fuels (oil/gas) by utilizing vast domestic renewable resources.
The plan reduces carbon emission by replacing outdated, high-emission industrial capacity with green manufacturing, including electrification in the steel, petrochemical, and textile sectors.
A broader environmental strategy focusing on ecological civilization, promoting low-carbon lifestyles, and reducing local air pollution.
China aims to be the global leader in green technology supply chains, including solar panels, batteries, and green hydrogen.
The plan calls for promoting the peak of coal and oil consumption.
China is shifting their focus from controlling energy intensity (energy per unit of GDP) to controlling both carbon intensity and absolute carbon emissions.
The plan places a strong emphasis on green hydrogen for industrial decarbonization and continued expansion of nuclear power.
While China continues to build coal plants for backup, analysts note that the rapid rise of renewables is expected to cause coal consumption to peak soon, with clean sources increasingly meeting all new energy demand.
China may be the place to pioneer the retrofit of coal fired power plants with NGU systems. Instead of discouraging the fielding of wind power, China embraces it. This might not be what our NGU fans now wants to happen, but China could be the place where the NGU can come into its own as the worldwide replacement for thermoelectric power production.
Develop a NGU marketing strategy that is likely to work as an outreach educational effort aimed at green party and environmental groups to show how the hvac grid is destroying the environment and is the major culprit in climate change. The object of this presentation is to foment a political movement to benefit NGU usage. The solution is a hvdc based grid powered by the NGU. The partner could prepare a power point presentation to be delivered at environment group gatherings and green group meetings. It might also find a role in the NGU unveiling effort.
This outreach material could also support a YouTube video presentation for general circulation.
The goal is to foment a political movement to make the grid green power friendly and show how the hvac grid reduces green power efficiency to a small fraction of its maximum useful potential.
Experts agree that HVDC is a critical enabler for the clean energy transition, as it significantly outperforms traditional HVAC (High-Voltage Alternating Current) grids in efficiency and renewable integration.
To effectively foment a political movement, our outreach can center on several technical advantages that appeal to environmental groups:
HVDC transmission losses are typically 30–50% lower than HVAC. This allows more green power to reach its destination rather than being wasted as heat.
Unlike HVAC, HVDC is the only practical option for carrying large amounts of green power over the long distances (typically >400 km) required to connect remote wind and solar farms to urban centers.
HVDC requires only two conductors (compared to three for HVAC) and narrower land corridors, minimizing the physical footprint and visual impact on local ecosystems.
The NGU powered HVDC allows for precise control of power flow and can easily connect different regional grids even if they are unsynchronized, which is vital for maintaining a stable green-powered grid.
Suggested Presentation Structure
A PowerPoint designed for these groups should follow a clear narrative of Crisis → Solution → Action:
The Hidden Bottleneck: Explain how our current HVAC “interstate system for electrons” is outdated and incapable of moving bulk renewable energy efficiently.
Environmental Cost of HVAC: Highlight higher material intensity—HVAC lines can have nearly six times the embodied carbon footprint per meter compared to HVDC Light cables.
The HVDC Solution: Introduce HVDC as a “high-voltage highway” that preserves nature while delivering clean power.
Urge members to support policies like the DOE’s HVDC Cost Reduction initiative or local projects that modernize the grid backbone.
Strategic Considerations
Explane that NGU power production are optimized for non stop 24/7/365 green power generation Frame this as a reason for political investment and research to retrofit existing hvac power plants.
Use operational examples like the Western HVDC Link in the UK or the planned Champlain-Hudson Power Express in the US to show that this is proven, scalable technology.
To mobilize green groups, your presentation should include critical data on the environmental cost of current grid systems:
The global energy supply sector, which is dominated by HVAC infrastructure, is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, responsible for approximately 35% of total emissions.
In regions like the U.S., the electric power sector specifically accounts for about 24% to 30% of total CO2 emissions.
HVAC’s inability to handle asynchronous connections means that during peak renewable generation, “green power” often has to be curtailed (turned off) because the grid cannot safely absorb it.
While our strategy focuses on the transmission grid, it is worth noting that space cooling (air conditioning) alone already accounts for nearly 20% of total electricity use in buildings and approximately 3% of global GHG emissions.
Explain how green grid power can eliminate co2 emissions at cement plants, steel mills, chemical factories.
Show how green grid power can manufacture fertilizers locally where farmers can easily access it; not shipped half way around the world from oil and gas production centers.
For customers who cannot install a NGU hvdc micro network power source locally in their home, a grid connection is required.
Currently, the grid is optimize to distribute electric power using a basic hydrocarbon burning electrical power generation method that was developed during Tesla’s day over 125 years ago.
The 1 megawatt NGU constancy in grid based power generation makes a new approach to optimally distributing dc green grid supplied energy possible. The partner will be well served to demo an evolutionary conversion approach to show an optimized green energy grid end user interface that multiuse mixed power ac dc electric supply into a user’s home where both ac and dc power can be used and where ac can still drive legacy ac powered appliances.
For customers who still are required to use the grid for power, they can save 95% on their grid based electric bill using the mixed power approach, here’s why:
An optimized DC-based grid (HVDC) for transmitting electricity from remote, long-haul, renewable green energy generators to residential homes can achieve remarkably high efficiencies, often exceeding 90% to 95% at the final delivery point compared to traditional AC transmission, which loses more energy due to reactance and the skin effect in the transfer of power.
By specifically minimizing multiple voltage conversion stages between the remote green energy source and a dc powered appliance by using hvdc grid power transfer to the home, the overall system efficiency—from renewable generation to end-use—can result in over 97% higher energy cost savings using dc power in net-zero buildings compared to ac counterparts.
A home can be configured to use 80% of a 200 amp service on dc direct wired powered appliances and 20% on ac only powered legacy appliances.
On a hvdc based grid that delivers dc power to the home, a dc to ac $1000 inverter can meet the maximum reduced ac requirements of home power use.
The ac appliances in a 200 amp service were high draw hvdc appliances* are installed needs to support a maximum ac power output of 9600 watts. the price for a dc to ac inverter is about $1000.
In contrast, when a user converts to green power from the NGU installed in their home, the installation cost for a complementary 200 amp dc to ac inverter with battery can reach $14,000+ installed.
* high powered 380V–400V DC-compatible water heaters, heat pumps, ranges and EV chargers(cost 2x what a comparable ac unit (heat pumps, EV charger) would cost but up to 30% more power cost efficient).
Recall I posted on JONP about cooling solar panels to improve collection efficiency.
I really think this a real potential product.
Consider large solar panel farms in hot environments.
For lower latitude locations, the panel receive higher insolation levels and the ambient air temperatures are correspondingly elevated.
This leads to two effects:
Lower energy production because of the Solar Panel temperature; and
Shorter Solar Panel lifetime – because of temperature.
A simple unit that uses power from NGU devices to cool and blow air against the unlit side of the Solar Panels could significantly improve the Solar Panel collection efficiency.
During the early morning or late afternoon time, cooling would not be needed as the ambient temperature is lower and less light is available to the Solar Panels. During these times, and at night, the NGU devices could provide supplemental power to the Solar Panel collection devices.
If you were to use fan-less blowers to move the cooled air across the backs of the Solar Panel, they could cool the Solar Panel during the heat of the day times. Fan-less blowers so that dirt or sand would not clog the devices.
A simple closed cycle air cooling unit could be attached to the Solar Panel support structure to chill the air being blown on the backs of the Solar Panel.
Alternatively, chilled water could be pumped to a heat transfer system on the back side of the Solar Panel.
Bottomline: During the high light level times, the Supplementation system is not providing any additional energy to the Solar Panel output. Why not use that power to improve the Solar Panel lifetime and efficiency?
It is best to not get involved with any hvac grid based complications. A dedicated hvdc direct connect micro network segregated from the grid powered by a 380 dc volt NGU direct wired interface can supply 80% of the power needs of a household.
This micro network is comprised of high powered 380V–400V DC-compatible water heaters, heat pumps, ranges and EV chargers that are all commercially available for sale for use with solar power.
The need for direct wired connection.
Working with 380V DC from the NGU power generator is extremely dangerous and requires specialized DC-rated breakers and safety equipment, as DC arcs are harder to extinguish than AC arcs. It is safest to directly connect these appliances to a hvdc connection panel that distributes dc power from the NGU retail unit. The wire used is ubiquitous and available for sale everywhere for use in ac power applications. The partner is well served to offer a circuit breaker for use in this dc microgrid application.
Circuit breakers specifically designed for 380V–400V DC microgrids are available for use at the hvdc distribution panel though they are more specialized and robust than standard AC breakers. Because direct current lacks the “zero-crossing” point of alternating current, these breakers must use advanced technology like magnetic blowouts and arc chutes to forcibly extinguish dangerous electrical arcs.
Availability of 380V DC Appliances for the hvdc micro grid application
Water heaters that use 380V DC heating elements are available, often marketed as industrial immersion heaters or for solar dump loads (3kW–12kW).
Hybrid AC/DC heat pumps, such as EG4 solar mini-splits, are available. They accept 90–380V DC directly from solar panels during the day and blend in 220V/240V AC power as needed.
While standard EV home chargers use 240V AC, DC Fast Chargers often utilize a 380V–480V 3-phase grid input, though they convert it to lower voltage DC to charge batteries. Specialized high-voltage DC input chargers do exist.
Electric ranges are generally rare for direct 380V DC and are usually industrial/commercial, often requiring 3-phase AC, though DC resistive elements are conceptually similar to DC water heating.
Household Power Consumption
These types of appliances are the primary energy drivers in a home as follows:
HVAC Systems (Heat Pumps): 40-50% of household energy.
Water Heating: 12-16% of household energy.
Ranges/Appliances: Roughly 13-20%.
EV charging varies widely based on driving habits but can effectively double a household’s electricity usage.
Taken together, these components can represent over 70–80% of total residential energy demand.
The partner is well served to design this hvdc micro network in detail for the NGU introductory presentation as a buyers’ guide for home NGU use. This paper should include all information that can inform the use of the NGU in the home. This info should include a detailed installation guide and a buyers catalogue that locates all commercial dc powered equipment with pricing required for use of the NGU in the home. A NGU power calculator for the NGU installation is wise to include.
A hands on working demo of the retail user hvdc micro network would be wise to demo at the personation.
Here is an additional point of benefit that is important to mention when the NGU is introduced at the NGU interdictory presentation.
It is possible to use electrical power generated from the NGU to significantly reduce or eliminate CO2 emissions in chemical/petrochemical production, primarily by replacing fossil-fuel-fired thermal heat with electric heating, utilizing green hydrogen for ammonia/fertilizer production, and electrifying plastic recycling. This transition leverages technologies such as electrified steam crackers, electric nitrogen production, and industrial heat pumps to replace high-emission processes.
Chemical giants like BASF are building electric steam crackers that, when powered by renewable green electricity, can eliminate the majority of emissions from producing ethylene, propylene, and butadiene.
Instead of using conventional steam methane reforming (which uses natural gas), renewable green electricity produced by the NGU can be used to generate green hydrogen through electrolysis. This hydrogen, combined with nitrogen, produces ammonia—the base of fertilizer—without carbon emissions. Fertilizer production can be staged anwer on earth not only in the mideast where production can be localized close to the farm areas were fertilizers are consumed.
Here is an additional point of benefit that is important to mention when the NGU is introduced at the NGU interdictory presentation.
It is possible to produce steel using only renewable green electrical power without CO2 emissions, primarily through a technology called Molten Oxide Electrolysis (MOE). Companies like Boston Metal could use electricity generated from NGU to separate iron from oxygen in ore, releasing only oxygen as a byproduct, effectively eliminating coal-based emissions.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
It will work perfectly, turning the electric power into heat. For more details, please read my answers of today related to the same issue,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
You recent posting about SSM only works with large (MW) configurations…. Are you saying that an unmanned NGU 1 kW device will not work? Is SSM required for NGU operation? Please clarify.
Dear Andrea,
Thank you for your explanation. So for now, is it possible to safely deploy E-Cats for heating households?
Best wishes,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
Thank you for rephrasing, now I understood exactly what you mean. No, the Carnot cycle needs high power, in the orders of MWs. What is not impossible is that we will eventually resolve the problems that presently make impossible the Ecat to supply electricity for undetermined time , without continue control of our engineers: think to our Latina test, where the Ecat worked well for 6 hours, but under the control of 2 expert engineers; the follow up of that R&D has put in evidence a series of issues to be resolved that make inpossible in the short term to take the liability of a mass distribution.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Here is my original question: “Is it forseen that thermoelectric conversion will be built into household E-Cats to provide SSM?”
What I meant was:
You stated that the household Ecats can generate heat. Can this heat be used to generate enough electricity (through thermoelectric conversion) to power the E-Cat?
I hope that is more clear.
Thank you,
Frank Acland
Jean Paul Renoir:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Roberto:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Frank Acland:
1- I do not understand what you mean: can you rephrase ?
2- not so far, we must resolve safety issues
3- same as in point 2
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Interesting to learn about the issues with SSM that you described here today. Some questions, if I may:
1) Is it forseen that thermoelectric conversion will be built into household E-Cats to provide SSM?
2) For household E-Cats, can they deliver electricity for household purposes if plugged into a normal wall socket (Without SSM)?
3) Are the large E-Cat plants able to achieve SSM without the Carnot cycle?
Many thanks and best wishes,
Frank Acland
Dr Rossi:
I understand your decision about the SSM you described to Renato and Ecat Enthusiast: the use of the Ecat with overunit COP even to produce heat is enough to be the most important technological achievement of the last century, and it is something that with hundreds of billions the nuclear fusion industries of all the world have not been able to do after more than half century. The SSM with a Carnot cycle is even a more important achievement. Keep high the gloves and continue to fight !
Roberto
Dr Rossi,
I understand that so far the Ecat will be sold to the households only to make heat using the electricity they generate. Is it possible that eventually they will be able to supply also electricity for household utilizations ?
JPR
Ecat Enthusiast:
The Ecat is an electricity generator, but the electricity it generates can be used directly only in substations that can deal with electricity at thousand of Volts, so far. The sole solution to deliver the Ecats in the households it to turn the electric energy into heat. Probably we will be able to resolve the problems that have been born during the R&D and the safety certifications, but for the time being we can reach the SSM only by means of the Carnot cycle, therefore by thermoelectric facilities. The COP of the Ecat allows this. This answer can be combined with the answers I gave to Renato minutes ago,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Renato:
Good questions:
1- no, it is because the direct SSM without passing through the Carnot cycle has posed problems that we still have to resolve before delivering this system to the public. It is a matter of safety
2- same answer as in 1
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Kurt:
Axil is the nickname of a Reader of this blog. He is not an employee. If you are interested to know him personally, you can try to contact directly him at his email address that is reported in all his comments under his nickname,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
Your answer to my last question about whether there will be made dedicated home heaters was, “Also.” Does this mean there will be made electricity generators for home use, and also a separate range of space heaters?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Hallo Dr. Rossi
Ich lese in letzter Zeit hier viel von einem Herrn AXIL
meine Frage: Ist der gebildete Herr bein Ihnen Angestellt?
er ist so vielwissend und Inteligent! wer ist der Herr denn
eigenlich darf man es wissen?
ENGLISH TRANSLATION:
Hello Mr. Rossi, I’ve been reading a lot about a Mr. AXIL here lately. My question is: Is this educated gentleman employed by you? He seems so knowledgeable and intelligent! Who exactly is he? May I ask?
Dear Andrea,
I have a couple of questions for you
Premise:
If I understand correctly, you are experimenting with a large system that generates heat using resistors (instead of direct electricity), and then applying a Carnot cycle to use the produced heat.
Question 1:
Is this particular choice because the client specifically required heat production?
Question 2:
If a client requires large amounts of electrical power, can this demand be met by combining NGU units in series and parallel with inverters (similar to large photovoltaic systems), or are there currently unresolved obstacles or issues in this case?
Thank you, as always, for anything you can share.
Renato
The concept of a localized, peer-to-peer (P2P) HVDC communal network, utilizing “NGU” (Never Give Up) generators and power routers for neighborhood energy sharing, aligns with emerging trends in decentralized energy management. This model, which emphasizes short-distance DC power sharing, can significantly reduce the need for long-haul transmission and optimize local generation
Here is an assessment of the proposed system components:
1. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) HVDC Neighborhood Network
Decentralized Energy Management: Using P2P energy trading, neighbors can exchange locally generated energy, increasing the utilization of renewable green energy sources.
Equipment Optimization: P2P energy sharing minimizes the need for high-capacity, centralized storage, allowing for smaller, local optimally sized generation units (like the proposed NGU generator) that can scale with demand.
Reduced Long-Haul HVDC: Shifting to local DC distribution allows for lower energy losses (as HVDC cables have lower losses than HVAC over distance) and smaller footprint conversion stations, ideal for residential areas.
2. The Power Router’s Role
Energy Routing and Control: Power routers (PRs) function similarly to internet routers but for electricity, enabling the prioritization and sharing of power between prosumers (those who produce and consume) in real-time.
AC/DC Integration: Power routers enable the direct, efficient integration of locally generated DC power with existing household systems.
Resilience and Efficiency: These routers allow for bidirectional, localized routing of energy, increasing the resilience of the network by facilitating alternative power paths in case of failure.
3. Utility Transition: From HVAC to HVDC Networking
Hybrid Networking Model: Utilities can, under regulator supervision, facilitate a transition by building a separate, overlaying HVDC network, allowing the coexistence of both systems, which enables the reduction of traditional HVAC generation over time.
Regulatory Support for HVDC Business: Utility regulators are increasingly recognizing the value of smart, flexible, and efficient DC microgrids, opening opportunities for utilities to charge for monitoring, maintenance, and the transport of excess local power.
Facilitating the Transition: This approach supports a gradual shift towards cleaner, locally generated, and decentralized power, reducing the long-term reliance on large, centralized, long-distance generation.
This proposed framework effectively bridges the gap between individual, local generation (NGU) and the need for a reliable, larger-scale infrastructure, enabling a gradual, planned transition to a cleaner energy system.
Incorporating that point highlights a major incentive for users. By allowing the utility to harness and redistribute excess HVDC power from the P2P network, the utility gains a low-cost energy source that offsets its own generation needs.
This creates a value exchange: the utility can then pass those savings back to the local owners by reducing the service and maintenance fees for the P2P networking infrastructure. This makes the transition financially attractive for the homeowner while ensuring the utility maintains a steady revenue stream through service-based (rather than just commodity-based) billing.
Adding that point completes the economic loop: by allowing the NGU generators to run at full capacity, the system maximizes the return on investment for the homeowner.
Instead of the generator sitting idle or “throttling down” once all the power needs are satisfied, the P2P network ensures that every watt produced has a destination—either a neighbor’s house or the utility’s broader grid. This constant, high-efficiency output generates a surplus that the utility can then use to further subsidize the network’s maintenance costs, effectively turning the residential generator into a reliable “micro-power plant” for the community.
Automated power routers (PRs) function as the intelligent “traffic controllers” of the community network, ensuring that NGU generators can run at maximum output without overwhelming local infrastructure. They manage this through several layers of real-time logic:
4. Multi-Path Energy Dispatching
To prevent bottlenecks, routers use advanced algorithms (like those found in Energy Internet systems) to calculate the most efficient path for power between trading neighbors. If a specific line begins to heat up or reach its thermal limit, the router automatically redirects the excess current through less-utilized segments of the network.
5. Semi-Decentralized Priority Control
When multiple NGU units are producing at full capacity simultaneously, the power routers implement a priority-based system:
• Local Priority: Excess power is first routed to neighbors with immediate demand or empty storage.
• Network Relief: If all local needs are met, routers coordinate with the Distribution System Operator (DSO) to feed remaining power into the broader grid at a regulated rate.
6. Dynamic Congestion Avoidance
Similar to how internet routers manage data bursts, power routers monitor real-time measurements at every node. If congestion is detected:
• Active Power Flow Control: The router can adjust the voltage or “virtual impedance” to naturally steer power away from congested areas.
• Predictive Management: Some systems use AI and Deep Reinforcement Learning to predict high-generation periods (like peak sun for solar or optimized NGU cycles) and pre-allocate capacity across the P2P network.
7. Integration with Utility Monitoring
The separate HVDC network allows the utility to oversee these transactions via Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). This two-way communication allows the utility to provide “ancillary services”—like frequency or voltage support—remotely, ensuring the P2P network remains stable even when local generation is pushed to its technical limits.
By shifting the AC-to-DC conversion function from individual home-sited inverters to the utility’s centralized HVDC network, the system dramatically simplifies household energy infrastructure while enhancing total grid efficiency.
8. Eliminating Residential Hardware Complexity
In traditional setups, each home requires its own inverter to convert native DC from sources like solar panels or NGU generators into AC for the grid. By moving this task to the utility-side HVDC interface:
• Reduced Failure Points: Homeowners no longer need to maintain complex, heat-generating inverters, which are often the first component to fail in residential systems.
• Lower Upfront Costs: Pushing conversion “upstream” removes a major capital expense for the homeowner, making NGU adoption more accessible.
9. Superior Utility-Scale Efficiency
Centralizing conversion allows the utility to use industrial-grade Voltage Source Converters (VSC) or Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC).
• Conversion Savings: Large-scale utility converters operate at much higher efficiencies than small residential units, which can suffer from significant energy “clipping” and conversion losses.
• Native DC Benefits: Since most modern home technologies—like LEDs, internet routers, and EV chargers—run natively on DC, a direct HVDC neighborhood feed eliminates the need for multiple, wasteful AC-to-DC-to-AC conversion steps.
10. Stabilized Grid Management
Shifting this function gives the utility better control over power quality and grid stability.
• Avoiding “Inverter Trip” Risks: Residential inverters are often programmed to shut down during minor grid fluctuations, which can lead to cascading power losses.
• Simplified Monitoring: The utility can manage frequency and voltage levels from a single, centralized point rather than coordinating thousands of independent home-sited devices.
Shifting the conversion function to the utility-scale level significantly alters the financial landscape for the homeowner. In this model, the utility utilizes industrial-grade Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) or Voltage Source Converters (VSC), which are far more durable and efficient than residential units.
Comparison of Maintenance Costs
Feature Home-Sited Inverter Model Utility-Centralized HVDC Model
Initial Hardware Cost $1,000 – $3,000 for hardware + installation. $0 (Homeowner uses native DC or utility-managed feed).
Expected Lifespan 10 – 15 years (typically shorter than panels). 20+ years for utility-grade infrastructure.
Replacement Cost $1,000 – $3,000 per failure (labor + equipment). Included in service fee (often subsidized by excess power sales).
Annual Maintenance $300 – $850 for professional inspections and cleanings. $0 (Utility manages all preventative maintenance).
Reliability/Failure Rate High (accounts for ~80% of system failures). Low (centralized industrial cooling and monitoring).
Downtime Losses $50 – $125 daily in lost generation during repairs. Near Zero (redundant paths in P2P network).
Financial Impact of Centralization
• Eliminating “Lumpy” Expenses: Traditional homeowners must “budget for the crash,” setting aside thousands for an inevitable inverter failure. In the HVDC model, this unpredictable capital expense is replaced by a predictable, potentially lower monthly service fee.
• Economies of Scale: Utility-scale operations often have generation and maintenance costs that are roughly 50% lower per MWh than residential-scale systems. By centralizing the conversion, the utility captures these efficiencies and can pass a portion of those savings back to the user.
• Reduced Complexity: Without a high-heat, high-voltage inverter inside the home, the overall risk of electrical hazards is reduced, potentially lowering home insurance premiums
This model outlines a decentralized energy ecosystem where the NGU (Next Generation Unit) generator and a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) HVDC network transform the relationship between the homeowner and the utility.
The NGU Communal Energy Ecosystem
1. The P2P HVDC Infrastructure
The foundational shift involves moving away from inefficient long-haul transmission toward a neighborhood-scale, peer-to-peer HVDC network. Neighbors share power directly using home-based NGU generators. This “Communal Internet of Power” is managed by Power Routers, which intelligently direct energy flow. This setup minimizes the need for massive individual generation capacity while allowing the system to scale organically as future demand increases.
2. Optimizing Generation and Efficiency
A critical advantage of this network is that it allows NGU generators to operate at full capacity. Instead of “throttling down” when a single home’s needs are met, the generator continues to produce at peak efficiency, sending surplus power to neighbors or back to the utility.
Furthermore, the system pushes the AC-to-DC conversion function away from the home. By removing home-sited inverters and placing conversion responsibilities on the utility’s centralized infrastructure, the system eliminates the most common point of failure and the highest maintenance cost for the homeowner.
3. The Utility’s Evolving Business Model
Local utilities transition from being “energy sellers” to “network facilitators.” Under regulatory supervision, the utility maintains a separate wired HVDC network alongside the existing HVAC grid. This hybrid model allows for a gradual transition:
• Reduced Consumer Costs: The utility can transfer excess HVDC power from the P2P network to reduce their own HVAC generation needs.
• Maintenance Offsets: Because the utility benefits from this “crowdsourced” power, they can reduce the service and monitoring fees charged to P2P users.
• Industrial-Scale Reliability: Centralizing conversion allows the utility to use high-efficiency, industrial-grade converters that are more durable and cost-effective than residential hardware.
4. Economic and Operational Benefits
• For the Homeowner: Lower upfront equipment costs, no inverter replacement bills, and a predictable service fee that is offset by their generator’s high-capacity contributions.
• For the Utility: A steady revenue stream from networking services and access to a distributed, resilient power source that reduces the strain on centralized power plants.
• For the Grid: Enhanced stability through automated power routers that manage congestion and provide real-time load balancing.
By combining localized generation with utility-scale networking, this model creates a sustainable path toward a decentralized, DC-native energy future.
In this P2P communal model, the utility’s “Monitoring and Support” fee replaces traditional volumetric billing with a fixed-plus-variable service charge. This structure covers the operational oversight of the decentralized network while the user’s NGU generator contributions act as a credit against these costs.
Typical Fee Structure Breakdown
Fee Component Estimated Monthly Cost What it Covers
Network Access & Infrastructure $25 – $50 Maintenance of the dedicated HVDC lines and the physical neighborhood grid.
P2P Trading Platform Fee $5 – $15 Operation of the software that manages energy trades between neighbors and clears the P2P market.
Real-time Monitoring & NOC $15 – $30 24/7 Network Operations Center (NOC) oversight for voltage stability, cybersecurity, and hardware health.
Centralized Conversion Service $10 – $20 Upkeep of utility-scale Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) that replace individual home inverters.
Total Base Service Fee
$55 – $115 Standard monthly cost before credits.
The “Full Capacity” Credit Model
The utility reduces this fee based on the value the NGU generator provides to the broader grid.
• Excess Power Credit: Because the NGU runs at full capacity, surplus energy is “purchased” by the utility at a bulk rate (e.g., $0.04–$0.08/kWh). For a high-output unit, this can credit $40 – $90 per month back to the user.
• Ancillary Service Credit: Utilities may offer a further $5 – $10 credit if the user’s Power Router allows the utility to use the home’s power/storage for grid frequency or voltage support.
• Net Monthly Bill: In high-production scenarios, the user’s “Monitoring and Support” fee can be zeroed out or turned into a net credit, effectively paying the homeowner for their participation in the network.
Regulatory Context
This pricing model requires a microgrid tariff approved by state regulators. These tariffs are designed to ensure the utility is fairly compensated for standardizing interconnection while preventing “cost-shifting” to non-participating customers.
Axil:
Thank you for your insights and suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Jo:
I do not politics and prefer to stay away from politics. Our mission is strange to politics, as far as I am aware of,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I have envisioned a no cost win/win hvdc micro network plan that allows power sharing between neighbors under the management of the hvac electric utility that minimizes home owner equipment costs and allows the utility to make money. This best of both worlds NGU solution is deminstated though this sample home owner bill from the utility to the home owner.
In this P2P communal model, the utility’s “Monitoring and Support” fee replaces traditional volumetric billing with a fixed-plus-variable service charge. This structure covers the operational oversight of the decentralized network while the user’s NGU generator contributions act as a credit against these costs.
Below is a draft of what a monthly statement would look like for a homeowner participating in the NGU P2P HVDC Network. This bill moves away from charging for “energy used” and instead focuses on the Networking & Support Service, offset by the value of the power the homeowner contributes.
________________________________________
Community Power & Networking Statement
Account Number: 1234-5678-90 | Billing Period: June 1 – June 30
Service Address: 742 Evergreen Terrace
________________________________________
1. P2P NETWORK SERVICE CHARGES
Standard fees for the maintenance and operation of the local HVDC infrastructure.
Description Amount
HVDC Grid Access Fee (Neighborhood line maintenance) $35.00
P2P Router & Software License (Energy trading platform) $10.00
Centralized Conversion Fee (Utility-side MMC service) $15.00
24/7 Monitoring & Tech Support $20.00
TOTAL SERVICE CHARGES $80.00
________________________________________
2. GENERATION & EXPORT CREDITS (The “NGU Credit”)
Credits earned by running the NGU Generator at full capacity and sharing surplus.
Description Activity Credit
Local P2P Sales 450 kWh shared with neighbors @ $0.09/kWh ($40.50)
Utility Grid Export 300 kWh sent to main grid @ $0.06/kWh ($18.00)
Grid Stability Bonus Frequency response/Voltage support services ($10.00)
Avoided Maintenance Credit No residential inverter on-site ($5.00)
TOTAL GENERATION CREDITS ($73.50)
________________________________________
3. BILL SUMMARY
• Total Networking Fees: $80.00
• Total Generation Credits: -$73.50
• Total Amount Due: $6.50
________________________________________
Key Takeaways from this Bill:
• Near-Zero Energy Cost: Even though the user has a professional utility managing their network, their bill is almost entirely offset by their NGU generator’s full-capacity output.
• No “Inverter Tax”: There are no repair or replacement line items because the conversion hardware is owned and maintained by the utility.
• Predictable Pricing: The cost of “living on the grid” is stable, while the credits scale based on how much the NGU generates for the community.
Details of the NGU p2p plan will be provided shortly on the Rossi blog only.
I did a cost/payback calculation based on a hvdc $4000 power production system operating in a distributed micro grid that assumes an economies of scale network equipment price structure where the neighbor power sharing eliminates the need for batteries and minimizes the size of the local in home hvdc power generator.
In an all-HVDC microgrid without batteries, the system functions as a high-efficiency daytime power pool. By removing batteries, you eliminate the single most expensive and least efficient component—chemical storage—shifting the focus to real-time power sharing between neighbors.
In this model, the “grid” is a community 380V DC bus where houses with excess power generation provide power to neighbors in real-time, drastically reducing the required acquisition capital per household.
Optimized initial microgrid investment (Battery-Free).
Without battery storage, the system’s “acquisition cost” is strictly the power source and the high-speed routing hardware.
Component
Cost per House (Shared Model)
Notes
5 kW DC Source ($4k/kW)
$20,000 Native
380V DC solar array.
Community Power Router
$1,200
Upgraded for peer-to-peer (P2P) trading.
DC Safety Package
$1,100 SSCBs, AFCIs, and isolation monitoring.
Appliance Converters $600
Step-down for existing devices.
Total One-Time Investment $22,900 ~15% cheaper than the battery-inclusive model.
Efficiency Gains for the the “Direct Drive” Advantage
Because this system is “all-DC” from source to load, it avoids the cumulative conversion losses found in hybrid systems.
Conversion Efficiency: 95–98% (power source → Bus → Appliance).
By bypassing the 10–30% average loss associated with AC-DC transformations and the 15% round-trip loss of batteries we minimize power losses.
Community Scaling: Research shows that game-theoretic coordination in such communities can lead to an additional 20% cost reduction in energy procurement.
Financial calculation (Shared P2P Model)
This model assumes you sell 50% of your production to neighbors at a rate competitive with the grid during peak daytime hours.
Self-Consumption Savings: $800/yr (50% of your bill displaced).
Neighbor Sales Revenue: $960/yr (Selling 3,000 kWh surplus at $0.32/kWh peer rate).
Total Annual Benefit: $1,760 per year.
Payback Period
Why “No Battery” is often the technical optimum
Batteries degrade; solar panels and power electronics have lifespans of 20–25 years.
Removing chemical storage and reducing conversion stages lowers heat waste, which can improve building energy efficiency by 25–35% in certain climates.
Without the need to manage Battery State of Charge (SoC), the power router’s logic is streamlined for high-speed load matching and voltage stabilization.
In conclusion, an all-HVDC microgrid without batteries is the leanest technical solution. It reaches a break-even point in 13 years and provides a stable, 380V community infrastructure that can serve as a foundation for adding EV charging or storage later as costs fall.
Ukraine is able to support a decentralized NGU based HVDC grid as a demonstration of what is possible for power generation and transmission going forward.
The partner is well served to reach out to Ukrainian influencers to witness, participate, examine, and evaluate a NGU/HVDC distributed micro grid.
Currently, Ukraine is actively transitioning its energy infrastructure from a centralized, Soviet-era grid toward a decentralized, distributed, and micro-networked power system to enhance its resilience against Russian attacks. This strategy involves widespread deployment of solar, wind, and battery storage, rather than relying exclusively on HVDC (High-Voltage Direct Current) technology alone, to create “isles of light”.
While Ukraine is not exclusively building a national-scale HVDC grid, it is utilizing HVDC-enabled technologies to create a decentralized system where cities like Vinnytsia are creating microgrids combining solar, gas, and hydro power with battery storage, which are better suited to withstand bombardment.
Ukraine is expanding transmission capacity with Europe to import more electricity, which utilizes HVDC interconnectors to manage power flows, aiming for at least 1.5 GW of added capacity by 2026.
The shift focuses on distributing generation (wind, solar) rather than relying on a few large, vulnerable central power plants.
A distributed, micro-networked grid offers critical advantages during the ongoing conflict by elimination of single points of failure. A centralized grid allows a few strikes on power plants or large substations to create widespread outages. But a decentralized system, with thousands of smaller, distributed assets, makes it economically and logistically “prohibitive” for Russia to knock out the entire system.
Microgrids with ”Islanding” capabilities can operate autonomously when detached from the main grid. If one area is attacked, the rest of the network remains functional.
Smaller, distributed energy units (e.g., the NGU) can be repaired or replaced much faster than large, specialized, high-voltage AC transformers.
Modern, networked systems, particularly those using advanced, flexible transmission, allow operators to reroute power instantly to critical infrastructure (hospitals, water treatment) when other lines are severed.
Reduced vulnerability to remote shutdowns are supported by localized control systems that reduce reliance on centralized digital command structures that are susceptible to cyberattacks.
Ukraine has become a politically isolated “laboratory” remote from the hegemonic competition that infects the world stage now. Testing these new technologies under fire advances the goal of creating a modern, green, and resilient energy sector.
It is opportune to go all HVDC together with the NGU to eliminate AC to DC DC TO AC AND DC TO DC high powered conversion.
In a HVAC power network, 20% of power is initially converted to heat which then needs cooling that requires more power with then costs more power than was initially wasted.
An estimate of waste power as follows:
In a data center converting AC to DC (and back) typically results in 10–30% energy loss due to conversion inefficiencies, which, when combined with cooling, accounts for a significant portion of power usage. Using, for example, 90% efficient converters creates 10% waste heat, requiring further cooling energy (often at 30-40% of total load) to remove
This does not consider the cost in equipment and space required to stage all this useless power waste. Water cooling requires water treatment and pumping.
HVAC systems typically account for 30–40% of total data center power consumption.
Indirect Energy Impact: For every watt wasted by power supplies, an additional ~0.3–0.4 watts is needed to remove that heat.
If inefficient PSUs waste 10 kW in a 100 kW load, approximately 3–4 kW of additional power is needed for the HVAC to remove that waste heat.
Water and Pumping Costs
Data centers using water-cooled chillers consume significant amounts of water for evaporation.
Pumping/Treatment Energy: Pumps, filters, and water treatment (chemical handling) for cooling towers can increase total cooling electricity usage by another 10–20% on top of the cooling load, though in many calculations, this is categorized within the total cooling power usage effectiveness (PUE). High cost drivers include chemical treatments (scaling/corrosion) and power for large pumps.
In summary, inefficient power conversion creates a vicious cycle where wasted electricity generates heat, requiring more electricity to run HVAC and pumping systems. Upgrading to higher efficiency power supplies (>90%) like the NGU is a primary method for reducing both direct power waste and secondary cooling.
Dr Rossi, how is your political view during these so dangerous situations ?
It could be that we have either an impactful enemy from within or a friend to help. The partner is one of those electrical utility incumbents with vested interests.
If the partner sees the NGU as a key piece of the means to enable micro HVDC home networking in their operation and use that option to rework their entire operation… a heroic outcome, that will show the world what the pairing of the NGU and HVDC can do.
However, if the partner elects to continue producing power by burning hydrocarbons, the impact of the NGU on their industry will be minimized if not non existing.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLIatO-RA1c
A cascading failure knocked out the Iberian peninsula’s grid in seconds. Just four years earlier, Texas came within 4 minutes and 37 seconds of its own total collapse. Not a temporary blackout. A full shutdown. What engineers call a “black start,” a process that could take days to weeks to recover from. Not to mention all of the people that died as a result. According to the Department of Energy, 70 percent of US transmission lines are over 25 years old. We’re running 21st century lives on a mid-20th century grid. But back in 1997, energy consultant Karl Rábago wrote a blueprint for a radically different grid. His model? The internet. Seriously. And no, I’m not talking about today’s internet, which is just five billionaires in a trench coat. I’m talking about the ’90s internet. Decentralized. Collaborative. And really, really cool. So how would the internet stop a blackout? And why did the guy who figured it out get ignored for 30 years? The solution is localize power generation: micro grids. The cure is distributed green energy. The answer is HVDC and the the NGU.
High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology is a key enabler of seamless, flexible power sharing within modern, microgrid-based, or decentralized grid designs. While not eliminating all engineering hassles, modern voltage-source converter (VSC) based HVDC acts as an “electronic highway” that solves critical issues associated with traditional AC systems, enabling “neighbors helping neighbors” NGU power transfer.
1. Asynchronous Grid Interconnection (No Sync Hassle)
Traditional AC grids must match frequency and phase to connect, which is a significant hurdle. HVDC allows the interconnection of NGU home based asynchronous systems (such as connecting a 50Hz grid to a 60Hz grid, or connecting separate, local microgrids). This enables power to flow regardless of whether the local microgrid is synchronized with the main grid.
2. Precise Control of Power Flow
Unlike AC, which takes the path of least resistance, HVDC offers active, real-time control over power flow. Grid operators can, with high precision, determine how much power is transferred and in which direction. This capability allows for:
* Efficiently managing rapid fluctuations from solar and wind.
* allows EC home based car and home batteries to buffer power flow anomalies.
* Routing power around bottlenecks and failures
3. “No-Hassle” Features for Modern Grids
HVDC reduces energy losses by up to 30-50% compared to HVAC over long distances, making it ideal for connecting remote renewable energy sources to urban centers.
HVDC lines require narrower right-of-way than AC lines for the same power capacity, easing land-permitting challenges.
Modern VSC-HVDC systems can support rebuilding a grid after a blackout.
4. Role in Microgrid Architectures
In a future “grid of microgrids” approach, HVDC provides the “backbone” or “superhighway” that links these NGU based microgrids. This allows individual, localized home microgrids to function autonomously while still enabling them to efficiently exchange energy when needed.
Overall, for the new NGU enabled grid design aiming for high renewable penetration and flexibility, HVDC is an indispensable, transformative technology that turns the technical “hassle” of balancing intermittent, dispersed power sources into manageable, efficient, and directable flows.
Finally, Power routers—often referred to as Energy Routers (ERs), Grid Energy Routers (GERs), or Solid-State Transformers (SSTs)—exist and are a key technology in developing smart grids and microgrids. You will want one for your HVDC NGU home power network.
The adoption of the microgrid solution and the NGU will require a green political movement to overcome the tyranny of the incumbents.
There is a layer of system’s capability that the partner does not possess, that of application design. There is a layer of control that sits on top of the diode control layer that is a software application that directs the diodes to meet the requirements of the application.
What we will get from the partner is the substation power generator that talks to the grid and maybe the end user with regards to supplementing the presentation of those specialized interfaces.
That logic is not going to allow for operations in other applications. It will take years of further development to envision, design, implement, debug, test, and field these new applications.
The EV application is an example. dealing with the grid has no relationship with powering a EV; or powering a plane, or a ship, or a train. Each of these applications have their own specifications, and resultant software implementations.
It may be possible now to define the spec and interfaces for a given application and input that info into an AI who will create that application in short order, but the development platform that will make application development functional, does not now exist. A development platform is a collection of general purpose methods that can create a system from modular building blocks. These building blocks have yet to be identified.
For example, Dr. Rossi took a long time to learn how to get a motor to function, a heater to produce heat, a battery to charge without killing himself. Those functions are fundamental operations of a NGU application development platform.
In a modular systems approach, every module has interfaces, error reactions, functions, activations, deactivations, timers, loop detection, and many other required activities that are called on during its exaction. All these requirements must be integrated together in a perfect whole for that application to do what is expected (specked) of it.
In aviation there is the 5 nines.7 rule (.999997) where no single point of failure can cause a failure of the system: referring to the ultra-high safety standard often targeted in aerospace/nuclear, aiming for fewer than 1 fatal accident per million flight hours, or the 10^-9 probability of failure per hour.
Every function in a major type of plane has every function duplicated: at least 2 engines, multiple wheels. redundant computers, redundant hydraulics that are backed up by manual control cabling, etc.
The aviation application differs from an EV application, or a grid interface application.
In my recent post on China’s Green energy initiative (https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=926#comment-1706557) I lamented at how the Chinese engineering and political game plan for green energy was an exact fit to could enable the advancement of the NGU at maximum speed and efficiency.
But that synergy is not geopolitically possible in this world of hegemonic competition. The Chinese hegemony and the USA hegemony are at odds. So being in concert with the US team makes cooperation Vis-à-vis with China not in the cards. Too bad.
Currently in summary concerning China’s massive, AI-integrated renewable energy capacity and hydrogen development creates an ideal environment for rapid, efficient new energy technology advancement. However, intense US-China hegemonic competition for energy and tech dominance makes collaboration on these advancements, often termed a “tragedy of green power politics,” politically infeasible. For a detailed analysis of how this rivalry affects climate efforts, read the full story at
https://earth.org/the-tragedy-of-green-politics-how-the-us-china-rivalry-is-costing-the-climate/
Axil:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Ecat Enthusiast:
Also,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
I read that you expect the NGU will heat houses. Will be made single-purpose heaters for home use (similar to normal electric space heaters)?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
It seems to me, that the NGU introductory presentation could be performed in short order using the same technical approach that has already been developed as was shown at the E-cat EV test. The demonstration system is best configured to support a 200 amp electrical service which implies a 14kW retail NGU system configured to output HVDC compatible power(380 dc volts). A demo setup would show a mix of ac and dc powered appliances along with a low cost inverter to drive the ac appliances.
The customer demand for this singular product will be huge. I realize that the partner has their minds set on the 1 megawatt grid compatible system, but the time to develop this system will be prohibitable long. The level of sophistication of the product is very high which demands very long and involved testing related to the interface with the inherently incompatible HVAC grid. Like a man that only has a hammer looking to drive nails, the partner only knows the HVAC grid which is a kluge of the first order. But your simple retail unit is comparatively simple and is likely to be highly reliable.
The proposal to prioritize a 14kW, 200-amp DC-output E-Cat NGU residential singular fixed configuration unit aligns with the reliable trouble free nature that a home unit must have as shown by the technology demonstrated in the September 27, 2024, Latina EV test.
Feasibility of the “Small Unit” Approach:
The smaller, DC-output “retail” unit is less complex than a high-voltage grid-connected system, potentially allowing for successful customer experience in the home environment.
A demo setup using a mix of DC and AC appliances, paired with an inverter, would demonstrate the versatility of the NGU system for domestic use.
As of early 2026, the partner is well served on pursuing a global presentations and subsequent manufacturing focused on a simple uncomplicated first product release. High customer demand will follow word of mouth reputational building reports from satisfied customers about their success experience with a practical uncomplicated reliable easy to operate smaller-scale unit.
In closing, a 14kW unit tailored to a ubiquities 200-amp service could revolutionize residential energy, offering a much sought-after “off-grid” lifestyle.
Axil:
I have no doubts that the Chinese strategy is very intelligent,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Svein:
Although this issue does not depend on me, I hope the public presentation will be made within the end of this year,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
Almost a year ago you sent us this message:
Andrea Rossi
May 7, 2025 at 7:34 AM
Dear Readers,
The series of tests with the CEO and collaborators of our partner’s group has been completed today, after almost three full days of work and discussions.
The tests have been successful and convinced all the industrial, financial and commercial components of our partner.
After today I can confirm that within the year 2025 we will be able to start the deliveries of the Ecat.
I am not authorized to give further information for the time being.
My role in this new organization from now on is of Chief Scientist.
Warmest Regards,
Dr. Andrea Rossi, CEO
Leonardo Corporation
Can we now get a similar summary of what has been completed, ongoing tests and whether the global presentation with deliveries to the public will come in 2026?
Regards Svein
What is china’s national renewable energy transition initiative? It is exactly what I want the NGU effort to be.
http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/zfbps_2279/202408/t20240829_860523.html
That plan is a comprehensive, state-led strategy aimed at shifting the world’s largest energy consumer from a coal-dependent system to a “new energy powerhouse” dominated by non-fossil fuels. The initiative is underpinned by the “dual carbon” targets: peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.
Currently, China has entered a new phase of this transition, officially shifting from merely expanding capacity to focusing on comprehensive consumption, grid integration, and system efficiency, often described as a “build first, break later” approach.
Key Components of China’s Energy Transition
”1+N” Policy Framework is a top-level design guiding the transition, where “1” is the guiding principle and “N” consists of sector-specific action plans.
With massive renewable expansion (3.6 TW Target), China aims for 3.6 TW of combined solar and wind capacity by 2035. In 2024, it installed over 350 GW of wind and solar—more than half of the global additions.
Massive wind and solar power bases are being constructed in desert and barren regions (sandstorms, gobi, and desert areas) in western China.
The transition to green energy emphasizes development of the “New Three” (new energy vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, and solar photovoltaics) to drive GDP growth, contributing roughly 10% of total GDP in 2024.
Through grid modernization and storage whose goal is to manage renewable intermittency, the initiative invests heavily in ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission, pumped-storage hydropower, and battery storage.
”New Energy” Substitution Initiative (2024–2030) is a 2024, plan designed to aggressively increase annual renewable energy consumption from 1 billion tons of standard coal equivalent (SCE) by 2025 to 1.5 billion tons by 2030.
Strategic Goals and Pillars
Diversifying away from imported fossil fuels (oil/gas) by utilizing vast domestic renewable resources.
The plan reduces carbon emission by replacing outdated, high-emission industrial capacity with green manufacturing, including electrification in the steel, petrochemical, and textile sectors.
A broader environmental strategy focusing on ecological civilization, promoting low-carbon lifestyles, and reducing local air pollution.
China aims to be the global leader in green technology supply chains, including solar panels, batteries, and green hydrogen.
The plan calls for promoting the peak of coal and oil consumption.
China is shifting their focus from controlling energy intensity (energy per unit of GDP) to controlling both carbon intensity and absolute carbon emissions.
The plan places a strong emphasis on green hydrogen for industrial decarbonization and continued expansion of nuclear power.
While China continues to build coal plants for backup, analysts note that the rapid rise of renewables is expected to cause coal consumption to peak soon, with clean sources increasingly meeting all new energy demand.
China may be the place to pioneer the retrofit of coal fired power plants with NGU systems. Instead of discouraging the fielding of wind power, China embraces it. This might not be what our NGU fans now wants to happen, but China could be the place where the NGU can come into its own as the worldwide replacement for thermoelectric power production.
Steven Nicholes Karels,
Thank yoy for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Develop a NGU marketing strategy that is likely to work as an outreach educational effort aimed at green party and environmental groups to show how the hvac grid is destroying the environment and is the major culprit in climate change. The object of this presentation is to foment a political movement to benefit NGU usage. The solution is a hvdc based grid powered by the NGU. The partner could prepare a power point presentation to be delivered at environment group gatherings and green group meetings. It might also find a role in the NGU unveiling effort.
This outreach material could also support a YouTube video presentation for general circulation.
The goal is to foment a political movement to make the grid green power friendly and show how the hvac grid reduces green power efficiency to a small fraction of its maximum useful potential.
Experts agree that HVDC is a critical enabler for the clean energy transition, as it significantly outperforms traditional HVAC (High-Voltage Alternating Current) grids in efficiency and renewable integration.
To effectively foment a political movement, our outreach can center on several technical advantages that appeal to environmental groups:
HVDC transmission losses are typically 30–50% lower than HVAC. This allows more green power to reach its destination rather than being wasted as heat.
Unlike HVAC, HVDC is the only practical option for carrying large amounts of green power over the long distances (typically >400 km) required to connect remote wind and solar farms to urban centers.
HVDC requires only two conductors (compared to three for HVAC) and narrower land corridors, minimizing the physical footprint and visual impact on local ecosystems.
The NGU powered HVDC allows for precise control of power flow and can easily connect different regional grids even if they are unsynchronized, which is vital for maintaining a stable green-powered grid.
Suggested Presentation Structure
A PowerPoint designed for these groups should follow a clear narrative of Crisis → Solution → Action:
The Hidden Bottleneck: Explain how our current HVAC “interstate system for electrons” is outdated and incapable of moving bulk renewable energy efficiently.
Environmental Cost of HVAC: Highlight higher material intensity—HVAC lines can have nearly six times the embodied carbon footprint per meter compared to HVDC Light cables.
The HVDC Solution: Introduce HVDC as a “high-voltage highway” that preserves nature while delivering clean power.
Urge members to support policies like the DOE’s HVDC Cost Reduction initiative or local projects that modernize the grid backbone.
Strategic Considerations
Explane that NGU power production are optimized for non stop 24/7/365 green power generation Frame this as a reason for political investment and research to retrofit existing hvac power plants.
Use operational examples like the Western HVDC Link in the UK or the planned Champlain-Hudson Power Express in the US to show that this is proven, scalable technology.
To mobilize green groups, your presentation should include critical data on the environmental cost of current grid systems:
The global energy supply sector, which is dominated by HVAC infrastructure, is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, responsible for approximately 35% of total emissions.
In regions like the U.S., the electric power sector specifically accounts for about 24% to 30% of total CO2 emissions.
HVAC’s inability to handle asynchronous connections means that during peak renewable generation, “green power” often has to be curtailed (turned off) because the grid cannot safely absorb it.
While our strategy focuses on the transmission grid, it is worth noting that space cooling (air conditioning) alone already accounts for nearly 20% of total electricity use in buildings and approximately 3% of global GHG emissions.
Explain how green grid power can eliminate co2 emissions at cement plants, steel mills, chemical factories.
Show how green grid power can manufacture fertilizers locally where farmers can easily access it; not shipped half way around the world from oil and gas production centers.
For customers who cannot install a NGU hvdc micro network power source locally in their home, a grid connection is required.
Currently, the grid is optimize to distribute electric power using a basic hydrocarbon burning electrical power generation method that was developed during Tesla’s day over 125 years ago.
The 1 megawatt NGU constancy in grid based power generation makes a new approach to optimally distributing dc green grid supplied energy possible. The partner will be well served to demo an evolutionary conversion approach to show an optimized green energy grid end user interface that multiuse mixed power ac dc electric supply into a user’s home where both ac and dc power can be used and where ac can still drive legacy ac powered appliances.
For customers who still are required to use the grid for power, they can save 95% on their grid based electric bill using the mixed power approach, here’s why:
An optimized DC-based grid (HVDC) for transmitting electricity from remote, long-haul, renewable green energy generators to residential homes can achieve remarkably high efficiencies, often exceeding 90% to 95% at the final delivery point compared to traditional AC transmission, which loses more energy due to reactance and the skin effect in the transfer of power.
By specifically minimizing multiple voltage conversion stages between the remote green energy source and a dc powered appliance by using hvdc grid power transfer to the home, the overall system efficiency—from renewable generation to end-use—can result in over 97% higher energy cost savings using dc power in net-zero buildings compared to ac counterparts.
A home can be configured to use 80% of a 200 amp service on dc direct wired powered appliances and 20% on ac only powered legacy appliances.
On a hvdc based grid that delivers dc power to the home, a dc to ac $1000 inverter can meet the maximum reduced ac requirements of home power use.
The ac appliances in a 200 amp service were high draw hvdc appliances* are installed needs to support a maximum ac power output of 9600 watts. the price for a dc to ac inverter is about $1000.
In contrast, when a user converts to green power from the NGU installed in their home, the installation cost for a complementary 200 amp dc to ac inverter with battery can reach $14,000+ installed.
* high powered 380V–400V DC-compatible water heaters, heat pumps, ranges and EV chargers(cost 2x what a comparable ac unit (heat pumps, EV charger) would cost but up to 30% more power cost efficient).
Dear Andrea,
Recall I posted on JONP about cooling solar panels to improve collection efficiency.
I really think this a real potential product.
Consider large solar panel farms in hot environments.
For lower latitude locations, the panel receive higher insolation levels and the ambient air temperatures are correspondingly elevated.
This leads to two effects:
Lower energy production because of the Solar Panel temperature; and
Shorter Solar Panel lifetime – because of temperature.
A simple unit that uses power from NGU devices to cool and blow air against the unlit side of the Solar Panels could significantly improve the Solar Panel collection efficiency.
During the early morning or late afternoon time, cooling would not be needed as the ambient temperature is lower and less light is available to the Solar Panels. During these times, and at night, the NGU devices could provide supplemental power to the Solar Panel collection devices.
If you were to use fan-less blowers to move the cooled air across the backs of the Solar Panel, they could cool the Solar Panel during the heat of the day times. Fan-less blowers so that dirt or sand would not clog the devices.
A simple closed cycle air cooling unit could be attached to the Solar Panel support structure to chill the air being blown on the backs of the Solar Panel.
Alternatively, chilled water could be pumped to a heat transfer system on the back side of the Solar Panel.
Bottomline: During the high light level times, the Supplementation system is not providing any additional energy to the Solar Panel output. Why not use that power to improve the Solar Panel lifetime and efficiency?
Thoughts?
It is best to not get involved with any hvac grid based complications. A dedicated hvdc direct connect micro network segregated from the grid powered by a 380 dc volt NGU direct wired interface can supply 80% of the power needs of a household.
This micro network is comprised of high powered 380V–400V DC-compatible water heaters, heat pumps, ranges and EV chargers that are all commercially available for sale for use with solar power.
The need for direct wired connection.
Working with 380V DC from the NGU power generator is extremely dangerous and requires specialized DC-rated breakers and safety equipment, as DC arcs are harder to extinguish than AC arcs. It is safest to directly connect these appliances to a hvdc connection panel that distributes dc power from the NGU retail unit. The wire used is ubiquitous and available for sale everywhere for use in ac power applications. The partner is well served to offer a circuit breaker for use in this dc microgrid application.
Circuit breakers specifically designed for 380V–400V DC microgrids are available for use at the hvdc distribution panel though they are more specialized and robust than standard AC breakers. Because direct current lacks the “zero-crossing” point of alternating current, these breakers must use advanced technology like magnetic blowouts and arc chutes to forcibly extinguish dangerous electrical arcs.
Availability of 380V DC Appliances for the hvdc micro grid application
Water heaters that use 380V DC heating elements are available, often marketed as industrial immersion heaters or for solar dump loads (3kW–12kW).
Hybrid AC/DC heat pumps, such as EG4 solar mini-splits, are available. They accept 90–380V DC directly from solar panels during the day and blend in 220V/240V AC power as needed.
While standard EV home chargers use 240V AC, DC Fast Chargers often utilize a 380V–480V 3-phase grid input, though they convert it to lower voltage DC to charge batteries. Specialized high-voltage DC input chargers do exist.
Electric ranges are generally rare for direct 380V DC and are usually industrial/commercial, often requiring 3-phase AC, though DC resistive elements are conceptually similar to DC water heating.
Household Power Consumption
These types of appliances are the primary energy drivers in a home as follows:
HVAC Systems (Heat Pumps): 40-50% of household energy.
Water Heating: 12-16% of household energy.
Ranges/Appliances: Roughly 13-20%.
EV charging varies widely based on driving habits but can effectively double a household’s electricity usage.
Taken together, these components can represent over 70–80% of total residential energy demand.
The partner is well served to design this hvdc micro network in detail for the NGU introductory presentation as a buyers’ guide for home NGU use. This paper should include all information that can inform the use of the NGU in the home. This info should include a detailed installation guide and a buyers catalogue that locates all commercial dc powered equipment with pricing required for use of the NGU in the home. A NGU power calculator for the NGU installation is wise to include.
A hands on working demo of the retail user hvdc micro network would be wise to demo at the personation.
Jean Paul Renoir:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
In few words: will the Ecat NGU able to heat the houses ?
JPR
Here is an additional point of benefit that is important to mention when the NGU is introduced at the NGU interdictory presentation.
It is possible to use electrical power generated from the NGU to significantly reduce or eliminate CO2 emissions in chemical/petrochemical production, primarily by replacing fossil-fuel-fired thermal heat with electric heating, utilizing green hydrogen for ammonia/fertilizer production, and electrifying plastic recycling. This transition leverages technologies such as electrified steam crackers, electric nitrogen production, and industrial heat pumps to replace high-emission processes.
Chemical giants like BASF are building electric steam crackers that, when powered by renewable green electricity, can eliminate the majority of emissions from producing ethylene, propylene, and butadiene.
Instead of using conventional steam methane reforming (which uses natural gas), renewable green electricity produced by the NGU can be used to generate green hydrogen through electrolysis. This hydrogen, combined with nitrogen, produces ammonia—the base of fertilizer—without carbon emissions. Fertilizer production can be staged anwer on earth not only in the mideast where production can be localized close to the farm areas were fertilizers are consumed.
Axil:
We take due notice of these useful considerations of yours,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your insights ans suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.E.
Here is an additional point of benefit that is important to mention when the NGU is introduced at the NGU interdictory presentation.
It is possible to produce steel using only renewable green electrical power without CO2 emissions, primarily through a technology called Molten Oxide Electrolysis (MOE). Companies like Boston Metal could use electricity generated from NGU to separate iron from oxygen in ore, releasing only oxygen as a byproduct, effectively eliminating coal-based emissions.