by
U.V.S. Seshavatharam
DIP QA Engineer, Lanco Industries Ltd, Srikalahasti-517641, A.P, India
E-mail: seshavatharam.uvs@gmail.com
Prof. S. LAKSHMINARAYANA
Department Of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Vizag-530003, AP, India.
E-mail: lnsrirama@yahoo.com
Abstract
In the previous paper [1] it is suggested that there exists integral charge effective quark fermi-gluons and quark boso-gluons.
Effective quark fermi-gluons generates charged ground state baryons and quark boso-gluons generates ground state neutral mesons.
In this paper it is suggested that with a binding energy of 939 MeV any 3 (effective) quark fermi-gluons couples together to form a charged ground state baryon.
Square root of any 2 quark fermi-gluons or cubic root of any 3 quark fermi-gluons can be called as `hybrid’ quark fermi-gluons.
Hybrid quark fermi-gluons of up and down are 746 MeV, 779 MeV and 813 MeV. Out of 6 quark fermi-gluons, for a three quark bound system (with binding energy 939 MeV) different combinations of quark fermi-gluons and hybrid quark fermi-gluons can be possible and hence different ground state baryons can be generated with different quark flavors.
If n=1, 2, 3,.. excited energy levels follows
X sum of 3 quark fermi-gluons rest energy.
Another interesting thing is that light quark bosons like up boson mass=1.94 MeV and down boson mass=4.2 MeV couples with these ground or excited states to form doublets and triplets.
3 up quark fermi-gluons having rest energy 3×685 MeV and binding energy 939 MeV generates a ground state charged baryon of rest energy (3×685)-939≈1116MeV.
Up boson mass =1.94 MeV couples with this charged state and generates a neutral baryon at 1118 MeV.
Two up and one down quark fermi-gluons having binding energy 939 MeV generates charged (2×685+885)-939≈1316MeV .
One up and two down quark fermi-gluons having binding enegy 939 MeV generates charged (685+2×885)-939 1516MeV.
Thus 1177 MeV and 1377 MeV ground state charged baryons can be generated.
This idea can be applied to other heavy quark fermi-gluons.
Up boson mass =1.94 MeV couples with this charged state and generates a neutral baryon at 1118 MeV.
Two up and one down quark fermi-gluons having binding energy 939 MeV generates charged (2×685+885)-939≈1316MeV .
One up and two down quark fermi-gluons having binding enegy 939 MeV generates charged (685+2×885)-939 1516MeV.
Thus 1177 MeV and 1377 MeV ground state charged baryons can be generated.
This idea can be applied to other heavy quark fermi-gluons.
Dear g.Luca from Italy:
The media will report the facts when we will have our plants in operation in not military and visitable concerns our plants. In this week we got momentous events.
We are working very, very hard and not to displace air and we are making plants, not chatters.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Gentile Ing. Rossi,
oggi mi sono permesso di scrivere al “Fatto quotidiano”, diretto dal dott. Padellaro, per sollecitare la propria redazione ad occuparsi delle sue vicende e dei risultati da Voi ottenuti circa l’E-CAT e la LENR.
Mi sembra tutto così strano! Mi sembra inconcepibile che, anche nell’Ente dove lavoro (ARPA) nessuno sappia niente dei suoi risultati.
E’ assurdo! E’ semplicemente incredibile che una tecnologia che tutti attiendono da….sempre, ora che è praticamente fatta, nessuno la conosca e tutti la snobbino. Indaffarati a pensare allo SPREAD, ai BTP, ai BUND.
Grazie
Dear Koen Vandewalle:
It is not a stupidity. Now we are working on the 1 MW E-Cats we are manufacturing on the base of the certificators’ requirements, at the same time we are working on the Hot Cats and this thread will carry also to the field you are talking of. Important information about the high temperature E-Cats is on its way, after that applications will follow suite.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Wladimir G:
here is the recent article in nature. I think they are trying to present your ideas of Ring theory. Here is the link
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v487/n7407/full/487309a.html
I think a step in right direction.
Bhagirath Joshi
Dear Andrea,
It remains very difficult to not to think of the E-cat and your progress.
Just an idea of the moment:
Can’t you cheat a little with the food of the Hot-cats to let them work cheaper ? (I like the beginning of that name)
You explained that driven vs self sustain mode is around 50% of the time.
If it were possible to extract less energy from the Hot cat in driven mode, eg by allowing lower temperatures, and then heat up the machine (If necesarry with a Twin-Cat) just before going into self sustain mode, and then extracting the heat at higher temperatures. This would allow a larger overall COP.
The following may sound nonsense, but it is the same principle as with a Diesel engine: the fuel is only injected just before the working stroke. In theory, the fuel could be injected continuous, which is technically more simple to realise than a controlled injection, as long as the conditions for an explosion are just met at the beginning of the working stroke and not earlier, because it would be very stupid to compress burning mixture. Again, this may be complete nonsense for which I hope you will forgive me for posting stupidities on your Journal.
Kind Regards,
Koen
A possible source of energy for the overunity
Scientist Finds Hidden Portals in Earth’s Magnetic Field
http://gizmodo.com/5923149/scientist-finds-hidden-portals-in-earths-magnetic-field
See figure 8 in my article on the Figueiredo Motor, published in Peswiki some years ago:
Article: How magnet motors work
http://peswiki.com/index.php/Article:_How_magnet_motors_work
Dear Eric Ashworth:
Thank you for remaining a friend of us. As soon as we will get the patent granted you will get this information.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Italo R.:
Every Licensee is sovereign in his Territory, because he knows the peculiarities of his Country.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear dr. Rossi, in this link they talk about E-Cat Australia and about a demo for them you have had this year in February:
http://www.e-catworld.com/2012/07/new-e-cat-demo-report/
We know that after about 5 months you have made great improvements in your device.
Anyway then they told that:
“…The Rossi E-Cat appears stable in self-sustaining mode. For how long it can maintain this, is the big question at the moment. A recent spreadsheet analysis showed that the economics, despite the power costs, is still competitive with conventional fuels except for coal. This could change once we know the ratio of power input to self sustain mode…”
Could the new improvements increase the convenience towards coal?
Kind regards,
Italo R.
Dear Andrea, I have re-read the ‘Hydrogen/Nickel cold fusion probable mechanism paper by Prof. Stremmenos of late 2010 and you state that you are still working with Prof. Sergio Focardi. My question is, since that date do you both know exactly how LENR occure or are there still some links missing upon which you speculate. Also if you do fully understand the transmutation process will you, when patents are granted and safety cirtificates issued, be explaining the process in the JONP or will the information remain private and confidential outside of your Leonardo company. In the meantime I remain an avid reader of the journal and wish you all the best. Regards, Eric Ashworth.
Dear gio:
For now we sell only 1 MW plants, in future we will have different sizes.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
dear ing rossi
as you know in italy , we have a lot of small enterprises.
they spend a lot of money for energy, but surely the 1 MW e-cat is too big and the domestic one is too small.
are you thinking some different production about this?
Dear Koen Vandewalle:
You are right.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
By keeping a secret the inside of the box, we are forced to think out of the box.
Dear G.Luca from Italy:
Promised.
Warm, Regards,
A.
Cortese Ing. Rossi,
penso che la Vs. scoperta possa veramente stravolgere tutto e tutti.
Abbiamo bisogno di questo, proprio come l’aria che respiriamo…..
Sarei troppo sfacciato se Le chiedessi di essere tenuto in considerazione qualora avesse intenzione di aprire una produzione nelle zone che Le ho menzionato prima?
Credo molto nel suo progetto e in quanto di buono potrà produrre per noi, i nostri figli e nel mondo che gli lasceremo.
SAluti
Dear Dr Joseph Fine:
Very interesting, as usual from you.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=graphene-desalination-water-crisis
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/graphene-water-desalination-0702.html
Dear Andrea Rossi,
I recently learned that Graphene sheets can be used for desalination.
This can be used together with the E-Cat to make fresh water more available worldwide.
Joseph Fine
Dear G.Luca from Italy:
For now we made our strategy, in future what you say will be possible.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear avi:
We are working on it.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
to Hank Mills re: “control rod”… or a radio frequency selected to “dampen” the activity, as opposed to one that resonates the lattice structure.
Hello
Can you say something about the progress in the building of the robotized factory?
Thanks
Dear Mr. Rossi,
I pre-ordered two Home-e-cats at the end of January.
Some days before now J have read that the cartridges must be changed of a certified
operator.
So I have some questions:
1. Do you think it can be different in North-America (N-A) and Europe, that I can change
it by myself in Europe and in N-A a qualified operator must do it and reverse.
2. Earlier you said, we must pay for a new cartridge 10€ or 20€. What do you think must
we pay for a new cartridge and the changing?
3. In Europe we have a guarantee for all electrical domestic devices of three years.
So, do you not think the changing of the cartridges must be free (not the cartridges)
for the first three years.
Thank you for your response.
Best regards
H.Hollweg
Cortese Ing. Rossi,
ha considerato la Svizzera (Canton Ticino) per la realizzazione della Sua fabbrica E-CAT in Europa. Questa localizzazione Le consentirebbe di aver un’equa tassazione e contemporaneamente impiegare lavoratori italiani (detti frontalieri). Anche perchè gli svizzeri mica si sporcano le mani per queste cose.
Come sicuramente Lei ben sa, la situazione occupazionale in Italia è molto critica e come ha ben detto Lei in un recente post, l’occasione che abbiamo con l’E-CAT e quello sia di creare le condizioni di svolta nella lotta all’inquinamento e al climate change che quello di creare posti di lavoro. Occupazione.
Io vivo a Verbania che è a circa 20 Km dal Canton Ticino ove sono presenti numerose aziende leader del settore energetico come: Turbomach (gruppo Caterpillar) gruppi cogenerazione, PRAMAC solar, SOLAR TURBINE, GE General Eletric, NEWAVE UPS e generatori di continuità.
In attesa di leggerla Le invio un grossissimo “in bocca al lupo” per i suoi prossimi appuntamenti, in particolare quelli con SIEMENS.
Gian Luca
gbas3@excite.it
Hank Mills,
I enjoyed reading your posting. From previous exchanges with Andrea Rossi, it appears to me that there are multiple parameters beside input electrical power (heating) that can control the eCat activity. Otherwise, the eCat would be “out-of-control” when in a zero-electrical input mode of operation (self-sustaining).
My specualtion is that the additional controls might be the hydrogen gas pressure, the use of “frequencies” which could either be radio frequency (matching the hydrogen line?) or ultrasonic (shaking the nickel powder). Perhaps magnetic fields or even light at a certain frequency might have an affect. But this is all guessing on my part.
Dear John:
I agree,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Hank Mills:
Thank you for your generous insight. We will disclose the theory as soon as possible, then maybe the issues you put will be easier to develope.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Ivan:
For commercial issues please contact
info@leonardocorp1996.com
Yes, the refuelling is necessary every 6 months.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Westreicher:
We are dedicating our efforts to all the lines we are developing.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi
in my opinion you have changed your priorities, or am I wrong?
At the moment seems to me, the 600°C ecat is more important for you,
than the (difficult to be certified) 10KW home unit.
I do not intend to criticize you, but I think You are fighting on too many fronts in moment.
good luck!
G.Westreicher
Australian E-Cat web site:
http://www.e-cataustralia.com/
Phil
Dear Mr Rossi, What is the cost of one MWatt ecat plant?
It needs refills every six months?
Kind Regards.
Ivan.
Hello Andrea,
The following are a few thoughts of mine about the E-Cat. If you would like to comment please feel free to do so. If you cannot, I totally understand.
A COP of 6 is a huge accomplishment. It is far more than has been accomplished by hot fusion researchers, that have received billions of dollars in funding. With a COP of 6 and 600C temperatures, the E-Cat technology can power the world.
However, there is always room for improvement. One way in which the E-Cat could potentially be made even more technologically stunning, is if the “drive” after start up was eliminated. This would increase the COP to near infinite, and reduce the complexity of the system in a closed loop mode of operation.
My understanding of why a drive is needed is that without activating the resistive heating elements every so often, the reactions in the E-Cat will increase and the output and temperature will increase. If the temperature and output increases too much, it could melt the nickel powder and cause the reactor to go dead.
From someone who is on the outside looking in, it seems like one or more of the following starts to happen after an E-Cat has been operating without a “drive” for too long.
1) Additional reaction sites are forming in the nickel powder.
2) The environment is becoming more favorable for the nuclear reactions.
3) Addition types of reactions of a different type start taking place.
Basically, something is happening inside of the reactor that is promoting the reactions that are producing energy. Since those of us on the outside do not know exactly what is taking place on the inside of the reactor, we can only guess about what is happening. However, even by guessing, perhaps we could come up with some ideas for how the nuclear reactions could be controlled so the drive could be eliminated.
My first idea is that perhaps a material that works in the opposite way of the hydrogen pellet could be put into the reactor. Basically, I can imagine a situation in which a pellet is put into the reactor that over a certain temperature releases gases that hinders the nuclear reactions by poisoning the environment. These are just wild ideas, but perhaps it could release and absorb nitrogen or some other element that could stop the nuclear reactions. Or perhaps it could release something that would turn the atomic hydrogen back into molecular hydrogen. The issue with such a system is that after the reactor has cooled back down to an acceptable temperature the gases would need to be reabsorbed.
My second idea is perhaps an E-Cat could utilize some sort of “control rod” that would be placed in the reactor. If hundreds of these control rods were placed in the nickel powder, perhaps they could somehow interfere with the reactions that are taking place above a certain temperature. For example, maybe they could thermally expand in size and somehow mechanically manipulate the nickel powder to slow down the nuclear reactions. Perhaps they could choke off the supply of hydrogen to the nickel over a certain temperature, and then under that temperature let the hydrogen contact the nickel again.
My third idea is also crazy. Perhaps if an unwanted nuclear reaction starts taking place that makes the reactor begin to run away, a material could be put into the nickel powder mix that would hinder that specific type of nuclear reaction.
Of course it is difficult to come up with ideas without much understanding of what is taking place inside the reactor, how the reactor is constructed, and knowing the materials being used. I hope once the E-Cat is being sold across the world and the theory is revealed that the collective brain power of humanity will be able to solve this issue.
Most people would probably prefer to have certified technicians service their E-Cats, just as most people presently have certified technicians service their gas or oil furnaces.
The cost of E-Cat operation including servicing will still likely be much lower than the total cost of fossil fuel furnaces, and E-Cats will help reduce CO2 emissions.
Present levels of CO2 emissions will soon bring us to a tipping point… triggering uncontrollable climate disruption and ecological collapse.
Dear Ivan:
The industrial plants have over 1 MW of power.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr andrea Rossi, Fist Thanks for your attention and efforts, I see many people asking about the home e-cat and the certification….. But there is a work around!!!, Could I buy a small industrial/commercial ecat? say 10 to 20 KWatts?
Who defines the size of a industrial e-cat????, is not the size is the use. Could you produce small industrial ecats?
Kind Regards,
Ivan.
Dear Richard Williams:
Please contact
info@leonardocorp1996.com
They will address you to the licensee of your Territory.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear P.G. Sharrow:
I do not agree, because the problem will be resolved with an assistance network. There are no problems without solutions.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@Andrea Rossi; This need for certified technicians to replace the fuel element can be a real road block to your success. I can see the possibility that after 6 months most of the domestic Ecats will be dead for an extended time due to the inability to get them refueled or serviced. This can be a real deal killer. pg
We are interested in obtaining a one megawatt cold fusion E-Cat package. Would you please contact us at your earliest opportunity. Please link any optional equipment that would be useful in using this unit as a railway freight engine.
Dear Dr Joseph Fine:
I’d say that there is no difference between the E-Cat and the Hot Cat concerning the safety issue.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear K.D.:
I confirm that also the replacing has to be made by a certified operator.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Ivan Idso:
Yes, Prof. Sergio Focardi is working with me.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Andrea,
I have not heard much about Prof Focardi recently. Is he well and still working with you?
Thanks,
Ivan Idso
Mr. Matias Mattsson
I think what Mr. Rossi means, that making refuel cartridges and replacing them at customer place are two different stories.
>>…. the certificator demands that the refuel is made by a certified operator.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
The current CAT family includes the domestic E-Cat, the Industrial E-Cat and the High Temperature E-Cat – also known as the ECat-2 or “Hot Cat” (now under test).
In earlier posts, you described how the E-Cat is designed to “Fail Safe”. That is, either Hydrogen is expelled from the fuel/catalyst and the reaction stops and/or the Nickel powder melts and the reaction stops. In the second case, the reaction not only stops but the fuel/catalyst needs to be replaced. The first case is like a car running out of gas/petrol and stopping and the second case is like a car running out of oil and suffering engine damage.
As the E-Cat2 or ‘Hot Cat’ is smaller and operates at a higher temperature than the Industrial E-Cat, have you performed stress tests on this system? How does the E-Cat2 system perform in the event of a loss of external electrical power and/or a loss of coolant, known as a ‘loss of coolant accident’ (LOCA).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss-of-coolant_accident
Are the current Industrial E-Cat and the newer E-Cat2 equally robust? As the E-Cat2 operates at a higher temperature (or pressure?) and is physically smaller, one would expect the E-Cat2 to be more sensitive to abnormal conditions. On the other hand, whatever allows the E-Cat2 to operate at a higher temperature suggests that the E-Cat2 has been designed with a greater safety margin and is less subject to ‘Runaway’ conditions. That is, the Hot Cat may be more able to withstand abnormal conditions than previous designs.
Thank you for your continued efforts to advance this technology.
Warmest regards,
Joseph Fine
Dear Joe:
What the certificator does is provide the apparatuses are safe. For example, as you said, usual batteries contain toxic material, but they are made in a way that forbids to the Customers to enter in contact with the toxic materials.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Matias mattsson:
All the Licensees will select the certified operators: they will have to study our manuals and sustain an exam with me to be certified themselves.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Italo R.:
Do not worry: all the pre-orders will be satisfied, if confirmed, rapidly, once the certification will have been completed.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi 600,000 WOW !
That is an enormous amount for a product that is:
Not on the market.
Is a new technology.
I believe it demonstrates the faith people have in the word, and work of Dr. Rossi.
Robert Curto
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
USA