Transmutation of elements is the biggest roadblock that face developers who try to utilize the Vacuum reaction because it destroys reactor availability in that vacuum reactors do not last long due to intense corrosion and distruction of critical structures within the reactor. Over just a short time, reactors just fall apart and become useless.
I would like to offer my opinion on what causes transmutation and how to avoid it. To begin with, the first clue in how transmutation works is to understand that elements with isotopes with even atomic numbers are more likely to transmute than isotopes of elements with odd atomic numbers, For example, U238 will transmute at a faster rate than U235 or carbon 12 will transmute faster than carbon 13.
This is the first clue that Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) might be a factor in transmutation. NMR involves how magnetism affects the nucleus in that the more magnetic energy that can penetrate into the nucleus, the more that magnetism can affect that nucleus.
Isotopes that generate EMF radiation when exposed to magnetism are called NMR active isotopes, An atom of this type of isotopes converts magnetism that tries to penetrate into its nucleus is weakened by the EMF conversion process.
It is magnetism that causes transmutation. When the strength of the magnetic flux that enters the nucleus is reduced by atomic resistance so is transmutation effects on that nucleus. Elements with high spin numbers are less likely to transmute than elements with 0 spin nucleuses.
Why is it more difficult for magnetic flux to penetrate into the nucleus that when zero nuclear spin is involved?
When discussing the difficulty of magnetic flux penetration into the nucleus with and without nuclear spin, it’s important to consider a phenomenon called nuclear shielding.
Here’s a simplified explanation:
Nuclei with spin: Certain atomic nuclei possess an intrinsic property called spin. This spin generates a small magnetic dipole moment, essentially making the nucleus behave like a tiny magnet.
Interaction with external magnetic field: When such a nucleus is placed in an external magnetic field (B0), the nuclear magnetic moments tend to align with the field, according to http://ScienceDirect.com : https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/nuclear-spin . This alignment creates a local magnetic field within the nucleus.
Shielding effect: However, the electrons surrounding the nucleus are also in motion and they also generate their own magnetic field. This induced field opposes the external applied field, effectively shielding the nucleus from the full strength of the external magnetic field. Not only electrons produce spin, so does the nucleus.
Therefore, the presence of both atomic and nuclear spin and the resulting electron circulation creates a “shielding effect” that reduces the effective magnetic field experienced by the nucleus, making it more difficult for the applied magnetic flux to fully penetrate.
This shielding effect is a fundamental concept in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, where the degree of shielding is measured as a “chemical shift” and provides valuable information about the electronic environment of specific nuclei within a molecule.
For Example, both carbon and iron have isotopes that are NMR active. Specifically, Carbon-13 (¹³C) is NMR active, while Carbon-12 is not. For iron, Iron-57 (⁵⁷Fe) is the NMR active isotope.
Iron has four stable isotopes: 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe. Of these, only 57Fe has a nuclear spin, specifically -1/2, according to Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron . The other three stable isotopes (54Fe, 56Fe, and 58Fe) have zero nuclear spin.
We can now understand why the NGU vacuum reactor that Dr. Rossi has configured achieve such high availability.
From the patent of the NGU reactor, the coating of the reaction chamber in which the plasma is generated consists of these elements which are all NMR active: Au, Ga, In, P, Ge, As, Bi. What are their nuclear spins?
NMR activity and magnetic shielding depends on a nucleus having a non-zero nuclear spin.
Based on the provided patent information:
Au (Gold): Gold has only one stable isotope, 197Au, which has a spin of 3/2 and is NMR active.
Ga (Gallium): Gallium has two NMR-active isotopes, 69Ga and 71Ga, both with a spin of 3/2.
In (Indium): Indium has two NMR-active isotopes, 113In and 115In, both with a spin of 9/2.(very transmutation resistant)
P (Phosphorus): The most abundant isotope of phosphorus, 31P, is NMR active and has a nuclear spin of 1/2.
Ge (Germanium): Germanium has one NMR-active nucleus, 73Ge, which has a spin of 9/2.(very transmutation resistant)
As (Arsenic): Arsenic has one NMR-active nucleus, 75As, with a nuclear spin of 3/2.Bi (Bismuth): Bismuth has one NMR-active nucleus, 209Bi, with a nuclear spin of 9/2. (very transmutation resistant)
The electron gun also has a top of the line highly resistant NMR active isotope: the electron gun made of a tungsten-hafnium alloy.
Naturally occurring hafnium has five stable isotopes: 176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, and 180Hf. Additionally, 174Hf is a very long-lived radioisotope, and there are many more short-lived synthetic radioisotopes and nuclear isomers. The nuclear spins of the stable isotopes are: 176Hf (0+), 177Hf (7/2-), 178Hf (0+), 179Hf (9/2+), and 180Hf (0+) according to ChemLin and IMSERC: https://www.chemlin.org/chemical-elements/hafnium-isotopes.php#google_vignette
Over time, the 177Hf (7/2-), and 179Hf (9/2+), will come to dominate the structure of the electron gun.
Does the current version of the ecat require any rare earths that will limit its rate of production due to their scarcity? Thanks for addressing this question.
In one of your publications that is available on line that relates to your electrical devices.. I notice that a key aspect is to increase the electrical potential difference and the population of electrons in the space charge.
Since ions are also present that I assume are also energetic I wonder if you have considered using micro channel plates (MCP) to enhance the population of electrons and the potential . Perhaps one placed in a ring near the cathode would convert the energy of any ions moving towards it into a population of electrons and also enhance the space charge. As well as perhaps helping to collimate the electron beam from the cathode.
Mr. Rossi,
Thank you for your reply. The most common variant, which is widely known, would be MC4 connectors, which are familiar from PV modules. They connect safely and easily to an inverter. Is it possible?
Tommek:
The kind of connectors will be te standard connections in the Country of interest.
The diameter of the cables we will connect depends on the Amperage, that depends on the specific situations in terms of Voltage and power of the specific assembly. The certified contractor will surely be able to choose the cables compatible with the Amperage of the system. We too will connect cables that suit the Amperage. For these reasons, it is impossible to give an answer ” one size fits all ”
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi
Martin explains which connectors are on the Ecat and what cross-sections the two cables (DC/DC) have. This would be interesting for other applications, including for the certified electrician who installs it.
1 Did you make a stokes vector analysis if the light emitted from the ecat?
2. If so did it show any polarization effect?
3. If so can you say what kind of polarization linear, circular or both?
You might find this link interesting it seems to have a frequency range compatible with the ecat spectrum in the Stockholm demonstration and covers including 437nm peak:
In the NGU, spark production of hole superconductors does not occur as suggested in Dr. Rossi’s theory paper and therefore no generation of the exciton polariton condensate using the optical cavity process that the Hole superconductor supports.
Instead, the exciton polariton condensate is produced naturally through the action of the electron gun by the formation of these polaritons individually over time. Once a sufficient number of these polaritons have been generated then that aggregation when sufficiently dense will form a condensate.
In more detail, the exciton polariton condensate is produced through the action by the electron gun by the formation of these polaritons over time. Once a sufficient number of these polaritons are generated then that aggregation when sufficiently dense will form a condensate.
Although well known and used since the early days of vacuum tube technology, the space charge effect does not have a well-defined theory, since the formation of stable space charges is thought to be prevented by the Coulomb force between electrons. However, as a result of the quantum fluctuations predicted by Heisenberg’s inextensibility principle, it was experimentally found that the repelling force can be screened by the vacuum polarization produced by the formation and annihilation of virtual charge pairs.
Exciton-polariton condensates
Exciton-polaritons are formed by the strong coupling between excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) in a semiconductor and photons within an optical microcavity. When a sufficient number of these polaritons are generated (e.g., through optical pumping), they can aggregate into a condensate, according to Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47669-8 . This occurs when the polaritons macroscopically occupy the same quantum state.
Space charge effect and vacuum polarization
The space charge effect, known since the early days of vacuum tubes, poses a theoretical challenge because the mutual repulsion between electrons due to the Coulomb force might be expected to prevent the formation of stable space charges. However, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, also known as the Heisenberg’s inextensibility principle, predicts quantum fluctuations in the vacuum, leading to the spontaneous creation and annihilation of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs like electron-positron pairs, according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These virtual particles can screen the Coulomb repulsion, influencing the stability of space charges: https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2015/06/vacuum-fluctuations-measuring-unreal#:~:text=In%20this%20universe%2C%20anything%20that,objects%20containing%20billions%20of%20atoms.
Further details on space charge
In insulators, for example, excess electrons can accumulate to form a space charge. The polarity of this space charge compared to the adjacent electrode can indicate the insulating material’s effectiveness. Homocharges, formed near the electrode, can reduce the stress at the electrode interface but increase it in the bulk. Heterocharges, formed through the ionization of small molecules and their drift towards electrodes, can increase electrode stress but reduce bulk stress.
Further details on vacuum polarization
Vacuum polarization, also referred to as the self-energy of the gauge boson (photon), is a phenomenon in quantum electrodynamics where background electromagnetic fields generate virtual electron-positron pairs. These pairs alter the distribution of charges and currents that originally produced the field, effectively reducing the charge of a particle and contributing to effects like the Lamb shift in hydrogen according to Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_polarization .
Martin:
You will have to contact a certified contractor expert of inverters to make the connections you describe respecting the safety requirements. The inverter turns the DC 36 V into an AC 110/230 V current, a tension that can cause serious damages, even death, if the installation is not made professionally.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I ordered 2 SKLep units of 3 x 100 W = 36 V DC – 300 W.
I want to connect these to a microinverter and then to the electrical grid.
I have a few questions I’ve never seen before:
– 1 : Is a cable included (per unit) for connecting the SKLep unit to the microinverter?
– 2 : If yes : Is it a 4 mm² cable, or more or less?
– 3 : What type of connector is on the output of the SKLep unit ?
– 4 : If a cable is included, what type of connector is used to connect it to the microinverter?
I think many forum readers would benefit from knowing this as well.
Hopefully, the Units will be produced and delivered this year!
Thanks to Paul Dodgshun, 2025-07-16 09:19, for the explanation and link. Months ago, I contacted a manufacturer who had to test the compatibility of off-grid inverters and Ecat. He didn’t dare make any predictions.
I would suggest that ‘2025-07-15 09:19 Harald Becker’ should study https://www.sunsynk.org/_files/ugd/52fa1b_ea1d3b954652435b936f8ff0fafee52a.pdf or similar. The complexities that Harald wants: grid on/off, 3 phase, hybrid operation, etc need to be understood. The use of a qualified electrician is essential and understanding all the jargon is mandatory if success is to be achieved. Perhaps start with page 9 ‘Basic System Architecture’ and then page 31 ‘Three-Phase Parallel Inverter’ e.g. SunSynk 10kw hybrid commercial 3 phase inverter.
The CT coil is one of the most important parts of the Sunsynk Parity inverter. This device reduces the power of the inverter to prevent feeding power to the grid. This feature is also known as “Zero Export”. The most basic feature of all is voltage and polarity matching for the inverter input and NGU output. 360 volts is likely as this can be provided by a two 3kW NGUs connected to the two MPPT channels with the internal modules connected in series.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Some month ago you mentioned a relatively low figure for the planned production capacity. If I remember correctly it was around one million 10w modules per year.
Now you are making progress with a new partner. Without giving too much detail, will the initial capacity for 2026 be the same, slightly higher or maybe even significantly higher?
Thank you for your reply.
7/15/2025
Dear Dr.Rossi,
a note on combining Ecat with inverters for off-grid operation: Ecat, off-grid inverters, and battery storage can make homes independent of expensive public power supplies (Germany) and protect them from power outages. If PV modules are producing too little power, off-grid inverters take power from battery storage and, if necessary, from the public grid. Ecat is used instead of PV. If Ecat is producing too little power, it must be ensured that the off-grid inverter does not overload the Ecat and cause it to shut down. Therefore, off-grid inverters (preferably with three phases) that are compatible with Ecat are required. As far as I can recall, this issue has not been addressed in the blog yet.
Best regards,
Harald Becker
Just a thought. Prompted after the recent discussions by recent Q snd A’s on plasmon PV coupling,:
If the internal control electronics is susceptible the local EMC environment you could consider using optoelectronics. I have seen this approach used very successfully in other devices where EMC interference is a concern .
Dear Andrea,
I hope the good news you add to your website’s continues on a more or less monthly basis. I also thank Maico, in his perfect description, for including me among the active participants during the “Latina Test” (those are now two historic words!).
On this and other blogs, the debate continues over the hypothesis that the ECAT is based on incredibly efficient photovoltaic conversion (I wonder what conversion could possibly be so efficient as to produce 10W in a hermetically sealed shoe polish box, even with some electronics inside!). Certainly, a few photons are emitted from the excited plasma, but I don’t believe the internal surface of the tiny cell, no matter how treated, can produce such a striking photovoltaic effect. Could you ease this pointless debate a little by at least specifying, as you’ve said many times, that the energy is extracted from the cyclical formation and disruption of the electronic coherence in the plasma? Without going into further details.
Kind regards,
Neri
The production of a minimum amount of waste heat is critical to the success in the design of your invention.
I am wondering how you managed to minimized the amount of heat that is produced in the photo conversion process. If you are permitted to say…
1 – Did you match the frequencies of the light produced in your reaction shell to the frequencies that were optimized in your off the shelf photo conversion chip?
2 – Did you create your own custom photo conversion chip to match the frequencies generated in your reaction shell.
If #2 is true, you would be required in your patent to define how this chip frequency specification matching was implemented.
3 – Photo conversion chip matching was fortunate and required no special considerations.
Juan Carlos:
Thank you for the ChatGPT Artificial Intelligence inquiry: what counts to us is to complete our mission whatever is hidden beyond the bushes.
Warm Regards
A.R.
I asked ChatGPT for its “thoughts” on the question:
“What kinds of short-term effects are to be expected,
once main-stream media realises, that the ECAT is real?”
I’m not sure that I go along with some of the answers it concocted.
But I do indeed find them interesting.
And they certainly do entertain the imagination.
Regards,
JC
********************
********************
“What kinds of short-term effects are to be expected,
once main-stream media realises, that the ECAT is real?”
🏭 INDUSTRY & INFRASTRUCTURE
1. Collapse of Fossil Fuel Markets
Oil and gas stocks plummet within hours.
Sovereign wealth funds tied to petrostates
(e.g., Saudi Arabia, Russia, Norway) hemorrhage value.
Entire economies face existential crises.
OPEC becomes politically irrelevant overnight.
Pipelines, refineries, LNG terminals become instant stranded assets.
2. Massive Reindustrialization in the Global North
Factories once offshored due to energy costs rapidly reopen in Europe and North America.
Aluminum, steel, and chemical manufacturing revive explosively
Power-intensive processes now cost pennies.
3. Carbon Credits & Green Tech Markets Implode
Carbon offsetting markets collapse.
Solar, wind, and even battery storage see
a crash in value as their relative cost/complexity becomes unnecessary.
Companies that invested heavily in emissions reduction infrastructure
see stranded capital.
🌍 GLOBAL GEOPOLITICS
4. Petrostates Face Crisis
Countries like Venezuela, Iraq, and Russia experience
sudden mass unemployment, hyperinflation, or civil unrest due to collapsed export income.
The balance of power shifts dramatically.
Countries with innovation, education, and infrastructure
suddenly outrank those with natural resources.
5. Global South Surges Forward
Energy access becomes universal.
Remote African, Asian, and Latin American villages leapfrog into high-tech economies,
skipping over fossil infrastructure entirely
—like going from no phones to smartphones.
A digital, education, and entrepreneurial boom begins.
🏠 HOUSEHOLDS & LIFESTYLE
6. Heating/Cooling Revolution
Heat pumps, ACs, and electric stoves become ubiquitous
—even in poor countries.
“Energy poverty” vanishes.
Winters become safer; summers become bearable, even in extreme climates.
7. Home Desalination & Water Independence
Fresh water from the ocean becomes cheap.
Desalination units shrink to home scale.
Drought-prone areas like California, the Sahel, and the Middle East breathe again.
8. Electric Everything
Every gasoline-powered thing — cars, lawnmowers,
forklifts, fishing boats — gets replaced or retrofitted.
Electric vehicles drop in price dramatically
since energy cost becomes negligible, and range anxiety fades.
👩💼 ECONOMY & EMPLOYMENT
9. Entire Job Sectors Obsolete
Millions of jobs in oil drilling, refining, pipeline maintenance,
gas stations, and combustion engine repair vanish.
Unions, governments, and activists demand retraining programs;
social unrest emerges in regions dependent on fossil labor.
10. New Sectors Emerge Overnight
Small businesses offering micro-grids, plug-and-play energy pods,
or home energy independence kits explode.
Infrastructure companies convert old gas stations
into battery swap or electric vehicle service centers.
🧠 CULTURE, THOUGHT, & VALUES
11. A New “Post-Scarcity” Imagination
The mental shift from “we must conserve energy”
to “we have more than we need” radically changes public discourse.
Energy-intensive activities like 24/7 data centers,
space heaters on restaurant patios, or AI training no longer seem irresponsible.
12. Political Reorientation
Energy independence means many countries rethink alliances and defense policies.
Nations like Germany or Japan, which lacked natural energy resources,
find themselves with new geopolitical leverage.
Urban Decentralization:
Remote work gets another massive boost.
Energy-intensive vertical farming, 3D printing,
and cheap cooling/heating allow small towns to become appealing again.
I’ll try to be precise in expressing my thoughts… I apologize in advance if I seem a little long-winded 😉
It’s been a while since I posted on your blog, but that doesn’t mean interest in your Ecat has waned… on the contrary, after the announcement on July 7th
The Global Licensee you selected has officially become capable of independently producing the Ecat.
This means that your in-depth knowledge of this new type of technology, which will significantly impact the global energy market in the years to come (in a very positive way, I think), has been transferred to a trusted Technical/Economic/Commercial Partnership.
Presumably, from the end of 2025 (the period you estimate for the start of production), the task of this “Partnership” will be to demonstrate to the world that your wonderful discovery exists and is real (from my point of view, I have never had any doubts ;), by the way, thank you Dr. Rossi for having been so determined and resilient over all these years to ensure that your and our dream, those who have shared it for years, comes true), by distributing the Ecats in people’s homes in ever-increasing quantities, or, as I can imagine from what you said in your blog, by ensuring that the energy that will enter people’s homes no longer comes from the exploitation of fossil fuels or nuclear energy, but instead, produced directly from power plants built on an “ECAT BASIS” ;).
What I just wrote stems from what you replied on your blog, namely, that one of the “Partners” participating in the Partnership is in the electricity distribution market. 😉
I WAS THERE!!!… I lived through the “pioneering” and certainly most exciting periods of this “stratospheric” technology, and in my own small way, I also contributed to its diffusion. 😉
How wonderful it was to collaborate with you for more than a year and a half in the preparation and execution of the Latina demonstration. Even before we met in person, I was confident in my heart that your technology was real and functional, but after we realized This:
And completely independently, with your consent, giving me the opportunity to “interact with ECAT” well beyond what was agreed upon for the Twizy, I created this:
And it can only evolve and improve, now that your technology and secrets, Dr. Rossi, are in the hands of a partnership with the competent technical, economic, and infrastructural resources capable of making it “grow and spread” worldwide.
At this point, it’s easy to say:
Very soon, your Ecat Technology will revolutionize, worldwide, the way we produce the electricity that humanity so desperately needs to “progress and evolve.” 🙂
Returning for a moment to the Latina demonstration (in which, as you know, I was an active participant ;)), on that occasion, I had the pleasure of speaking with:
1) Frank Acland (who we all know, a wonderful person and an excellent communicator)
2) Professor Neri Accornero (a delightful and very knowledgeable person, with whom I exchanged many thoughts on that occasion, and who I see is an active participant in both your blog, Dr. Rossi, and E-Catworld.com)
Well, all three of us interacted with all the participants in the demonstration; it was a wonderful moment of “dialogue” between the event organizers, the contributors, and the participants invited by Dr. Rossi.
Reading some of your responses In your blog, you can answer readers’ questions:
It can be deduced that the demonstration was attended by potential customers from most of the “Business Lines” to which the ECAT can be addressed (in reality, the ECAT is suitable for “EVERYTHING,” and I also demonstrated this with my “individual” tests ;))
But in reality, the “real interest” in the ECAT came from another sector…
In my opinion, it doesn’t matter which sector the “real interest” came from (certainly the car manufacturers who were present at the event once the Ecat will be on the market, and therefore will realize that it exists and works, will be a bit disappointed for not having taken a serious interest in the Ecat right away, but I’m sure that they will very quickly take action and I will be ready 😉 ), the important thing is that IT HAS ARRIVED, and now that there is a strong and authoritative Partnership, I’m sure that in the next few months/years your Ecat Technology will spread worldwide. 🙂
At this point, Dr. Rossi, since you informed us via your blog that:
Certainly both Frank, Professor Accornero, and I, completely unknowingly, spoke with the Partnership representatives present at the event… the mere thought of it sends me over the moon 🙂
Furthermore, Dr. Rossi, with your demonstration, was able to “convince” them to open a negotiating table, which, as we all know by now, led to a real Technical Commercial Agreement, finalized on July 7th with the officialization of a “Global Licensee”!!!!
Absolutely fantastic news 😉
Dr. Rossi, I’m delighted that my “Active Participation” in the Latina demonstration contributed to this wonderful result: that your astonishing and stratospheric discovery has finally found a Technical/Economic/Infrastructural Partnership that will deliver your Ecat Technology to the world and, at the same time:
Will give you all the recognition you deserve!!!!
All these years of study, experiments, mistakes, restarts, sacrifices, perseverance, and resilience are finally about to yield the desired result:
1) Give you the Fame, Notoriety, and Recognition you deserve 🙂
2) Spread your Technology around the world so that global energy needs are less of a problem and, at the same time, access to energy is also less polluting.
I’m sure, Dr. Rossi, that both of these points will become reality in the short/medium term!!!
And it’s all thanks to your tenacity and perseverance… You deserve all this and much, much more!!!
Dear Andrea
Does your answer to Paulus on July 9th mean that the 10 W Ecat elements are now being produced in a new automatic production process?
Regards Svein
Dr. Rossi may be the only person who can meet the requirment of the patent office to build the NGU without performing undue experimentation.
How does a patent application deal with some of the most inscrutable, complicated and involved science that exists if there is no one skilled other than the inventor in the relevant technical fields to understand and reproduce it without undue experimentation?
In cases where an invention involves extremely complex or inscrutable science, patent applications must still satisfy the enablement requirement.
Here’s how patent law addresses this challenge:
Enablement Standard: The core principle is that the patent application must contain a detailed description of the invention sufficient to enable a “person of ordinary skill in the art” (POSITA) to both understand and reproduce the invention without “undue experimentation”.
POSITA’s Knowledge: The enablement requirement doesn’t mean that every single detail must be explicitly spelled out. The patent relies on the understanding that a POSITA possesses the relevant background knowledge and skills in that technical field. Thus, the patent aims to provide enough information for such an individual, when combining the patent’s disclosure with their existing knowledge, to successfully practice the invention.
In the case of the NGU, the shell that encloses the reaction requires excessive tuning to match the shells topology to form the light produced by that shell to generate the optimum power density to optimally drive the power production chip. It may have taken the inventor many years to derive this tuning process. It may not be possible in the patent application to convey that process sufficient so that the invention becomes functional.
”Undue Experimentation”: This is a key concept. It recognizes that some level of experimentation may be necessary to reproduce a complex invention, but it sets a limit. The experimentation should not be “undue”, meaning it shouldn’t be excessively burdensome, time-consuming, or require extensive trial-and-error beyond what a skilled person would reasonably undertake. According to Ask Patents, while 4 hours of experimentation is considered reasonable, 1 to 2 years is considered “a clearly unreasonable requirement”.
Evidence and Examples: To demonstrate enablement, patent applications often include specific examples and detailed descriptions of how to make and use the invention. In cases of highly complex science, these examples might be crucial for the patent office to ascertain that the invention is indeed reproducible.
In essence, the patent system seeks a balance: rewarding inventors for their contributions while also ensuring that society benefits from the knowledge disclosed and that the public can utilize the invention once the patent protection lapses. If the invention is so complex that a skilled person cannot reproduce it without undue experimentation, the patent might be invalid.
This is why it is critical for the partner to be able to reproduce the NGU independent of any participation in that process from Dr. Rossi.
Using NGU Technology with Storage Batteries to Compete with Peaker Plants.
Consider an electrical energy production plants consisting of NGU Power Generators, large capacity storage batteries, and Grid interface electronics.
Pricing Assumptions – Electricity prices sold to the Grid
1. BaseLoad (average) price = $100USD/MWhr.
2. Peak Load price = $200USD/MHhr.
3. Capacity Load price = $50/MWhr.
Peak load payments from the Grid to the Peaker Plants may occur only a small percentage of the time to handle above average demands.
Capacity Load payments from the Grid are made when there is too much power on the Grid and the excess power is removed (for storage to be used later?) to keep the Grid level roughly constant.
NGU Power Generator approach – sample design for a 1 MH standalone electricity generation plant.
1. 1 MW of NGU Power Generators running continuously. Equivalent of 1 MW Baseload power generation. Income is $100USD per hour = $2,400USD per day.
2. 10 MHhr battery storage capacity. Provides excess power during Peaker times (assume 10% of the 24-hour day). Income = 2.4 hrs * 1 MW * $200USD = $480USD per day.
3. 10 MWhr battery storage capacity. Received excess power from Grid (assume 25% of the 24-hour day). Income = 6 hrs * 1MW * $50USD = $300USD per day.
Grid interface electronics would be capable of handling up to 2MW of electrical power.
Total power moved = 24 MWhr + 2.4 MWhr + 6 MWh = 32.4 MWhs.
Daily income = $2,400USD + $400USD + $300USD = $3,100USD per day.
Assume an operating time of 4,000 days.
Total lifetime revenue = 4,000 * $3,100USD = $12.4 million USD.
Axil:
Thank you for your opinion and for the related links and suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Transmutation of elements is the biggest roadblock that face developers who try to utilize the Vacuum reaction because it destroys reactor availability in that vacuum reactors do not last long due to intense corrosion and distruction of critical structures within the reactor. Over just a short time, reactors just fall apart and become useless.
I would like to offer my opinion on what causes transmutation and how to avoid it. To begin with, the first clue in how transmutation works is to understand that elements with isotopes with even atomic numbers are more likely to transmute than isotopes of elements with odd atomic numbers, For example, U238 will transmute at a faster rate than U235 or carbon 12 will transmute faster than carbon 13.
This is the first clue that Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) might be a factor in transmutation. NMR involves how magnetism affects the nucleus in that the more magnetic energy that can penetrate into the nucleus, the more that magnetism can affect that nucleus.
Isotopes that generate EMF radiation when exposed to magnetism are called NMR active isotopes, An atom of this type of isotopes converts magnetism that tries to penetrate into its nucleus is weakened by the EMF conversion process.
It is magnetism that causes transmutation. When the strength of the magnetic flux that enters the nucleus is reduced by atomic resistance so is transmutation effects on that nucleus. Elements with high spin numbers are less likely to transmute than elements with 0 spin nucleuses.
Why is it more difficult for magnetic flux to penetrate into the nucleus that when zero nuclear spin is involved?
When discussing the difficulty of magnetic flux penetration into the nucleus with and without nuclear spin, it’s important to consider a phenomenon called nuclear shielding.
Here’s a simplified explanation:
Nuclei with spin: Certain atomic nuclei possess an intrinsic property called spin. This spin generates a small magnetic dipole moment, essentially making the nucleus behave like a tiny magnet.
Interaction with external magnetic field: When such a nucleus is placed in an external magnetic field (B0), the nuclear magnetic moments tend to align with the field, according to http://ScienceDirect.com :
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/nuclear-spin . This alignment creates a local magnetic field within the nucleus.
Shielding effect: However, the electrons surrounding the nucleus are also in motion and they also generate their own magnetic field. This induced field opposes the external applied field, effectively shielding the nucleus from the full strength of the external magnetic field. Not only electrons produce spin, so does the nucleus.
Therefore, the presence of both atomic and nuclear spin and the resulting electron circulation creates a “shielding effect” that reduces the effective magnetic field experienced by the nucleus, making it more difficult for the applied magnetic flux to fully penetrate.
In contrast, nuclei with no nuclear spin (zero spin) do not have a magnetic moment and thus do not experience this shielding effect from the electron cloud. Such nuclei do not produce a nuclear resonance signal according to Chemistry LibreTexts:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Nuclear_Resonance_Phenomenon/1.03%3A_Magnetic_Properties_of_Nuclei._Nuclear_Spin#:~:text=In%20some%20ways%2C%20certain%20nuclei,give%20no%20nuclear%20resonance%20signal .
This shielding effect is a fundamental concept in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, where the degree of shielding is measured as a “chemical shift” and provides valuable information about the electronic environment of specific nuclei within a molecule.
For Example, both carbon and iron have isotopes that are NMR active. Specifically, Carbon-13 (¹³C) is NMR active, while Carbon-12 is not. For iron, Iron-57 (⁵⁷Fe) is the NMR active isotope.
Iron has four stable isotopes: 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe. Of these, only 57Fe has a nuclear spin, specifically -1/2, according to Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron . The other three stable isotopes (54Fe, 56Fe, and 58Fe) have zero nuclear spin.
We can now understand why the NGU vacuum reactor that Dr. Rossi has configured achieve such high availability.
From the patent of the NGU reactor, the coating of the reaction chamber in which the plasma is generated consists of these elements which are all NMR active: Au, Ga, In, P, Ge, As, Bi. What are their nuclear spins?
NMR activity and magnetic shielding depends on a nucleus having a non-zero nuclear spin.
Based on the provided patent information:
Au (Gold): Gold has only one stable isotope, 197Au, which has a spin of 3/2 and is NMR active.
Ga (Gallium): Gallium has two NMR-active isotopes, 69Ga and 71Ga, both with a spin of 3/2.
In (Indium): Indium has two NMR-active isotopes, 113In and 115In, both with a spin of 9/2.(very transmutation resistant)
P (Phosphorus): The most abundant isotope of phosphorus, 31P, is NMR active and has a nuclear spin of 1/2.
Ge (Germanium): Germanium has one NMR-active nucleus, 73Ge, which has a spin of 9/2.(very transmutation resistant)
As (Arsenic): Arsenic has one NMR-active nucleus, 75As, with a nuclear spin of 3/2.Bi (Bismuth): Bismuth has one NMR-active nucleus, 209Bi, with a nuclear spin of 9/2. (very transmutation resistant)
The electron gun also has a top of the line highly resistant NMR active isotope: the electron gun made of a tungsten-hafnium alloy.
Naturally occurring hafnium has five stable isotopes: 176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, and 180Hf. Additionally, 174Hf is a very long-lived radioisotope, and there are many more short-lived synthetic radioisotopes and nuclear isomers. The nuclear spins of the stable isotopes are: 176Hf (0+), 177Hf (7/2-), 178Hf (0+), 179Hf (9/2+), and 180Hf (0+) according to ChemLin and IMSERC: https://www.chemlin.org/chemical-elements/hafnium-isotopes.php#google_vignette
Over time, the 177Hf (7/2-), and 179Hf (9/2+), will come to dominate the structure of the electron gun.
Dr Rossi,
A very simple question: do nuclear reactions happen in the Ecat ?
DR. ROSSI:
Will all E CAT wattages consist of either 10w or 100w modules?
Will modules greater than 100w for larger generators be the norm?
GEORGE
Richard:
No,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Does the current version of the ecat require any rare earths that will limit its rate of production due to their scarcity? Thanks for addressing this question.
Stephen:
You can find rigorous information here:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
Warm Regards
A.R.
Casimiro:
Yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi.
In one of your publications that is available on line that relates to your electrical devices.. I notice that a key aspect is to increase the electrical potential difference and the population of electrons in the space charge.
Since ions are also present that I assume are also energetic I wonder if you have considered using micro channel plates (MCP) to enhance the population of electrons and the potential . Perhaps one placed in a ring near the cathode would convert the energy of any ions moving towards it into a population of electrons and also enhance the space charge. As well as perhaps helping to collimate the electron beam from the cathode.
Thanks and best regards
Stephen
Dr Rossi,
You still in line to start the deliveries of the Ecat within this year ?
Tommek:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Mr. Rossi,
Thank you for your reply. The most common variant, which is widely known, would be MC4 connectors, which are familiar from PV modules. They connect safely and easily to an inverter. Is it possible?
Best regards,
Tommek
Tommek:
The kind of connectors will be te standard connections in the Country of interest.
The diameter of the cables we will connect depends on the Amperage, that depends on the specific situations in terms of Voltage and power of the specific assembly. The certified contractor will surely be able to choose the cables compatible with the Amperage of the system. We too will connect cables that suit the Amperage. For these reasons, it is impossible to give an answer ” one size fits all ”
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi
Martin explains which connectors are on the Ecat and what cross-sections the two cables (DC/DC) have. This would be interesting for other applications, including for the certified electrician who installs it.
Best regards,
Tommek
Stephen:
Thank you for the link
Warm Regards
A.R.
Stephen:
All the theoretical information about the Ecat operation are here:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
Further information will be possible after the deliveries,
Warm Regards
A.R.
@Harald Becker
You should search for “powercon” here at this blog.
All is already asked and answered.
Best regards
R.Brand
Dear Andrea Rossi
This is the associated paper in nature:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09197-3
Thanks
Stephen
Dear Andrea Rossi
Some questions about the light.
1 Did you make a stokes vector analysis if the light emitted from the ecat?
2. If so did it show any polarization effect?
3. If so can you say what kind of polarization linear, circular or both?
You might find this link interesting it seems to have a frequency range compatible with the ecat spectrum in the Stockholm demonstration and covers including 437nm peak:
https://phys.org/news/2025-07-imaging-technique-captures-polarized.html?utm_source=flipboard&utm_content=topic%2Fscience
I guess for the broad spectrum it’s difficult to observe any phase coherence effects.
But does the 437 nm peak show any phase coherence?
Thanks and Best Regards
Stephen
axil:
Thank you for your insight and for the links,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
In the NGU, spark production of hole superconductors does not occur as suggested in Dr. Rossi’s theory paper and therefore no generation of the exciton polariton condensate using the optical cavity process that the Hole superconductor supports.
Instead, the exciton polariton condensate is produced naturally through the action of the electron gun by the formation of these polaritons individually over time. Once a sufficient number of these polaritons have been generated then that aggregation when sufficiently dense will form a condensate.
In more detail, the exciton polariton condensate is produced through the action by the electron gun by the formation of these polaritons over time. Once a sufficient number of these polaritons are generated then that aggregation when sufficiently dense will form a condensate.
Although well known and used since the early days of vacuum tube technology, the space charge effect does not have a well-defined theory, since the formation of stable space charges is thought to be prevented by the Coulomb force between electrons. However, as a result of the quantum fluctuations predicted by Heisenberg’s inextensibility principle, it was experimentally found that the repelling force can be screened by the vacuum polarization produced by the formation and annihilation of virtual charge pairs.
Exciton-polariton condensates
Exciton-polaritons are formed by the strong coupling between excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) in a semiconductor and photons within an optical microcavity. When a sufficient number of these polaritons are generated (e.g., through optical pumping), they can aggregate into a condensate, according to Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47669-8 . This occurs when the polaritons macroscopically occupy the same quantum state.
Space charge effect and vacuum polarization
The space charge effect, known since the early days of vacuum tubes, poses a theoretical challenge because the mutual repulsion between electrons due to the Coulomb force might be expected to prevent the formation of stable space charges. However, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, also known as the Heisenberg’s inextensibility principle, predicts quantum fluctuations in the vacuum, leading to the spontaneous creation and annihilation of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs like electron-positron pairs, according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These virtual particles can screen the Coulomb repulsion, influencing the stability of space charges: https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2015/06/vacuum-fluctuations-measuring-unreal#:~:text=In%20this%20universe%2C%20anything%20that,objects%20containing%20billions%20of%20atoms.
Further details on space charge
In insulators, for example, excess electrons can accumulate to form a space charge. The polarity of this space charge compared to the adjacent electrode can indicate the insulating material’s effectiveness. Homocharges, formed near the electrode, can reduce the stress at the electrode interface but increase it in the bulk. Heterocharges, formed through the ionization of small molecules and their drift towards electrodes, can increase electrode stress but reduce bulk stress.
Further details on vacuum polarization
Vacuum polarization, also referred to as the self-energy of the gauge boson (photon), is a phenomenon in quantum electrodynamics where background electromagnetic fields generate virtual electron-positron pairs. These pairs alter the distribution of charges and currents that originally produced the field, effectively reducing the charge of a particle and contributing to effects like the Lamb shift in hydrogen according to Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_polarization .
Martin:
You will have to contact a certified contractor expert of inverters to make the connections you describe respecting the safety requirements. The inverter turns the DC 36 V into an AC 110/230 V current, a tension that can cause serious damages, even death, if the installation is not made professionally.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
I ordered 2 SKLep units of 3 x 100 W = 36 V DC – 300 W.
I want to connect these to a microinverter and then to the electrical grid.
I have a few questions I’ve never seen before:
– 1 : Is a cable included (per unit) for connecting the SKLep unit to the microinverter?
– 2 : If yes : Is it a 4 mm² cable, or more or less?
– 3 : What type of connector is on the output of the SKLep unit ?
– 4 : If a cable is included, what type of connector is used to connect it to the microinverter?
I think many forum readers would benefit from knowing this as well.
Hopefully, the Units will be produced and delivered this year!
Kind regards
Martin
Thanks to Paul Dodgshun, 2025-07-16 09:19, for the explanation and link. Months ago, I contacted a manufacturer who had to test the compatibility of off-grid inverters and Ecat. He didn’t dare make any predictions.
I would suggest that ‘2025-07-15 09:19 Harald Becker’ should study https://www.sunsynk.org/_files/ugd/52fa1b_ea1d3b954652435b936f8ff0fafee52a.pdf or similar. The complexities that Harald wants: grid on/off, 3 phase, hybrid operation, etc need to be understood. The use of a qualified electrician is essential and understanding all the jargon is mandatory if success is to be achieved. Perhaps start with page 9 ‘Basic System Architecture’ and then page 31 ‘Three-Phase Parallel Inverter’ e.g. SunSynk 10kw hybrid commercial 3 phase inverter.
The CT coil is one of the most important parts of the Sunsynk Parity inverter. This device reduces the power of the inverter to prevent feeding power to the grid. This feature is also known as “Zero Export”. The most basic feature of all is voltage and polarity matching for the inverter input and NGU output. 360 volts is likely as this can be provided by a two 3kW NGUs connected to the two MPPT channels with the internal modules connected in series.
Energy User:
We hope the same,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Some month ago you mentioned a relatively low figure for the planned production capacity. If I remember correctly it was around one million 10w modules per year.
Now you are making progress with a new partner. Without giving too much detail, will the initial capacity for 2026 be the same, slightly higher or maybe even significantly higher?
Thank you for your reply.
Stephen:
Thank you for your suggestion. The Ecat EMC is not a concern for the Ecat,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Harald Becker:
Thank you for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
7/15/2025
Dear Dr.Rossi,
a note on combining Ecat with inverters for off-grid operation: Ecat, off-grid inverters, and battery storage can make homes independent of expensive public power supplies (Germany) and protect them from power outages. If PV modules are producing too little power, off-grid inverters take power from battery storage and, if necessary, from the public grid. Ecat is used instead of PV. If Ecat is producing too little power, it must be ensured that the off-grid inverter does not overload the Ecat and cause it to shut down. Therefore, off-grid inverters (preferably with three phases) that are compatible with Ecat are required. As far as I can recall, this issue has not been addressed in the blog yet.
Best regards,
Harald Becker
Dear Andrea
Just a thought. Prompted after the recent discussions by recent Q snd A’s on plasmon PV coupling,:
If the internal control electronics is susceptible the local EMC environment you could consider using optoelectronics. I have seen this approach used very successfully in other devices where EMC interference is a concern .
Best Regards
Stephen
axil:
Please accept the same answer I wrote to Neri Accornero minutes ago,
Warm Regards
A.R.
Neri Accornero:
The theiretical bases of the Ecat technology have been rigorously described here:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
I can also confirm that the Ecat emit photons, but no more information can be released before the Ecat deliveries.
I confirm that we will continue the monthly reports.
Warm Regards
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
I hope the good news you add to your website’s continues on a more or less monthly basis. I also thank Maico, in his perfect description, for including me among the active participants during the “Latina Test” (those are now two historic words!).
On this and other blogs, the debate continues over the hypothesis that the ECAT is based on incredibly efficient photovoltaic conversion (I wonder what conversion could possibly be so efficient as to produce 10W in a hermetically sealed shoe polish box, even with some electronics inside!). Certainly, a few photons are emitted from the excited plasma, but I don’t believe the internal surface of the tiny cell, no matter how treated, can produce such a striking photovoltaic effect. Could you ease this pointless debate a little by at least specifying, as you’ve said many times, that the energy is extracted from the cyclical formation and disruption of the electronic coherence in the plasma? Without going into further details.
Kind regards,
Neri
The production of a minimum amount of waste heat is critical to the success in the design of your invention.
I am wondering how you managed to minimized the amount of heat that is produced in the photo conversion process. If you are permitted to say…
1 – Did you match the frequencies of the light produced in your reaction shell to the frequencies that were optimized in your off the shelf photo conversion chip?
2 – Did you create your own custom photo conversion chip to match the frequencies generated in your reaction shell.
If #2 is true, you would be required in your patent to define how this chip frequency specification matching was implemented.
3 – Photo conversion chip matching was fortunate and required no special considerations.
4 – none of the above.
Juan Carlos:
Thank you for the ChatGPT Artificial Intelligence inquiry: what counts to us is to complete our mission whatever is hidden beyond the bushes.
Warm Regards
A.R.
Hi everyone,
I asked ChatGPT for its “thoughts” on the question:
“What kinds of short-term effects are to be expected,
once main-stream media realises, that the ECAT is real?”
I’m not sure that I go along with some of the answers it concocted.
But I do indeed find them interesting.
And they certainly do entertain the imagination.
Regards,
JC
********************
********************
“What kinds of short-term effects are to be expected,
once main-stream media realises, that the ECAT is real?”
🏭 INDUSTRY & INFRASTRUCTURE
1. Collapse of Fossil Fuel Markets
Oil and gas stocks plummet within hours.
Sovereign wealth funds tied to petrostates
(e.g., Saudi Arabia, Russia, Norway) hemorrhage value.
Entire economies face existential crises.
OPEC becomes politically irrelevant overnight.
Pipelines, refineries, LNG terminals become instant stranded assets.
2. Massive Reindustrialization in the Global North
Factories once offshored due to energy costs rapidly reopen in Europe and North America.
Aluminum, steel, and chemical manufacturing revive explosively
Power-intensive processes now cost pennies.
3. Carbon Credits & Green Tech Markets Implode
Carbon offsetting markets collapse.
Solar, wind, and even battery storage see
a crash in value as their relative cost/complexity becomes unnecessary.
Companies that invested heavily in emissions reduction infrastructure
see stranded capital.
🌍 GLOBAL GEOPOLITICS
4. Petrostates Face Crisis
Countries like Venezuela, Iraq, and Russia experience
sudden mass unemployment, hyperinflation, or civil unrest due to collapsed export income.
The balance of power shifts dramatically.
Countries with innovation, education, and infrastructure
suddenly outrank those with natural resources.
5. Global South Surges Forward
Energy access becomes universal.
Remote African, Asian, and Latin American villages leapfrog into high-tech economies,
skipping over fossil infrastructure entirely
—like going from no phones to smartphones.
A digital, education, and entrepreneurial boom begins.
🏠 HOUSEHOLDS & LIFESTYLE
6. Heating/Cooling Revolution
Heat pumps, ACs, and electric stoves become ubiquitous
—even in poor countries.
“Energy poverty” vanishes.
Winters become safer; summers become bearable, even in extreme climates.
7. Home Desalination & Water Independence
Fresh water from the ocean becomes cheap.
Desalination units shrink to home scale.
Drought-prone areas like California, the Sahel, and the Middle East breathe again.
8. Electric Everything
Every gasoline-powered thing — cars, lawnmowers,
forklifts, fishing boats — gets replaced or retrofitted.
Electric vehicles drop in price dramatically
since energy cost becomes negligible, and range anxiety fades.
👩💼 ECONOMY & EMPLOYMENT
9. Entire Job Sectors Obsolete
Millions of jobs in oil drilling, refining, pipeline maintenance,
gas stations, and combustion engine repair vanish.
Unions, governments, and activists demand retraining programs;
social unrest emerges in regions dependent on fossil labor.
10. New Sectors Emerge Overnight
Small businesses offering micro-grids, plug-and-play energy pods,
or home energy independence kits explode.
Infrastructure companies convert old gas stations
into battery swap or electric vehicle service centers.
🧠 CULTURE, THOUGHT, & VALUES
11. A New “Post-Scarcity” Imagination
The mental shift from “we must conserve energy”
to “we have more than we need” radically changes public discourse.
Energy-intensive activities like 24/7 data centers,
space heaters on restaurant patios, or AI training no longer seem irresponsible.
12. Political Reorientation
Energy independence means many countries rethink alliances and defense policies.
Nations like Germany or Japan, which lacked natural energy resources,
find themselves with new geopolitical leverage.
Urban Decentralization:
Remote work gets another massive boost.
Energy-intensive vertical farming, 3D printing,
and cheap cooling/heating allow small towns to become appealing again.
Antonio:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
Is your Licensee in posession of all your prototypes and electronic circuits ?
Best Regards,
Antonio
Maico:
Thank you !
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi
Some thoughts I’m happy to write 🙂
I’ll try to be precise in expressing my thoughts… I apologize in advance if I seem a little long-winded 😉
It’s been a while since I posted on your blog, but that doesn’t mean interest in your Ecat has waned… on the contrary, after the announcement on July 7th
https://ecatthenewfire.com/report-on-the-status-of-production-and-delivery-of-the-e-cat-july-7th-2025/
it has further increased (if that were even possible 😉
It’s nice to learn that after the first official announcement on May 7th
https://ecatthenewfire.com/e-cat-testing-successfully-completed-with-partners-team/
The Global Licensee you selected has officially become capable of independently producing the Ecat.
This means that your in-depth knowledge of this new type of technology, which will significantly impact the global energy market in the years to come (in a very positive way, I think), has been transferred to a trusted Technical/Economic/Commercial Partnership.
Presumably, from the end of 2025 (the period you estimate for the start of production), the task of this “Partnership” will be to demonstrate to the world that your wonderful discovery exists and is real (from my point of view, I have never had any doubts ;), by the way, thank you Dr. Rossi for having been so determined and resilient over all these years to ensure that your and our dream, those who have shared it for years, comes true), by distributing the Ecats in people’s homes in ever-increasing quantities, or, as I can imagine from what you said in your blog, by ensuring that the energy that will enter people’s homes no longer comes from the exploitation of fossil fuels or nuclear energy, but instead, produced directly from power plants built on an “ECAT BASIS” ;).
What I just wrote stems from what you replied on your blog, namely, that one of the “Partners” participating in the Partnership is in the electricity distribution market. 😉
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=878#comment-1700264
How wonderful to be able to say:
I WAS THERE!!!… I lived through the “pioneering” and certainly most exciting periods of this “stratospheric” technology, and in my own small way, I also contributed to its diffusion. 😉
How wonderful it was to collaborate with you for more than a year and a half in the preparation and execution of the Latina demonstration. Even before we met in person, I was confident in my heart that your technology was real and functional, but after we realized This:
https://ecatthenewfire.com/leonardo-corporation-demonstrates-on-board-e-cat-technology-continually-charging-an-ev-battery-during-6-hour-test/
And completely independently, with your consent, giving me the opportunity to “interact with ECAT” well beyond what was agreed upon for the Twizy, I created this:
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=845#comment-1686085
I then followed this up with further posts by Clarification:
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=847#comment-1686757
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=846#comment-1686207
…..I no longer have the slightest doubt:
ECAT Exists and Works Very Well!!!!
And it can only evolve and improve, now that your technology and secrets, Dr. Rossi, are in the hands of a partnership with the competent technical, economic, and infrastructural resources capable of making it “grow and spread” worldwide.
At this point, it’s easy to say:
Very soon, your Ecat Technology will revolutionize, worldwide, the way we produce the electricity that humanity so desperately needs to “progress and evolve.” 🙂
Returning for a moment to the Latina demonstration (in which, as you know, I was an active participant ;)), on that occasion, I had the pleasure of speaking with:
1) Frank Acland (who we all know, a wonderful person and an excellent communicator)
2) Professor Neri Accornero (a delightful and very knowledgeable person, with whom I exchanged many thoughts on that occasion, and who I see is an active participant in both your blog, Dr. Rossi, and E-Catworld.com)
Well, all three of us interacted with all the participants in the demonstration; it was a wonderful moment of “dialogue” between the event organizers, the contributors, and the participants invited by Dr. Rossi.
Reading some of your responses In your blog, you can answer readers’ questions:
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=830#comment-1682648
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=830#comment-1682651
It can be deduced that the demonstration was attended by potential customers from most of the “Business Lines” to which the ECAT can be addressed (in reality, the ECAT is suitable for “EVERYTHING,” and I also demonstrated this with my “individual” tests ;))
from “a good part” of the world 😉
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=837#comment-1683886
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=837#comment-1683892
As already stated on your blog, there were also representatives from car manufacturers.
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=830#comment-1682648
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=830#comment-1682651
But in reality, the “real interest” in the ECAT came from another sector…
In my opinion, it doesn’t matter which sector the “real interest” came from (certainly the car manufacturers who were present at the event once the Ecat will be on the market, and therefore will realize that it exists and works, will be a bit disappointed for not having taken a serious interest in the Ecat right away, but I’m sure that they will very quickly take action and I will be ready 😉 ), the important thing is that IT HAS ARRIVED, and now that there is a strong and authoritative Partnership, I’m sure that in the next few months/years your Ecat Technology will spread worldwide. 🙂
At this point, Dr. Rossi, since you informed us via your blog that:
https://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=875#comment-1699253
Certainly both Frank, Professor Accornero, and I, completely unknowingly, spoke with the Partnership representatives present at the event… the mere thought of it sends me over the moon 🙂
Furthermore, Dr. Rossi, with your demonstration, was able to “convince” them to open a negotiating table, which, as we all know by now, led to a real Technical Commercial Agreement, finalized on July 7th with the officialization of a “Global Licensee”!!!!
Absolutely fantastic news 😉
Dr. Rossi, I’m delighted that my “Active Participation” in the Latina demonstration contributed to this wonderful result: that your astonishing and stratospheric discovery has finally found a Technical/Economic/Infrastructural Partnership that will deliver your Ecat Technology to the world and, at the same time:
Will give you all the recognition you deserve!!!!
All these years of study, experiments, mistakes, restarts, sacrifices, perseverance, and resilience are finally about to yield the desired result:
1) Give you the Fame, Notoriety, and Recognition you deserve 🙂
2) Spread your Technology around the world so that global energy needs are less of a problem and, at the same time, access to energy is also less polluting.
I’m sure, Dr. Rossi, that both of these points will become reality in the short/medium term!!!
And it’s all thanks to your tenacity and perseverance… You deserve all this and much, much more!!!
Best regards
Ciao, Maico
Axil:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards
A.R.
Svein:
Not yet
Warm Regards
A.R.
Dear Andrea
Does your answer to Paulus on July 9th mean that the 10 W Ecat elements are now being produced in a new automatic production process?
Regards Svein
Dr. Rossi may be the only person who can meet the requirment of the patent office to build the NGU without performing undue experimentation.
How does a patent application deal with some of the most inscrutable, complicated and involved science that exists if there is no one skilled other than the inventor in the relevant technical fields to understand and reproduce it without undue experimentation?
In cases where an invention involves extremely complex or inscrutable science, patent applications must still satisfy the enablement requirement.
Here’s how patent law addresses this challenge:
Enablement Standard: The core principle is that the patent application must contain a detailed description of the invention sufficient to enable a “person of ordinary skill in the art” (POSITA) to both understand and reproduce the invention without “undue experimentation”.
POSITA’s Knowledge: The enablement requirement doesn’t mean that every single detail must be explicitly spelled out. The patent relies on the understanding that a POSITA possesses the relevant background knowledge and skills in that technical field. Thus, the patent aims to provide enough information for such an individual, when combining the patent’s disclosure with their existing knowledge, to successfully practice the invention.
In the case of the NGU, the shell that encloses the reaction requires excessive tuning to match the shells topology to form the light produced by that shell to generate the optimum power density to optimally drive the power production chip. It may have taken the inventor many years to derive this tuning process. It may not be possible in the patent application to convey that process sufficient so that the invention becomes functional.
”Undue Experimentation”: This is a key concept. It recognizes that some level of experimentation may be necessary to reproduce a complex invention, but it sets a limit. The experimentation should not be “undue”, meaning it shouldn’t be excessively burdensome, time-consuming, or require extensive trial-and-error beyond what a skilled person would reasonably undertake. According to Ask Patents, while 4 hours of experimentation is considered reasonable, 1 to 2 years is considered “a clearly unreasonable requirement”.
Evidence and Examples: To demonstrate enablement, patent applications often include specific examples and detailed descriptions of how to make and use the invention. In cases of highly complex science, these examples might be crucial for the patent office to ascertain that the invention is indeed reproducible.
In essence, the patent system seeks a balance: rewarding inventors for their contributions while also ensuring that society benefits from the knowledge disclosed and that the public can utilize the invention once the patent protection lapses. If the invention is so complex that a skilled person cannot reproduce it without undue experimentation, the patent might be invalid.
This is why it is critical for the partner to be able to reproduce the NGU independent of any participation in that process from Dr. Rossi.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Using NGU Technology with Storage Batteries to Compete with Peaker Plants.
Consider an electrical energy production plants consisting of NGU Power Generators, large capacity storage batteries, and Grid interface electronics.
Pricing Assumptions – Electricity prices sold to the Grid
1. BaseLoad (average) price = $100USD/MWhr.
2. Peak Load price = $200USD/MHhr.
3. Capacity Load price = $50/MWhr.
Peak load payments from the Grid to the Peaker Plants may occur only a small percentage of the time to handle above average demands.
Capacity Load payments from the Grid are made when there is too much power on the Grid and the excess power is removed (for storage to be used later?) to keep the Grid level roughly constant.
NGU Power Generator approach – sample design for a 1 MH standalone electricity generation plant.
1. 1 MW of NGU Power Generators running continuously. Equivalent of 1 MW Baseload power generation. Income is $100USD per hour = $2,400USD per day.
2. 10 MHhr battery storage capacity. Provides excess power during Peaker times (assume 10% of the 24-hour day). Income = 2.4 hrs * 1 MW * $200USD = $480USD per day.
3. 10 MWhr battery storage capacity. Received excess power from Grid (assume 25% of the 24-hour day). Income = 6 hrs * 1MW * $50USD = $300USD per day.
Grid interface electronics would be capable of handling up to 2MW of electrical power.
Total power moved = 24 MWhr + 2.4 MWhr + 6 MWh = 32.4 MWhs.
Daily income = $2,400USD + $400USD + $300USD = $3,100USD per day.
Assume an operating time of 4,000 days.
Total lifetime revenue = 4,000 * $3,100USD = $12.4 million USD.
Equipment costs:
1. MW NGU Power Generators = $2.50USD/W * 1MW = $2.5MUSD.
2. Battery Storage (assume $100USD per kWhr) = $1MUSD.
3. Electrical Grid Intrface (assume $50USD per kWhr) = $0.5MUSD.
Thoughts?
Prof:
Thank you for the update,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Jorn-Erik Ommang, Eng.:
Thank you for this gift that I am delighted to share with our Readers,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
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