I thought about distributed peer to peer power sharing in a previous post but not the detailed implementation.
This post goes into more depth by describing highly strategic model for grid modernization. By funding and deploying mass-manufactured, all-in-one NGU inverters directly at the customer endpoint, the Utility Operator entirely bypasses the traditional multi-year regulatory bottlenecks of central power plant siting.
Solving the primary technical hurdle—distributed control across millions of autonomous NGU units—requires moving away from centralized cloud servers, which suffer from fatal latency issues and single-point-of-failure vulnerabilities.
Instead, the architecture must utilize a hardware-led, decentralized orchestration framework.
Edge-Computing Mesh Networks (Local Synchronization)
To match 50/60 Hz frequency and voltage stability across millions of endpoints in real time, the units cannot wait for instructions from a central utility cloud.
The Architecture:
Every installed NGU master inverter must feature a high-speed local edge-computing chip.
Peer-to-Peer Communication:
Neighboring NGU units form localized mesh networks. They communicate directly with each other via secure, low-latency protocols (such as fiber-optic grid lines or cellular 5G network slices).
The Benefit:
If a localized storm drops grid voltage on a specific street corner, the neighboring cluster of 500 NGUs detects the anomaly instantly. They collectively adjust their four-quadrant inverters within milliseconds to stabilize that specific transformer node, without needing to contact a master utility mainframe.
Droop Control Architecture (Autonomous Self-Regulation)
To guarantee system stability if communication links are entirely severed during a major disaster, the millions of NGU units must rely on Frequency and Voltage Droop Control. This is an analog mathematical law programmed directly into each inverter’s firmware.
Frequency Droop:
If total grid load increases, the system frequency naturally begins to drop below 60.00 Hz. Without needing a software command, every individual inverter automatically senses this sub-cycle frequency shift and instantly injects more real power (Watts) proportional to the drop.
Voltage Droop:
If local grid voltage rises too high, the internal inverters immediately shift their phase angles to absorb reactive power (VARs), dragging the local grid voltage back down into safe operating thresholds.
The Benefit:
Millions of units behave like a single, massive synchronous machine (like a traditional nuclear or hydro turbine). Control is entirely decentralized; the physics of the grid itself acts as the command signal.
Hierarchical Orchestration (The Multi-Layer Loop)
To balance the macro-grid while preserving the hardware autonomy discussed in previous steps, the control loop is divided into three strict layers:
[Level 1: Macro-Grid Utility Cloud] —> Sets High-Level Economic & Dispatch Targets (Hourly)
v
[Level 2: Edge Mesh Clusters] ———> Balances Regional Substation Voltage & Demand (Minutes)
v
[Level 3: Individual Inverter (Master)] -> Enforces Real-Time Waveform & MPPT Impedance (Milliseconds)
^
[NGU Slave Generator]
Primary Control (Milliseconds):
Handled entirely at the individual home level. The internal master inverter maintains strict control over its local battery, home loads, and the NGU slave generator via the MPPT impedance loop.
Secondary Control (Seconds to Minutes):
Managed by the local neighborhood mesh network to keep the neighborhood substation in balance.
Tertiary Control (Hourly):
The Utility Operator’s central system simply broadcasts high-level economic targets (e.g., “Region 4 needs to reduce total draw by 10% over the next hour”). The local edge clusters receive this request and autonomously decide which home batteries to discharge or which NGU generators to throttle up to meet the utility’s target.
The Deployment Verdict
The utility-funded model turns the traditional power grid completely upside down. By combining Droop Control for instant physical stability with Edge Mesh Networks for regional coordination, millions of independent NGU devices can seamlessly synchronize. The utility achieves massive, decentralized scale, while the Inverter OEM retains absolute control over the localized hardware stack.
To explore the operational and security safeguards of this massive network, let me know if we should evaluate:
The cybersecurity defense frameworks (such as Zero-Trust architectures) required to prevent a hacker from disrupting millions of synchronized inverters.
How the utility handles financial accounting and asset depreciation when capital equipment sits entirely on customer property.
The firmware protocols needed to prevent harmonic resonance oscillations when millions of high-speed inverters try to correct the same local grid fault simultaneously.
It is entirely possible to implement an integral “do it all” inverter with existing OEM technology. Modern power electronics manufacturers already build “All-in-One” (AIO) or multimode hybrid inverters that consolidate on-grid, off-grid, and battery management into a single physical unit.To turn the NGU into a fully integrated, “do-it-all” autonomous worldwide device using current Tier-1 OEM manufacturing, the internal inverter architecture must leverage three existing engineering pillars
Multi-Mode Split-Phase Topology
Existing OEMs—such as Tesla with the Powerwall 3 or Enphase with the IQ8 series—utilize software-defined, split-phase power conversion. This allows a single internal engine to seamlessly transition between modes:
Interactive Mode:
Syncs with the grid to import power (hybrid function).
Island Mode:
Drops a physical Microgrid Interconnect Device (MID) to form an independent local grid when the external grid fails.
High-Density Integrated MPPT Stages
The “do-it-all” NGU relies on treating the generation core as an emulated solar array. Premium OEMs already mass-produce hybrid inverters featuring massive multi-channel DC input stages. For example, Tesla’s Powerwall 3 unit integrates up to 6 independent MPPT paths into a single chassis. The NGU partner can easily utilize this existing hardware layout to handle the scalable, modular 1-to-4 path DC impedance-throttling loop discussed in a recent earlier post.
Integrated Dynamic Power Buses
Instead of using external wires to connect separate charge controllers, transfer switches, and battery chargers, existing AIO OEMs utilize an internal high-voltage DC bus.Power from the NGU generation core enters through the MPPTs.
It directly feeds the internal DC bus.
From that central bus, the inverter simultaneously dictates how much power is diverted to charge the external battery and how much is inverted to AC for household consumption or zero-export grid synchronization.
The Implementation Verdict
We do not need to invent new power electronics. An NGU design system engineer can approach established OEMs (like Delta, Solis, or Victron) for standard custom OEM manufacturing. By flashing the OEM’s existing AIO hybrid hardware with a proprietary firmware profile—one that forces its MPPTs to manipulate line impedance according to the previously described master/slave logic—the NGU becomes a commercially viable, all-in-one appliance using off-the-shelf component architecture conformant with all worldwide certifications.
Evaluating the NGU framework as a total worldwide energy supplier requires transitioning from local residential hardware to macro-infrastructure scale. In this model, the NGU replaces all global oil, gas, coal, and traditional power sectors, establishing a unified grid-orchestrated monopoly.To determine the cost of this transition, the deployment must scale to meet total global energy demand while accounting for regional consumer endpoints.
Scaling the Global Energy Requirement
Global primary energy consumption sits at approximately 620 Exajoules (EJ) per year, which translates to roughly 172,200 Terawatt-hours (TWh) of annual energy demand.
Because the NGU model relies on a highly efficient Master Inverter-led distribution architecture, it converts raw fuel types into structured electrical transmission. Assuming standard thermodynamic and distribution efficiencies, the NGU must deploy roughly 30 Terawatts (TW) of continuous worldwide generating capacity by 2050 to electrify all global transport, heating, and industrial loads.
The total capital requirement of ~$71.4 Trillion represents roughly 65% to 70% of current annual global GDP. While massive, this capital layout is spread across a 20-to-30-year deployment timeline, averaging roughly $2.4 to $3.5 Trillion per year in global infrastructure spending.
Displacing Existing Energy Spend:
The global economy currently spends between $5.5 Trillion and $7.7 Trillion annually on oil, gas, coal, and traditional electricity utility bills. Because the NGU eliminates ongoing fossil fuel logistics and commodity trading volatility via independent master/slave hardware clusters, the initial $71 Trillion capital cost pays itself back within 10 to 12 years of global operation.
Monopsony Pricing Compression:
Once the NGU partner commands the absolute global retail marketplace, its massive scale allows it to artificially squeeze the manufacturing margins of independent battery and inverter OEMs. The NGU can drive down hardware production costs below the baseline estimates above, capturing the remaining trillions in value entirely within its software monetization layer.
The Long-Term Economic Verdict
As a global energy supplier, the NGU transitions from an equipment coordinator into a sovereign-scale financial entity. The ultimate cost is not just measured in the trillions of dollars needed for power electronics, but in the complete consolidation of global energy wealth, moving it away from nation-state oil fields and into a singular, proprietary software orchestration platform.
In a small 1 kW system without a battery, only one MPPT path is required?
Without a battery buffer, the architectural and electrical dynamics of this single-path system shift significantly:
Direct Real-Time Tracking
A single standard residential MPPT input easily handles the current (~3A at 350V DC) of a 1 kW NGU generator. Because there is no battery to absorb energy spikes or fill supply deficits, the master inverter’s single MPPT tracker must continuously sweep and adjust its input impedance to match household loads in real time.
The Vulnerability to Sudden Load Spikes
If a household appliance drawing 2,000 W turns on, a standalone 1 kW system cannot bridge the 1,000 W deficit.
For A Grid-Tied Configuration:
The master inverter will instantaneously pull the remaining 1,000 W from the main utility grid.
Off-Grid Configuration:
Without a battery buffer or grid connection to supply the missing power, the inverter will experience an immediate under-voltage fault and the system will black out.
Rapid Thermal Stepping on the NGU
In larger systems, a battery smooths out demand fluctuations. In a battery-less 1 kW system, the single MPPT path will force the NGU to experience immediate, harsh step-changes in electrical load (e.g., dropping from 900 W to 50 W instantly when an appliance turns off). The NGU’s internal generation core must be highly resilient to handle these sudden thermal and electrical shocks.
In a small 1 kW system, with battery then only one MPPT is required?
Yes, in a small 1 kW system with a battery, only one MPPT path is still required.
However, adding a battery completely changes the electrical dynamics, solving the stability issues of the battery-less version by acting as a shock absorber for the system.
The Battery Eliminates Dynamic Stress
In this setup, the single MPPT path no longer has to chase fast-moving household load spikes in real time.
Stable NGU Operation:
The master inverter can command the NGU (via impedance matching) to run at a perfectly flat, continuous 1 kW output to charge the battery.
Peak Shaving:
If a 3,000 W appliance turns on, the single MPPT continues pulling its steady 1 kW from the NGU, while the battery instantly supplies the remaining 2,000 W.
Thermal Relief for the NGU Core
Because the battery buffers all sudden consumption changes, the inverter avoids making rapid, violent sweeps along the NGU’s emulated current-voltage (I-V) curve. The NGU experiences a highly stable thermal and electrical environment, drastically extending its operational lifespan.
Hardware Simplicity and Cost
A single MPPT channel easily manages the 1 kW power transfer (typically around 3 Amps at 350V DC). Splitting a small 1 kW load into multiple MPPT paths would introduce unnecessary cost, hardware complexity, and internal electronic switching losses, reducing overall efficiency.
In a small 1 kW grid connected system, with battery then the deficit power come from the grid?
Yes, in a small 1 kW grid-connected system with a battery, any deficit power comes automatically from the utility grid.
In this configuration, your system has three distinct layers of defense to meet household demand before pulling from the grid.
The Power Priority Hierarchy
When a power demand occurs, the smart master inverter balances the loads using a strict sequence:
First Priority (NGU Core):
The inverter pulls up to its maximum 1 kW limit from the NGU via the single MPPT path.
Second Priority (The Battery):
If household demand exceeds 1 kW, the inverter draws the remaining power from the solar battery storage.
Final Priority (The Grid Deficit):
If the battery is depleted, or if the household load exceeds the combined output limit of the NGU and the battery inverter stage (e.g., during a massive 6 kW peak surge), the smart inverter seamlessly draws the remaining deficit from the grid.
Key Engineering Advantages
Zero Risk of Blackouts:
The grid acts as an infinite buffer. Unlike an off-grid system, sudden load spikes will never trigger an under-voltage fault or system collapse.
Optimized Battery Sizing:
Because the grid handles the absolute highest peaks, you do not need to buy a massive, expensive battery to cover rare surge events. The battery can be sized strictly for evening buffer capacity.
Controlled NGU Ramp Rates:
The NGU can continue running at a highly efficient, steady-state output, entirely insulated from household consumption shocks.
We have not yet addressed the impact of the NGU interfacing with an external solar battery. This function imposes a system’s architectural mandate on the NGU /internal inverter master/slave topology as follows:
Because the internal inverter is intelligent, it becomes the master of the inverter/NGU combined system. The NGU is the slave whose only responsibility is to supply VDC power to the inverter. This power interface may involve multiple MPPT connections.
The inverter-to-NGU interface can be fully satisfied via an MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) DC connection. This connection is a purely hardware-driven master/slave control loop. In this specific topology, the internal inverter controls the external NGU power generation level without requiring a digital software interface or communication protocols (such as CAN bus or Modbus).
Instead of exchanging digital data packets, the inverter forces the NGU to modulate its power output by manipulating the electrical impedance on the DC line.
The Mechanics of MPPT Emulation
A standard solar inverter features an MPPT channel designed to sweep a solar array’s voltage-current curve to find the maximum output. To interface an adjustable generator like an NGU to this port, the NGU must feature an Emulated IV (Current-Voltage) Curve Profile:
Impedance Matching:
The inverters’ MPPT algorithm continuously shifts its internal input resistance to test the NGU’s power limits.
Dynamic Throttling:
When the house requires maximum power, the inverter shifts to the NGU’s “peak power point.”
Load Reduction:
If household loads drop or the battery fills up, the inverter intentionally moves “off-peak” along the emulated curve. The NGU reads this voltage shift instantly and automatically throttles back its generation to match the exact wattage requested by the inverter.
Operational Control Loop
[Inverter MPPT Input] <- Adjusts Resistance / Reads Voltage [NGU Generation Core] (Requests X Watts – Varies DC Output)
Engineering Advantages of the MPPT Interface
Absolute Hardware Isolation:
The NGU and the internal inverter are completely isolated from a software perspective. The NGU cannot inject firmware vulnerabilities, corrupt data, or push malicious commands into the inverter's operating system.
Universal Compatibility:
The NGU becomes a universal plug-and-play generation source. It can be wired into any off-the-shelf hybrid or string inverter equipped with a standard solar MPPT input. It bypasses the need for custom manufacturer-specific software development kits (SDKs).
Instantaneous Response Time:
Because the control loop is governed by analog electrical dynamics (voltage and current fluctuations) rather than digital processing and network transit, the response time is practically immediate. The NGU adapts to changing household loads within microseconds.
Technical Constraints of This Method
Loss of Multi-Quadrant Grid Support:
A standard DC MPPT port can only receive real power (Watts). It cannot communicate instructions for reactive power (VAR) management. If the NGU needs to actively clean up local AC grid voltage distortions or support macro-grid power factors, it cannot receive those specific commands through a DC MPPT connection.
Thermal Stress Profile:
Solar panels naturally ramp up and down slowly as clouds pass. An NGU mimicking an PV curve must be engineered to handle rapid electrical steps as the inverter adjusts its load tracking under heavy household surges.
The Design Verdict
Using an MPPT channel as the interface is a highly elegant way for the smart internal Inverter OEM to secure dominance over the NGU. The NGU is reduced to a "smart solar panel simulator" that scales its generation entirely based on how hard the inverter pulls from the line, protecting the homeowner's autonomy and hardware security.
Chiara:
I would define my theoretical research as “Phenomenological”, being sustained and evolved on the base of series of try-and-error experimental activities, making always epokè, suspending any predetermined knowledge.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I have an average consumption for my country of 3700 kWh and my highest day peak in last winter was 19 kWh, which includes an electric heater of 1000W in my small desk.
The heating of my house is done on gas and wood. An expansion to a few kW Ecat for a heat pump is possible with time.
High peaks for cooking, washing, drying can be avoided by planning.
My opinion about JJs standalone system that is not connected to the grid, based on strict electrical engineering principles: This standalone system will not work long-term as described. A severe mismatch exists between the system’s generation capacity (800 W) and the home’s peak power demands (5,000 W).
For a standalone system to survive long-term, it must obey the laws of physics regarding energy balance and hardware degradation.
________________________________________
The Energy Deficit Trap (Winter vs. Summer)
An 800 W constant power source (like an NGU) generates a fixed 19.2 kWh of energy per 24-hour day (0.8 kW × 24 hours).
The Reality of an “Average” Home:
An average standalone home consumes 25 to 30 kWh per day. During summer (HVAC cycling) or winter (heating/heat pumps), daily consumption easily spikes to 40+ kWh.
The Math:
If JJ’s house consumes 30 kWh but the system only generates 19.2 kWh, the system runs a daily 10.8 kWh deficit.
________________________________________
Battery Depletion and System Blackouts
The user JJ specifies a “small battery to absorb the peaks.”
The 5,000 W Peak Problem:
When heavy loads turn on (microwave, well pump, refrigerator compressor), they pull 5,000 W. The battery must instantly provide the 4,200 W deficit (5,000 W peak minus the 800 W E-Cat output).
Rapid Depletion: A “small” battery (e.g., 2 to 5 kWh) will be completely drained in a few hours of normal evening use. Once the battery hits 0% State of Charge (SoC), the entire home system will experience a voltage collapse and blackout.
________________________________________
Thermal and Mechanical Degradation
Running a system at its absolute limits guarantees premature hardware failure.
Inverter Stress:
An 800 W plug-and-play inverter is designed to run continuously at a low, stable output. Forcing it to constantly interface with a 5,000 W peak battery workflow will cause rapid thermal cycling and fry the power electronics.
Battery Degradation:
To bridge a 5,000 W peak from a small battery requires a massive C-rate (the rate at which a battery is discharged relative to its maximum capacity). High C-rates cause intense internal heat, destroying the battery’s lifespan within 1–2 years.
________________________________________
The Long-Term Verdict
This setup only works if the home behaves like a highly restricted off-grid cabin—meaning no major appliances, no electric cooking, and no compressor-based heating/cooling.
In a standard modern home, this system will fail within days due to energy starvation, and the physical hardware will degrade rapidly under the thermal stress of managing 5,000 W peaks.
When the E-Cats finally go on sale and deliveries start, will you ship pre-built assemblies, or will the customer be able to make his own assemblies from 100 W units?
As the NGU replaces the solar enterprise space, there will be no market for the independent Smart hybrid inverter to sell into. The only means that the inverter market will have to sell their systems will be as an OEM for the NGU. Through negotiations, the partner can minimize the cost of OEM participation in the Grid market because the partner will have established a monopoly within the grid retail home power marketplace.
This analysis of my grid power market capture highlights a critical strategic shift in the distributed energy retail market. As the NGU model consolidates control over the residential grid, hardware manufacturers face a stark transition from direct-to-consumer or distributor-led sales to a strict OEM model.
Strategic Dynamics of the NGU Shift
Monopsony Power:
By establishing a monopoly over the grid retail home power marketplace, the partner simultaneously creates a monopsony (a market with only one buyer) for the hardware that connects to it. Inverter manufacturers lose their independent market and must accept the partner’s terms to survive.
Cost Minimization:
The partner can leverage this gatekeeper status during negotiations to drive down OEM hardware margins. Since manufacturers have no alternative ecosystem to sell into, the partner can dictate technical specifications, pricing, and data-sharing protocols.
Value Capture:
Value in this ecosystem shifts entirely from physical hardware manufacturing to the software, orchestration platform, and retail relationship controlled by the partner. The smart inverter is effectively commoditized into an execution component of the NGU’s broader virtual power plant (VPP).
Competing alternative grid power systems are locked out of the market through structural, technical, and regulatory barriers orchestrated by the dominant Next-Generation Utility (NGU). By controlling the retail marketplace and the physical orchestration of the home, the NGU creates an exclusive ecosystem that starves competitors of market access.
________________________________________
Eliminating Market Access Through Retail Monopolization
Exclusive Bundles:
The NGU ties retail power contracts to proprietary or approved OEM hardware packages.
Consumer Lock-in:
Homeowners cannot switch to independent power systems without facing severe financial penalties or losing access to optimized grid-balancing tariffs.
Closed Marketplace: The NGU bans unapproved third-party energy apps, storage solutions, or generation hardware from its retail consumer catalog.
________________________________________
Erecting Technical and Interconnection Barriers
Proprietary Protocols: The NGU mandates closed API standards and communication protocols for grid interaction.
Forced Incompatibility: Independent smart systems are technically blocked from communicating with the NGU orchestration software.
Arbitrary Compliance: The NGU uses its market dominance to set hyper-specific technical benchmarks that only its chosen OEMs can meet or afford to certify.
________________________________________
Weaponizing Grid Data and Orchestration Control
Data Asymmetry: The NGU controls the real-time consumption and pricing telemetry, preventing outside systems from optimizing power dispatch.
VPP Exclusion: Alternative systems are barred from participating in Virtual Power Plant (VPP) monetization programs.
Value Starvation: Without access to grid-balancing revenues, independent systems become economically non-viable for consumers compared to heavily subsidized NGU-OEM hardware.
@2026-08-01 08:08 Andrea Rossi
@2026-08-01 05:20 Svein
The global presentation can state that the smart hybrid inverter OEM plan will be matched to the power level and country that the NGU is sold into. This insures that all grid interface requirements are accepted worldwide for NGU systems operations in every country that abides by grid interface and operations guidelines.
The optimum situation for NGU manufacture is to pair the optimum OEM smart inverter with the level of NGU power production that the customer requires. The NGU power level (1 kW, 2kW. … 10kW) is matched to the optimum smart OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer.
OEM is the company that builds the underlying hardware sub-components (such as contracting an external power electronics firm to build the raw internal circuit boards for the NGU core).
The inverter brand match will provide the customer the optimum price for the NGU by avoiding giving the customer too much unusable inverter capability that is not appropriate for the power level of the NGU that he would be using in his home system.
For example a 1kW NGU system will be less expensive on a cost per watt basis than a 10kW system would be.
@2026-08-01 09:52 Steven Nicholes Karels
@2026-08-01 12:55 Andrea Rossi
Developing a preparatory smart inverter from scratch is a big job. The primary advantage of using an established, commercially available smart inverter rather than developing a proprietary, custom inversion circuit is the immediate acquisition of worldwide regulatory compliance and grid interconnection authorization.
By standardizing your NGU product line around certified, existing smart inverters (such as those from Sol-Ark, SMA, Fronius, or Schneider Electric), you bypass a multi-year, multi-million dollar international testing bottleneck. This approach allows your product line to launch globally on day one, fully trusted by utility companies and electrical inspectors.
________________________________________
Key Strategic and Regulatory Advantages
Zero-Cost Access to Pre-Certified Hardware
Securing grid interconnection certification requires putting equipment through rigorous, destructive testing in accredited laboratories (such as TUV, Intertek, or UL). This testing routinely costs upwards of $250,000 per market region and can take 12 to 18 months. Utilizing an existing smart inverter inherits these certifications out-of-the-box at zero additional expense to the factory.
Native Multi-Regional Grid Adaptation
A truly universal product line must handle vastly different grid structures across the globe:
North America: 120V/240V Split-Phase at 60 Hz.
Europe and Asia: 230V Single-Phase or 400V Three-Phase at 50 Hz.
Japan: 100V/200V at 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Premium existing smart inverters feature global firmware libraries. With a simple software toggle during commissioning, the internal microprocessor automatically recalibrates its Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), voltage thresholds, and zero-crossing detection to seamlessly match the local country’s utility parameters without modifying the NGU’s internal hardware.
Immediate Virtual Power Plant (VPP) Acceptance
Utility companies will not allow an unverified communication interface to interact with their network infrastructure. Established smart inverters come pre-loaded with secure, encrypted communication stacks that grid operators already trust and actively mandate for dynamic power curtailment and frequency stabilization.
To achieve universal market entry, an inverter must strictly comply with a distinct matrix of international standards. Utilizing an existing smart inverter guarantees adherence to the following regulatory framework:
North American Standards (USA & Canada)
UL 1741 (SA/SB Code): The mandatory safety standard for inverters, charge controllers, and interconnection system equipment. The SB amendment specifically mandates advanced “smart grid” functions like Volt-VAR and Volt-Watt regulation.
IEEE 1547 (2018): The standard for interconnecting distributed energy resources with associated electric power systems interfaces. It dictates anti-islanding parameters, requiring the system to disconnect within milliseconds during a grid blackout.
NFPA 70 / National Electrical Code (NEC): Governs strict building safety requirements, including mandatory Rapid DC Disconnect capabilities to protect emergency first responders.
European & International Standards (EU, UK, & APAC)
IEC 62109-1 / -2: The international standard governing the safety of power converters used in photovoltaic power systems.
EN 50549-1 / -2: The European standard defining requirements for generating plants intended to be connected in parallel with a distribution network, fully governing VPP grid interaction.
G98 / G99 (United Kingdom): The specific regulatory framework for connecting generation equipment to the UK electricity distribution networks.
CE Compliance: The mandatory conformity marking required for goods sold within the European Economic Area, verifying strict electromagnetic interference (EMI) insulation.
________________________________________
The NGU factory build process would comply with the smart inverters initialization processes that customize the smart inverter to the grid environment that the smart inverter would be operating in.
By pairing the NGU with an inverter that already boasts these stamps of approval, you transform the product from an experimental, uncertifiable electrical liability into an universally recognized, plug-and-play energy appliance.
An Ecat with an inverter with 800 W output power and a small battery to absorb the peaks is enough to power my house winter and summer.
An 800 W homologated inverter is also plug & play in the socket.
A smart battery with 800 W in and e.g. 5000 W out during peaks does require an adjustment in the breaker panel and will have to be approved.
Will there also be an 800 W system on the market along with larger ones?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Obviously, as I wrote many times here, it is forbidden to insert electricity from the Eat to the grid without all the necessary authorizations and instrumentation, as it happens also with the solar plants.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
“Is it illegal to send generated electrical power to the Grid?”
Yes, sending unapproved generator power into the electrical grid (called backfeeding) is illegal and violates the National Electrical Code (NEC) as well as local utility regulations.
The Dangers of Backfeeding:
Lineman electrocution: Power flows backward through your home panel into local utility wires, risking the lives of workers repairing downed lines.
Fire and equipment damage:
Overloading house wiring and mismatched electrical loads create severe fire hazards and can ruin your appliances.
Code violations: Bypassing electrical permits and safety rules leads to heavy fines or legal liability.
How to Do It Legally:
Transfer switches: Install a manual or automatic transfer switch to completely isolate your home from the utility grid before turning on your backup generator.
Interlock kits: Use an approved mechanical device on your breaker panel so the main utility line and the generator cannot be on at the same time.
Product Liability: Beside Manufacturing and Design liabilities, you need adequate Warning on your products regarding this dangerous action.
Svein:
1. The Client has to search this issue: we do not supply this service
2, 3, 4. Depends on the specific situations
5. These issues cannot be explained at the global presentation, depending on specific situations and not on global demand
Warm Regards,
A.R.
SSM is not necessary for a grid based NGU system. When installed, the NGU is connected to a 240 VAC power source. It is entirely possible via custom engineering to design an internal power stage that backfeeds a precise startup current to the NGU modules to action startup. To achieve this safely in a retail product, engineers would implement an auxiliary Isolated Low-Current Bi-Directional Power Path running in parallel to the main high-voltage MPPT generation loop.This engineered startup circuit requires three specific architectural layers to function without damaging the system.
The Engineered Startup Architecture
[ EXISTING 240V AC GRID LINE ]
|
v
[ AUXILIARY STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER ]
|
v
[ PROGRAMMABLE DC CURRENT-LIMITING STAGE ]
|
v
[ HIGH-SPEED AUTOMATED ISOLATION RELAY ] —> [ MAIN NGU TERMINALS ]
I thank you for your answer to my 8 questions and refer to your identical answer to my questions 4,5 and 6:
yes, but only with the necessary authorization, collaboration with the grid owners and the help of certified contractors expert of the matter.
1. Which authorities, in the different countries, are responsible for approving and authorizing your presented solutions in this context?
2. Are there specific international or national requirements for the design and function of such inverters that you are now in the process of integrating into Ecat?
3. Are there international or national approvals that mean that local grid owners cannot reject the use of Ecats with the integrated inverter?
4. Who will ensure that any necessary certifications of Ecat with the grid-corresponding functions are provided?
5. Can these matters mentioned here be clarified within the time remaining until the planned global presentation?
Svein:
1- we are a Team
2- yes
3- it is integral part of the Ecat, whose circuitry is confidential
4- yes, but only with the necessary authorization, collaboration with the grid owners and the help of certified contractors expert of the matter
5- same as in 4
6- same as in 4
7- yes
8- this issue is confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
I noticed a very important information in;
@Andrea Rossi July 30, 2026 at 8:32 AM
Gian Luca:
This is what we are doing,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I take this as a positive confirmation of G L’s question:
I’d like to ask you if you’ve ever considered developing your own inverter system (perhaps simpler than the one you did for Ecat) so as to offer the customer something all-inclusive and, above all, “All Closed.”
This leads me to new questions.
1. Is this development being done in collaboration with some of today’s leading manufacturers in the field, or is it based on your own ideas only?
2. Can we expect new patents to be a basis for this development?
3. Will the new inverter be presented at the global presentation?
4. Will the new one maintain the ability to export electricity to the local grid?
5. Will the new inverter be able to maintain the network owner’s control needs over a VPP functionality?
6. Will this inverter ensure that the AC from all 100 W units is adapted to each other and the local grid?
7. Are there a number of clear objectives about the functions of this inverter?
8. Can these be shared with your followers already now?
A 6 kW MGU system will be required to power a heat pump at an estimated cost of $18,000. Consider how many years it will take to pay off that investment. The NGU can produce power 24/7/365, what is the power that the NGU generates used for when the heat pump is not working?
The way that I see things now, if someone interested in installing a NGU system cannot understand my posts, then he does not have the background to be successful in installing a NGU in his home. Svein for example, the current NGU design will not do what Svein wants to do. The way that things stand now, the NGU is not grid compatible.
The basic reason for this functional failure is a lack of a microprocessor in the NGU inverter design. Dealing with complexities of the grid requires the intelligence that a microprocessor can provide. The partner does not have the time to improve the NGU in such a way.
The solution to make the NGU grid capable is to use the smart inverters that currently exist. They all must use microprocessors to function. The NGU just needs to be compatible with what smart inverters do and how they do it.
The design goal of the NGU is to remove its users from having to know anything about how the NGU works, make it like a television. Just hit the start button an that’s all the user needs to know.
Massimo:
It is reasonable to hope that we will make the global presentaton of the Ecat by January 2027, the rest will depend also on what will happen in the market,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Caro Dr Rossi, sto cercando di costruirmi un orizzonte temporale, una time Line. Ci sono troppi ‘se’ ma questo fa parte della vita.
Immaginiamo che a gennaio 2027 verrà fatta la presentazione dell’ecat senza SSM. La priorità sarà data ai grandi impianti da MW. Allo stesso tempo le grandi industrie che producono caldaie e pompe di calore per l’uso domestico e professionale si attiveranno per sostituire, nei loro nuovi prodotti, il ’gas’ per scaldare l’acqua con l’ecat che sia o meno SSM.
1 è questa un’ipotesi ragionevole?
2 è ragionevole che l’offerta di queste nuove caldaie alimentate da ecat verrà proposta entro il 2028?
Dear Mr. Rossi, I’m trying to build a timeline. There are too many “ifs,” but that’s part of life.
Let’s imagine that the ECAT without SSM will be presented in January 2027. Priority will be given to large MW plants. At the same time, large companies that produce boilers and heat pumps for domestic and professional use will work to replace gas-fired water heaters in their new products with ECAT, whether or not it uses SSM.
1. Is this a reasonable assumption?
2. Is it reasonable that these new ECAT-powered boilers will be available by 2028?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1- Yes, suggestions are always welcome and many times useful: our Readers merit always attention to what they write, and I read always all of them, eventually, if necessary, I forward them to the person specifically interested to the issue.
2- The Ecat shuts down
3- We will make all the three versions: DC, AC, DC/AC
Warm Regards,
A.R.
1. It is nice to see how JONP comments play a role in the NGU product development.
2. It is potentially dangerous. What if the switch was inadvertently placed in the wrong position?
3. A better solution might be two separate models: Model 12 for outputting 12VDC; and Model 230 for outputting 230VAC.
Axil
July 30, 2026 at 1:13 AM
@2026-07-29 14:04 Mats Heijkenskjold
I agree with you in some respects but I have not the detailed knowledge of what you write.
I was only so happy from a customer point of view that Andrea just mention 12V DC as an opportunity!
Regards
Dearest A.R.
Reading Axil is truly challenging, but I’d like to congratulate him/her. His/her treatises are always very interesting.
Aside from that, I’d like to ask you if you’ve ever considered developing your own inverter system (perhaps simpler than the one you did for Ecat) so as to offer the customer something all-inclusive and, above all, “All Closed.”
Greetings from Lake Maggiore.
I read that you maybe offering a 12V solution. In view of the HV made by the Ecat will a DC to DC step down converter with isolated input to output be integrated within the Ecat package to output the 12V?
From an industrial engineering and manufacturing perspective, relying on an “E-Cat Double Switch” to toggle down to a raw 12 VDC output feed is a fundamental compromise that fails to support a reliable, full-scale product launch for the retail market
.In high-power consumer electronics, forcing a 12 VDC layout at scale drives up field failure rates, spikes customer service costs, and damages brand trust. Doing it right the first time by standardizing on a high-voltage, multi-string automated assembly is the only viable path to long-term profitability.
The True Cost of Customer Dissatisfaction vs. Automation
A strategy to front-load initial production costs into robotics and automation, rather than reactive customer support, is a proven blueprint used by world-class hardware companies.
[ THE COMPROMISE PATH: MANUAL 12V/AC SWITCH ]
High Field Failures -> Continuous Truck Rolls -> Manual Wiring Errors -> Slashed Profit Margins
[ THE ROBOTIC PATH: INTEGRATED HIGH-VOLTAGE AUTOMATION ]
Upfront Capital Ex -> Robotic Laser-Welded Nodes -> Automated Testing -> ZERO Customer Support Costs
Eliminating the “Truck Roll” and Warranty Bleed
In the retail energy sector, dispatching a certified technician to a customer’s home to troubleshoot a field failure (a “truck roll”) costs an average of $300 to $600 per visit. If an NGU system fails or melts a terminal because an installer used incorrect, thin wiring on a 12V high-current line, your company faces severe warranty claims, negative online reviews, and continuous product returns.
The ROI of Automated Robotic Assembly
By investing in an automated production line utilizing precision robotics, your factory can deploy advanced assembly techniques that are impossible for humans to replicate safely in the field:
Laser-Welded Cell Interconnects:
Robots can execute thousands of automated micro-welds per hour, linking the 100W generating “diodes” into fixed, internal high-voltage vibration resistant strings (like the 30S configurations) with near-zero contact resistance.
Automated Dielectric Testing:
Before any NGU chassis leaves the factory floor, automated machinery can run high-potency isolation tests to guarantee the internal high-voltage lines are fully insulated, eliminating field shock hazards entirely.
Mass Component Discontinuities:
Automation drives down the cost of premium, high-efficiency internal components (like automated pick-and-place machines loading Silicon Carbide transistors) to a fraction of retail component pricing.
Why the Integrated High-Voltage Architecture Wins the Market
Standardizing your product line around a fixed, high-voltage internal matrix (240V to 360V DC) that plugs natively into automated internal or external smart inverters changes the economic metrics entirely:
Retail “Appliance” Status:
By turning the NGU into a sealed, certified AC appliance (or a structured dual-feed high-voltage DC asset), it enters the same consumer category as a backup generator or a heat pump. It becomes a predictable item that an average electrical contractor can install in under two hours.
Flawless Virtual Power Plant (VPP) Enrollment:
Utilities and grid aggregators will not accept unmonitored, manual-switched 12V devices onto their networks. Standardizing a digital, automated smart interface allows your entire retail fleet to immediately enroll in lucrative VPP programs, giving your customers automated 1:1 net metering payback from day one.
The “Apple/Tesla” Margin Protection:
While the initial automated tooling setup requires upfront capital, it removes the human labor bottleneck from your scaling curve. As your factory output scales from thousands to millions of units, your per-unit manufacturing cost plummets, while your retail price holds steady due to the premium, trouble-free customer experience.
Standardized Strategic Recommendation
Your insistence on bypassing short-sighted customer modifications in favor of an automated, engineering-first launch protects your intellectual property and ensures long-term operational success. The product line should firmly commit to its structured 1 kW to 10 kW matrix utilizing automated internal staging, treating high-voltage DC as the core transmission architecture and leaving legacy 12 VDC components completely out of the retail catalog.
There is a limitation on NGU regarding smart inverter connectivity. For solar users like Svein, full power connectivity requires multiple Mppt outputs.
When integrating a 6 kW high-voltage DC NGU into an existing, external Victron energy management system, you must address a critical hardware limitation: Victron does not manufacture a single-input 360V MPPT solar charge controller that can process 6 kW of power on a single terminal.
If you ship the 6 kW NGU as a single 360 VDC output wire feed, you will inadvertently create a major hardware mismatch for the installer. Understanding how Victron’s high-voltage MPPT architecture handles capacity allows your factory to avoid this issue entirely.
________________________________________
The Victron MPPT Hardware Limitation
The primary high-voltage charge controller in the Victron ecosystem is the SmartSolar MPPT RS 450V. While this unit has a maximum input rating of 450 VDC (making your 360 VDC string voltage a perfect match), its internal computer brains are limited by a strict per-tracker current and wattage cap:
The 4 kW Per-Tracker Limit:
Each individual MPPT tracker inside the Victron RS unit is electronically limited to processing a maximum of 4,000 Watts (4 kW).
The Single-Feed Failure:
If the user attempts to plug your single, combined 6 kW (360 VDC @ 16.66A) line into one MPPT tracker terminal, the Victron unit will aggressively clip the power. It will throw away 2,000 Watts of your NGU generation as unused energy, capping the system at 4 kW.
________________________________________
The Optimum Factory Fix: The Dual-Output 360V Terminal Block
To make your 6 kW NGU 100% plug-and-play with the user’s existing Victron solar room, the factory should not combine the internal strings into one output plug. Instead, exploit the fact that the Victron MPPT RS 450/100 features two completely independent tracker inputs (Tracker 1 and Tracker 2) built into the exact same box.
Your factory configuration should split the 6 kW system into two completely separate, symmetrical 3 kW output circuits leaving the NGU cabinet as if the connection were internal to the NGU:
Why the Dual-Output 360V Strategy works perfectly:
Zero Power Clipping:
By delivering two independent 3 kW lines, each line sits safely under Victron’s 4 kW per-tracker threshold. The external system will harvest the full 6,000 Watts continuously without throwing away a single watt.
Maintains the 360V Electrical Sweet Spot:
Both tracking terminals receive exactly 360 VDC, keeping the Victron internal switching transistors operating at their absolute highest certified efficiency rating (96%+).
Flawless Virtual Power Plant (VPP) Routing:
The Victron MPPT RS will convert both 3 kW lines down to a shared 48V battery bus. From there, the user’s existing Victron MultiPlus-II or Quattro inverters will grab that combined 6 kW pool, sync it with the local utility network, and smoothly backfeed it to cover home loads or collect maximum 1:1 VPP payback credits.
________________________________________
Summary Checklist for the 6 kW Product Specification
By standardizing a Dual-Output 360V Terminal Block on the NGU 6 kW NGU retail internal inverter models, you completely solve the external Victron tracker bottleneck. The installer simply runs two standard, thin solar cables from your unit straight into the user’s existing Victron charge controller, providing an instant, high-efficiency microgrid upgrade.
The partners robot manufacturing line should be totally automated for retail products that are driven by customer supplied parameter options such as external or internal inverter requests. If external, the inverter type, and NGU power level, the robot will instal the appropriate Mppt terminal block and setup the proper serial/parallel diodes strings.
Internal options for the internal inverter option is limited to power level.
Dr Rossi,
Are you working with the SSM prototype also today ?
If yes, how is it doing ?
Cheers
Andrew
Axil:
Thank you for your today’s insights and suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I thought about distributed peer to peer power sharing in a previous post but not the detailed implementation.
This post goes into more depth by describing highly strategic model for grid modernization. By funding and deploying mass-manufactured, all-in-one NGU inverters directly at the customer endpoint, the Utility Operator entirely bypasses the traditional multi-year regulatory bottlenecks of central power plant siting.
Solving the primary technical hurdle—distributed control across millions of autonomous NGU units—requires moving away from centralized cloud servers, which suffer from fatal latency issues and single-point-of-failure vulnerabilities.
Instead, the architecture must utilize a hardware-led, decentralized orchestration framework.
Edge-Computing Mesh Networks (Local Synchronization)
To match 50/60 Hz frequency and voltage stability across millions of endpoints in real time, the units cannot wait for instructions from a central utility cloud.
The Architecture:
Every installed NGU master inverter must feature a high-speed local edge-computing chip.
Peer-to-Peer Communication:
Neighboring NGU units form localized mesh networks. They communicate directly with each other via secure, low-latency protocols (such as fiber-optic grid lines or cellular 5G network slices).
The Benefit:
If a localized storm drops grid voltage on a specific street corner, the neighboring cluster of 500 NGUs detects the anomaly instantly. They collectively adjust their four-quadrant inverters within milliseconds to stabilize that specific transformer node, without needing to contact a master utility mainframe.
Droop Control Architecture (Autonomous Self-Regulation)
To guarantee system stability if communication links are entirely severed during a major disaster, the millions of NGU units must rely on Frequency and Voltage Droop Control. This is an analog mathematical law programmed directly into each inverter’s firmware.
Frequency Droop:
If total grid load increases, the system frequency naturally begins to drop below 60.00 Hz. Without needing a software command, every individual inverter automatically senses this sub-cycle frequency shift and instantly injects more real power (Watts) proportional to the drop.
Voltage Droop:
If local grid voltage rises too high, the internal inverters immediately shift their phase angles to absorb reactive power (VARs), dragging the local grid voltage back down into safe operating thresholds.
The Benefit:
Millions of units behave like a single, massive synchronous machine (like a traditional nuclear or hydro turbine). Control is entirely decentralized; the physics of the grid itself acts as the command signal.
Hierarchical Orchestration (The Multi-Layer Loop)
To balance the macro-grid while preserving the hardware autonomy discussed in previous steps, the control loop is divided into three strict layers:
[Level 1: Macro-Grid Utility Cloud] —> Sets High-Level Economic & Dispatch Targets (Hourly)
v
[Level 2: Edge Mesh Clusters] ———> Balances Regional Substation Voltage & Demand (Minutes)
v
[Level 3: Individual Inverter (Master)] -> Enforces Real-Time Waveform & MPPT Impedance (Milliseconds)
^
[NGU Slave Generator]
Primary Control (Milliseconds):
Handled entirely at the individual home level. The internal master inverter maintains strict control over its local battery, home loads, and the NGU slave generator via the MPPT impedance loop.
Secondary Control (Seconds to Minutes):
Managed by the local neighborhood mesh network to keep the neighborhood substation in balance.
Tertiary Control (Hourly):
The Utility Operator’s central system simply broadcasts high-level economic targets (e.g., “Region 4 needs to reduce total draw by 10% over the next hour”). The local edge clusters receive this request and autonomously decide which home batteries to discharge or which NGU generators to throttle up to meet the utility’s target.
The Deployment Verdict
The utility-funded model turns the traditional power grid completely upside down. By combining Droop Control for instant physical stability with Edge Mesh Networks for regional coordination, millions of independent NGU devices can seamlessly synchronize. The utility achieves massive, decentralized scale, while the Inverter OEM retains absolute control over the localized hardware stack.
To explore the operational and security safeguards of this massive network, let me know if we should evaluate:
The cybersecurity defense frameworks (such as Zero-Trust architectures) required to prevent a hacker from disrupting millions of synchronized inverters.
How the utility handles financial accounting and asset depreciation when capital equipment sits entirely on customer property.
The firmware protocols needed to prevent harmonic resonance oscillations when millions of high-speed inverters try to correct the same local grid fault simultaneously.
It is entirely possible to implement an integral “do it all” inverter with existing OEM technology. Modern power electronics manufacturers already build “All-in-One” (AIO) or multimode hybrid inverters that consolidate on-grid, off-grid, and battery management into a single physical unit.To turn the NGU into a fully integrated, “do-it-all” autonomous worldwide device using current Tier-1 OEM manufacturing, the internal inverter architecture must leverage three existing engineering pillars
Multi-Mode Split-Phase Topology
Existing OEMs—such as Tesla with the Powerwall 3 or Enphase with the IQ8 series—utilize software-defined, split-phase power conversion. This allows a single internal engine to seamlessly transition between modes:
Interactive Mode:
Syncs with the grid to import power (hybrid function).
Island Mode:
Drops a physical Microgrid Interconnect Device (MID) to form an independent local grid when the external grid fails.
High-Density Integrated MPPT Stages
The “do-it-all” NGU relies on treating the generation core as an emulated solar array. Premium OEMs already mass-produce hybrid inverters featuring massive multi-channel DC input stages. For example, Tesla’s Powerwall 3 unit integrates up to 6 independent MPPT paths into a single chassis. The NGU partner can easily utilize this existing hardware layout to handle the scalable, modular 1-to-4 path DC impedance-throttling loop discussed in a recent earlier post.
Integrated Dynamic Power Buses
Instead of using external wires to connect separate charge controllers, transfer switches, and battery chargers, existing AIO OEMs utilize an internal high-voltage DC bus.Power from the NGU generation core enters through the MPPTs.
It directly feeds the internal DC bus.
From that central bus, the inverter simultaneously dictates how much power is diverted to charge the external battery and how much is inverted to AC for household consumption or zero-export grid synchronization.
The Implementation Verdict
We do not need to invent new power electronics. An NGU design system engineer can approach established OEMs (like Delta, Solis, or Victron) for standard custom OEM manufacturing. By flashing the OEM’s existing AIO hybrid hardware with a proprietary firmware profile—one that forces its MPPTs to manipulate line impedance according to the previously described master/slave logic—the NGU becomes a commercially viable, all-in-one appliance using off-the-shelf component architecture conformant with all worldwide certifications.
Evaluating the NGU framework as a total worldwide energy supplier requires transitioning from local residential hardware to macro-infrastructure scale. In this model, the NGU replaces all global oil, gas, coal, and traditional power sectors, establishing a unified grid-orchestrated monopoly.To determine the cost of this transition, the deployment must scale to meet total global energy demand while accounting for regional consumer endpoints.
Scaling the Global Energy Requirement
Global primary energy consumption sits at approximately 620 Exajoules (EJ) per year, which translates to roughly 172,200 Terawatt-hours (TWh) of annual energy demand.
Because the NGU model relies on a highly efficient Master Inverter-led distribution architecture, it converts raw fuel types into structured electrical transmission. Assuming standard thermodynamic and distribution efficiencies, the NGU must deploy roughly 30 Terawatts (TW) of continuous worldwide generating capacity by 2050 to electrify all global transport, heating, and industrial loads.
The total capital requirement of ~$71.4 Trillion represents roughly 65% to 70% of current annual global GDP. While massive, this capital layout is spread across a 20-to-30-year deployment timeline, averaging roughly $2.4 to $3.5 Trillion per year in global infrastructure spending.
Displacing Existing Energy Spend:
The global economy currently spends between $5.5 Trillion and $7.7 Trillion annually on oil, gas, coal, and traditional electricity utility bills. Because the NGU eliminates ongoing fossil fuel logistics and commodity trading volatility via independent master/slave hardware clusters, the initial $71 Trillion capital cost pays itself back within 10 to 12 years of global operation.
Monopsony Pricing Compression:
Once the NGU partner commands the absolute global retail marketplace, its massive scale allows it to artificially squeeze the manufacturing margins of independent battery and inverter OEMs. The NGU can drive down hardware production costs below the baseline estimates above, capturing the remaining trillions in value entirely within its software monetization layer.
The Long-Term Economic Verdict
As a global energy supplier, the NGU transitions from an equipment coordinator into a sovereign-scale financial entity. The ultimate cost is not just measured in the trillions of dollars needed for power electronics, but in the complete consolidation of global energy wealth, moving it away from nation-state oil fields and into a singular, proprietary software orchestration platform.
In a small 1 kW system without a battery, only one MPPT path is required?
Without a battery buffer, the architectural and electrical dynamics of this single-path system shift significantly:
Direct Real-Time Tracking
A single standard residential MPPT input easily handles the current (~3A at 350V DC) of a 1 kW NGU generator. Because there is no battery to absorb energy spikes or fill supply deficits, the master inverter’s single MPPT tracker must continuously sweep and adjust its input impedance to match household loads in real time.
The Vulnerability to Sudden Load Spikes
If a household appliance drawing 2,000 W turns on, a standalone 1 kW system cannot bridge the 1,000 W deficit.
For A Grid-Tied Configuration:
The master inverter will instantaneously pull the remaining 1,000 W from the main utility grid.
Off-Grid Configuration:
Without a battery buffer or grid connection to supply the missing power, the inverter will experience an immediate under-voltage fault and the system will black out.
Rapid Thermal Stepping on the NGU
In larger systems, a battery smooths out demand fluctuations. In a battery-less 1 kW system, the single MPPT path will force the NGU to experience immediate, harsh step-changes in electrical load (e.g., dropping from 900 W to 50 W instantly when an appliance turns off). The NGU’s internal generation core must be highly resilient to handle these sudden thermal and electrical shocks.
In a small 1 kW system, with battery then only one MPPT is required?
Yes, in a small 1 kW system with a battery, only one MPPT path is still required.
However, adding a battery completely changes the electrical dynamics, solving the stability issues of the battery-less version by acting as a shock absorber for the system.
The Battery Eliminates Dynamic Stress
In this setup, the single MPPT path no longer has to chase fast-moving household load spikes in real time.
Stable NGU Operation:
The master inverter can command the NGU (via impedance matching) to run at a perfectly flat, continuous 1 kW output to charge the battery.
Peak Shaving:
If a 3,000 W appliance turns on, the single MPPT continues pulling its steady 1 kW from the NGU, while the battery instantly supplies the remaining 2,000 W.
Thermal Relief for the NGU Core
Because the battery buffers all sudden consumption changes, the inverter avoids making rapid, violent sweeps along the NGU’s emulated current-voltage (I-V) curve. The NGU experiences a highly stable thermal and electrical environment, drastically extending its operational lifespan.
Hardware Simplicity and Cost
A single MPPT channel easily manages the 1 kW power transfer (typically around 3 Amps at 350V DC). Splitting a small 1 kW load into multiple MPPT paths would introduce unnecessary cost, hardware complexity, and internal electronic switching losses, reducing overall efficiency.
In a small 1 kW grid connected system, with battery then the deficit power come from the grid?
Yes, in a small 1 kW grid-connected system with a battery, any deficit power comes automatically from the utility grid.
In this configuration, your system has three distinct layers of defense to meet household demand before pulling from the grid.
The Power Priority Hierarchy
When a power demand occurs, the smart master inverter balances the loads using a strict sequence:
First Priority (NGU Core):
The inverter pulls up to its maximum 1 kW limit from the NGU via the single MPPT path.
Second Priority (The Battery):
If household demand exceeds 1 kW, the inverter draws the remaining power from the solar battery storage.
Final Priority (The Grid Deficit):
If the battery is depleted, or if the household load exceeds the combined output limit of the NGU and the battery inverter stage (e.g., during a massive 6 kW peak surge), the smart inverter seamlessly draws the remaining deficit from the grid.
Key Engineering Advantages
Zero Risk of Blackouts:
The grid acts as an infinite buffer. Unlike an off-grid system, sudden load spikes will never trigger an under-voltage fault or system collapse.
Optimized Battery Sizing:
Because the grid handles the absolute highest peaks, you do not need to buy a massive, expensive battery to cover rare surge events. The battery can be sized strictly for evening buffer capacity.
Controlled NGU Ramp Rates:
The NGU can continue running at a highly efficient, steady-state output, entirely insulated from household consumption shocks.
Axil:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
We have not yet addressed the impact of the NGU interfacing with an external solar battery. This function imposes a system’s architectural mandate on the NGU /internal inverter master/slave topology as follows:
Because the internal inverter is intelligent, it becomes the master of the inverter/NGU combined system. The NGU is the slave whose only responsibility is to supply VDC power to the inverter. This power interface may involve multiple MPPT connections.
The inverter-to-NGU interface can be fully satisfied via an MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) DC connection. This connection is a purely hardware-driven master/slave control loop. In this specific topology, the internal inverter controls the external NGU power generation level without requiring a digital software interface or communication protocols (such as CAN bus or Modbus).
Instead of exchanging digital data packets, the inverter forces the NGU to modulate its power output by manipulating the electrical impedance on the DC line.
The Mechanics of MPPT Emulation
A standard solar inverter features an MPPT channel designed to sweep a solar array’s voltage-current curve to find the maximum output. To interface an adjustable generator like an NGU to this port, the NGU must feature an Emulated IV (Current-Voltage) Curve Profile:
Impedance Matching:
The inverters’ MPPT algorithm continuously shifts its internal input resistance to test the NGU’s power limits.
Dynamic Throttling:
When the house requires maximum power, the inverter shifts to the NGU’s “peak power point.”
Load Reduction:
If household loads drop or the battery fills up, the inverter intentionally moves “off-peak” along the emulated curve. The NGU reads this voltage shift instantly and automatically throttles back its generation to match the exact wattage requested by the inverter.
Operational Control Loop
[Inverter MPPT Input] <- Adjusts Resistance / Reads Voltage [NGU Generation Core] (Requests X Watts – Varies DC Output)
Engineering Advantages of the MPPT Interface
Absolute Hardware Isolation:
The NGU and the internal inverter are completely isolated from a software perspective. The NGU cannot inject firmware vulnerabilities, corrupt data, or push malicious commands into the inverter's operating system.
Universal Compatibility:
The NGU becomes a universal plug-and-play generation source. It can be wired into any off-the-shelf hybrid or string inverter equipped with a standard solar MPPT input. It bypasses the need for custom manufacturer-specific software development kits (SDKs).
Instantaneous Response Time:
Because the control loop is governed by analog electrical dynamics (voltage and current fluctuations) rather than digital processing and network transit, the response time is practically immediate. The NGU adapts to changing household loads within microseconds.
Technical Constraints of This Method
Loss of Multi-Quadrant Grid Support:
A standard DC MPPT port can only receive real power (Watts). It cannot communicate instructions for reactive power (VAR) management. If the NGU needs to actively clean up local AC grid voltage distortions or support macro-grid power factors, it cannot receive those specific commands through a DC MPPT connection.
Thermal Stress Profile:
Solar panels naturally ramp up and down slowly as clouds pass. An NGU mimicking an PV curve must be engineered to handle rapid electrical steps as the inverter adjusts its load tracking under heavy household surges.
The Design Verdict
Using an MPPT channel as the interface is a highly elegant way for the smart internal Inverter OEM to secure dominance over the NGU. The NGU is reduced to a "smart solar panel simulator" that scales its generation entirely based on how hard the inverter pulls from the line, protecting the homeowner's autonomy and hardware security.
Chiara:
I would define my theoretical research as “Phenomenological”, being sustained and evolved on the base of series of try-and-error experimental activities, making always epokè, suspending any predetermined knowledge.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Axil
I have an average consumption for my country of 3700 kWh and my highest day peak in last winter was 19 kWh, which includes an electric heater of 1000W in my small desk.
The heating of my house is done on gas and wood. An expansion to a few kW Ecat for a heat pump is possible with time.
High peaks for cooking, washing, drying can be avoided by planning.
Best regards
Dr Rossi:
How would you define your theoretical hypothesis published in your paper “Ecat SK and Long Range Particle Interactions” ?
Chiara Poggi
Frank Acland:
We will ship pre-built assemblies,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@ 2026-08-01 15:02 JJ
My opinion about JJs standalone system that is not connected to the grid, based on strict electrical engineering principles: This standalone system will not work long-term as described. A severe mismatch exists between the system’s generation capacity (800 W) and the home’s peak power demands (5,000 W).
For a standalone system to survive long-term, it must obey the laws of physics regarding energy balance and hardware degradation.
________________________________________
The Energy Deficit Trap (Winter vs. Summer)
An 800 W constant power source (like an NGU) generates a fixed 19.2 kWh of energy per 24-hour day (0.8 kW × 24 hours).
The Reality of an “Average” Home:
An average standalone home consumes 25 to 30 kWh per day. During summer (HVAC cycling) or winter (heating/heat pumps), daily consumption easily spikes to 40+ kWh.
The Math:
If JJ’s house consumes 30 kWh but the system only generates 19.2 kWh, the system runs a daily 10.8 kWh deficit.
________________________________________
Battery Depletion and System Blackouts
The user JJ specifies a “small battery to absorb the peaks.”
The 5,000 W Peak Problem:
When heavy loads turn on (microwave, well pump, refrigerator compressor), they pull 5,000 W. The battery must instantly provide the 4,200 W deficit (5,000 W peak minus the 800 W E-Cat output).
Rapid Depletion: A “small” battery (e.g., 2 to 5 kWh) will be completely drained in a few hours of normal evening use. Once the battery hits 0% State of Charge (SoC), the entire home system will experience a voltage collapse and blackout.
________________________________________
Thermal and Mechanical Degradation
Running a system at its absolute limits guarantees premature hardware failure.
Inverter Stress:
An 800 W plug-and-play inverter is designed to run continuously at a low, stable output. Forcing it to constantly interface with a 5,000 W peak battery workflow will cause rapid thermal cycling and fry the power electronics.
Battery Degradation:
To bridge a 5,000 W peak from a small battery requires a massive C-rate (the rate at which a battery is discharged relative to its maximum capacity). High C-rates cause intense internal heat, destroying the battery’s lifespan within 1–2 years.
________________________________________
The Long-Term Verdict
This setup only works if the home behaves like a highly restricted off-grid cabin—meaning no major appliances, no electric cooking, and no compressor-based heating/cooling.
In a standard modern home, this system will fail within days due to energy starvation, and the physical hardware will degrade rapidly under the thermal stress of managing 5,000 W peaks.
Dear Andrea,
When the E-Cats finally go on sale and deliveries start, will you ship pre-built assemblies, or will the customer be able to make his own assemblies from 100 W units?
Best wishes,
Frank Acland
JJ:
With 100 W modules is possible to make assemblies of any power,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your insights and suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
As the NGU replaces the solar enterprise space, there will be no market for the independent Smart hybrid inverter to sell into. The only means that the inverter market will have to sell their systems will be as an OEM for the NGU. Through negotiations, the partner can minimize the cost of OEM participation in the Grid market because the partner will have established a monopoly within the grid retail home power marketplace.
This analysis of my grid power market capture highlights a critical strategic shift in the distributed energy retail market. As the NGU model consolidates control over the residential grid, hardware manufacturers face a stark transition from direct-to-consumer or distributor-led sales to a strict OEM model.
Strategic Dynamics of the NGU Shift
Monopsony Power:
By establishing a monopoly over the grid retail home power marketplace, the partner simultaneously creates a monopsony (a market with only one buyer) for the hardware that connects to it. Inverter manufacturers lose their independent market and must accept the partner’s terms to survive.
Cost Minimization:
The partner can leverage this gatekeeper status during negotiations to drive down OEM hardware margins. Since manufacturers have no alternative ecosystem to sell into, the partner can dictate technical specifications, pricing, and data-sharing protocols.
Value Capture:
Value in this ecosystem shifts entirely from physical hardware manufacturing to the software, orchestration platform, and retail relationship controlled by the partner. The smart inverter is effectively commoditized into an execution component of the NGU’s broader virtual power plant (VPP).
Competing alternative grid power systems are locked out of the market through structural, technical, and regulatory barriers orchestrated by the dominant Next-Generation Utility (NGU). By controlling the retail marketplace and the physical orchestration of the home, the NGU creates an exclusive ecosystem that starves competitors of market access.
________________________________________
Eliminating Market Access Through Retail Monopolization
Exclusive Bundles:
The NGU ties retail power contracts to proprietary or approved OEM hardware packages.
Consumer Lock-in:
Homeowners cannot switch to independent power systems without facing severe financial penalties or losing access to optimized grid-balancing tariffs.
Closed Marketplace: The NGU bans unapproved third-party energy apps, storage solutions, or generation hardware from its retail consumer catalog.
________________________________________
Erecting Technical and Interconnection Barriers
Proprietary Protocols: The NGU mandates closed API standards and communication protocols for grid interaction.
Forced Incompatibility: Independent smart systems are technically blocked from communicating with the NGU orchestration software.
Arbitrary Compliance: The NGU uses its market dominance to set hyper-specific technical benchmarks that only its chosen OEMs can meet or afford to certify.
________________________________________
Weaponizing Grid Data and Orchestration Control
Data Asymmetry: The NGU controls the real-time consumption and pricing telemetry, preventing outside systems from optimizing power dispatch.
VPP Exclusion: Alternative systems are barred from participating in Virtual Power Plant (VPP) monetization programs.
Value Starvation: Without access to grid-balancing revenues, independent systems become economically non-viable for consumers compared to heavily subsidized NGU-OEM hardware.
@2026-08-01 08:08 Andrea Rossi
@2026-08-01 05:20 Svein
The global presentation can state that the smart hybrid inverter OEM plan will be matched to the power level and country that the NGU is sold into. This insures that all grid interface requirements are accepted worldwide for NGU systems operations in every country that abides by grid interface and operations guidelines.
The optimum situation for NGU manufacture is to pair the optimum OEM smart inverter with the level of NGU power production that the customer requires. The NGU power level (1 kW, 2kW. … 10kW) is matched to the optimum smart OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer.
OEM is the company that builds the underlying hardware sub-components (such as contracting an external power electronics firm to build the raw internal circuit boards for the NGU core).
The inverter brand match will provide the customer the optimum price for the NGU by avoiding giving the customer too much unusable inverter capability that is not appropriate for the power level of the NGU that he would be using in his home system.
For example a 1kW NGU system will be less expensive on a cost per watt basis than a 10kW system would be.
@2026-08-01 09:52 Steven Nicholes Karels
@2026-08-01 12:55 Andrea Rossi
Developing a preparatory smart inverter from scratch is a big job. The primary advantage of using an established, commercially available smart inverter rather than developing a proprietary, custom inversion circuit is the immediate acquisition of worldwide regulatory compliance and grid interconnection authorization.
By standardizing your NGU product line around certified, existing smart inverters (such as those from Sol-Ark, SMA, Fronius, or Schneider Electric), you bypass a multi-year, multi-million dollar international testing bottleneck. This approach allows your product line to launch globally on day one, fully trusted by utility companies and electrical inspectors.
________________________________________
Key Strategic and Regulatory Advantages
Zero-Cost Access to Pre-Certified Hardware
Securing grid interconnection certification requires putting equipment through rigorous, destructive testing in accredited laboratories (such as TUV, Intertek, or UL). This testing routinely costs upwards of $250,000 per market region and can take 12 to 18 months. Utilizing an existing smart inverter inherits these certifications out-of-the-box at zero additional expense to the factory.
Native Multi-Regional Grid Adaptation
A truly universal product line must handle vastly different grid structures across the globe:
North America: 120V/240V Split-Phase at 60 Hz.
Europe and Asia: 230V Single-Phase or 400V Three-Phase at 50 Hz.
Japan: 100V/200V at 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Premium existing smart inverters feature global firmware libraries. With a simple software toggle during commissioning, the internal microprocessor automatically recalibrates its Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), voltage thresholds, and zero-crossing detection to seamlessly match the local country’s utility parameters without modifying the NGU’s internal hardware.
Immediate Virtual Power Plant (VPP) Acceptance
Utility companies will not allow an unverified communication interface to interact with their network infrastructure. Established smart inverters come pre-loaded with secure, encrypted communication stacks that grid operators already trust and actively mandate for dynamic power curtailment and frequency stabilization.
________________________________________
Core Worldwide Grid Standards
To achieve universal market entry, an inverter must strictly comply with a distinct matrix of international standards. Utilizing an existing smart inverter guarantees adherence to the following regulatory framework:
North American Standards (USA & Canada)
UL 1741 (SA/SB Code): The mandatory safety standard for inverters, charge controllers, and interconnection system equipment. The SB amendment specifically mandates advanced “smart grid” functions like Volt-VAR and Volt-Watt regulation.
IEEE 1547 (2018): The standard for interconnecting distributed energy resources with associated electric power systems interfaces. It dictates anti-islanding parameters, requiring the system to disconnect within milliseconds during a grid blackout.
NFPA 70 / National Electrical Code (NEC): Governs strict building safety requirements, including mandatory Rapid DC Disconnect capabilities to protect emergency first responders.
European & International Standards (EU, UK, & APAC)
IEC 62109-1 / -2: The international standard governing the safety of power converters used in photovoltaic power systems.
EN 50549-1 / -2: The European standard defining requirements for generating plants intended to be connected in parallel with a distribution network, fully governing VPP grid interaction.
G98 / G99 (United Kingdom): The specific regulatory framework for connecting generation equipment to the UK electricity distribution networks.
CE Compliance: The mandatory conformity marking required for goods sold within the European Economic Area, verifying strict electromagnetic interference (EMI) insulation.
________________________________________
The NGU factory build process would comply with the smart inverters initialization processes that customize the smart inverter to the grid environment that the smart inverter would be operating in.
By pairing the NGU with an inverter that already boasts these stamps of approval, you transform the product from an experimental, uncertifiable electrical liability into an universally recognized, plug-and-play energy appliance.
Dear Andrea
An Ecat with an inverter with 800 W output power and a small battery to absorb the peaks is enough to power my house winter and summer.
An 800 W homologated inverter is also plug & play in the socket.
A smart battery with 800 W in and e.g. 5000 W out during peaks does require an adjustment in the breaker panel and will have to be approved.
Will there also be an 800 W system on the market along with larger ones?
Best regards
Jean Paul Renoir:
1- yes, as every day
2- so far so good
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Obviously, as I wrote many times here, it is forbidden to insert electricity from the Eat to the grid without all the necessary authorizations and instrumentation, as it happens also with the solar plants.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
I asked AI the question:
“Is it illegal to send generated electrical power to the Grid?”
Yes, sending unapproved generator power into the electrical grid (called backfeeding) is illegal and violates the National Electrical Code (NEC) as well as local utility regulations.
The Dangers of Backfeeding:
Lineman electrocution: Power flows backward through your home panel into local utility wires, risking the lives of workers repairing downed lines.
Fire and equipment damage:
Overloading house wiring and mismatched electrical loads create severe fire hazards and can ruin your appliances.
Code violations: Bypassing electrical permits and safety rules leads to heavy fines or legal liability.
How to Do It Legally:
Transfer switches: Install a manual or automatic transfer switch to completely isolate your home from the utility grid before turning on your backup generator.
Interlock kits: Use an approved mechanical device on your breaker panel so the main utility line and the generator cannot be on at the same time.
Product Liability: Beside Manufacturing and Design liabilities, you need adequate Warning on your products regarding this dangerous action.
Dr Rossi,
Is the SSM Ecat prototype working today ?
If yes, how is it doing ?
Svein:
1. The Client has to search this issue: we do not supply this service
2, 3, 4. Depends on the specific situations
5. These issues cannot be explained at the global presentation, depending on specific situations and not on global demand
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil,
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
SSM is not necessary for a grid based NGU system. When installed, the NGU is connected to a 240 VAC power source. It is entirely possible via custom engineering to design an internal power stage that backfeeds a precise startup current to the NGU modules to action startup. To achieve this safely in a retail product, engineers would implement an auxiliary Isolated Low-Current Bi-Directional Power Path running in parallel to the main high-voltage MPPT generation loop.This engineered startup circuit requires three specific architectural layers to function without damaging the system.
The Engineered Startup Architecture
[ EXISTING 240V AC GRID LINE ]
|
v
[ AUXILIARY STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER ]
|
v
[ PROGRAMMABLE DC CURRENT-LIMITING STAGE ]
|
v
[ HIGH-SPEED AUTOMATED ISOLATION RELAY ] —> [ MAIN NGU TERMINALS ]
Dear Andrea.
I thank you for your answer to my 8 questions and refer to your identical answer to my questions 4,5 and 6:
yes, but only with the necessary authorization, collaboration with the grid owners and the help of certified contractors expert of the matter.
1. Which authorities, in the different countries, are responsible for approving and authorizing your presented solutions in this context?
2. Are there specific international or national requirements for the design and function of such inverters that you are now in the process of integrating into Ecat?
3. Are there international or national approvals that mean that local grid owners cannot reject the use of Ecats with the integrated inverter?
4. Who will ensure that any necessary certifications of Ecat with the grid-corresponding functions are provided?
5. Can these matters mentioned here be clarified within the time remaining until the planned global presentation?
Regards Svein
James Rice:
We are doing our best also for this issue,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi: all the wars around the world will make very hard the winter for the people of the Countries involved.
Is there any chance the Ecat will be ready in time to help millions of men, women, and children survive this winter?
Arnab Saha:
That’s what I hope and am working for together with our Great Team, but the “IF” is still pending,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Can we expect SSM in January?
Svein:
1- we are a Team
2- yes
3- it is integral part of the Ecat, whose circuitry is confidential
4- yes, but only with the necessary authorization, collaboration with the grid owners and the help of certified contractors expert of the matter
5- same as in 4
6- same as in 4
7- yes
8- this issue is confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
I noticed a very important information in;
@Andrea Rossi July 30, 2026 at 8:32 AM
Gian Luca:
This is what we are doing,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I take this as a positive confirmation of G L’s question:
I’d like to ask you if you’ve ever considered developing your own inverter system (perhaps simpler than the one you did for Ecat) so as to offer the customer something all-inclusive and, above all, “All Closed.”
This leads me to new questions.
1. Is this development being done in collaboration with some of today’s leading manufacturers in the field, or is it based on your own ideas only?
2. Can we expect new patents to be a basis for this development?
3. Will the new inverter be presented at the global presentation?
4. Will the new one maintain the ability to export electricity to the local grid?
5. Will the new inverter be able to maintain the network owner’s control needs over a VPP functionality?
6. Will this inverter ensure that the AC from all 100 W units is adapted to each other and the local grid?
7. Are there a number of clear objectives about the functions of this inverter?
8. Can these be shared with your followers already now?
Regards Svein
@2026-07-30 09:08 Massimo
A 6 kW MGU system will be required to power a heat pump at an estimated cost of $18,000. Consider how many years it will take to pay off that investment. The NGU can produce power 24/7/365, what is the power that the NGU generates used for when the heat pump is not working?
@2026-07-30 06:11 Steven Nicholes Karels
Congratulations, this is the kind of “what if” analysis that we need.
@2026-07-30 05:49 Gian Luca
The way that I see things now, if someone interested in installing a NGU system cannot understand my posts, then he does not have the background to be successful in installing a NGU in his home. Svein for example, the current NGU design will not do what Svein wants to do. The way that things stand now, the NGU is not grid compatible.
The basic reason for this functional failure is a lack of a microprocessor in the NGU inverter design. Dealing with complexities of the grid requires the intelligence that a microprocessor can provide. The partner does not have the time to improve the NGU in such a way.
The solution to make the NGU grid capable is to use the smart inverters that currently exist. They all must use microprocessors to function. The NGU just needs to be compatible with what smart inverters do and how they do it.
The design goal of the NGU is to remove its users from having to know anything about how the NGU works, make it like a television. Just hit the start button an that’s all the user needs to know.
Massimo:
It is reasonable to hope that we will make the global presentaton of the Ecat by January 2027, the rest will depend also on what will happen in the market,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Caro Dr Rossi, sto cercando di costruirmi un orizzonte temporale, una time Line. Ci sono troppi ‘se’ ma questo fa parte della vita.
Immaginiamo che a gennaio 2027 verrà fatta la presentazione dell’ecat senza SSM. La priorità sarà data ai grandi impianti da MW. Allo stesso tempo le grandi industrie che producono caldaie e pompe di calore per l’uso domestico e professionale si attiveranno per sostituire, nei loro nuovi prodotti, il ’gas’ per scaldare l’acqua con l’ecat che sia o meno SSM.
1 è questa un’ipotesi ragionevole?
2 è ragionevole che l’offerta di queste nuove caldaie alimentate da ecat verrà proposta entro il 2028?
Dear Mr. Rossi, I’m trying to build a timeline. There are too many “ifs,” but that’s part of life.
Let’s imagine that the ECAT without SSM will be presented in January 2027. Priority will be given to large MW plants. At the same time, large companies that produce boilers and heat pumps for domestic and professional use will work to replace gas-fired water heaters in their new products with ECAT, whether or not it uses SSM.
1. Is this a reasonable assumption?
2. Is it reasonable that these new ECAT-powered boilers will be available by 2028?
Gian Luca:
This is what we are doing,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1- Yes, suggestions are always welcome and many times useful: our Readers merit always attention to what they write, and I read always all of them, eventually, if necessary, I forward them to the person specifically interested to the issue.
2- The Ecat shuts down
3- We will make all the three versions: DC, AC, DC/AC
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Regarding the “Double Switch”:
1. It is nice to see how JONP comments play a role in the NGU product development.
2. It is potentially dangerous. What if the switch was inadvertently placed in the wrong position?
3. A better solution might be two separate models: Model 12 for outputting 12VDC; and Model 230 for outputting 230VAC.
Thoughts?
Axil
July 30, 2026 at 1:13 AM
@2026-07-29 14:04 Mats Heijkenskjold
I agree with you in some respects but I have not the detailed knowledge of what you write.
I was only so happy from a customer point of view that Andrea just mention 12V DC as an opportunity!
Regards
Dearest A.R.
Reading Axil is truly challenging, but I’d like to congratulate him/her. His/her treatises are always very interesting.
Aside from that, I’d like to ask you if you’ve ever considered developing your own inverter system (perhaps simpler than the one you did for Ecat) so as to offer the customer something all-inclusive and, above all, “All Closed.”
Greetings from Lake Maggiore.
Axil:
Thank you for your insights,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steve D:
Information about this kind of issues is confidential,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
I read that you maybe offering a 12V solution. In view of the HV made by the Ecat will a DC to DC step down converter with isolated input to output be integrated within the Ecat package to output the 12V?
Thank You
@2026-07-29 14:04 Mats Heijkenskjold
From an industrial engineering and manufacturing perspective, relying on an “E-Cat Double Switch” to toggle down to a raw 12 VDC output feed is a fundamental compromise that fails to support a reliable, full-scale product launch for the retail market
.In high-power consumer electronics, forcing a 12 VDC layout at scale drives up field failure rates, spikes customer service costs, and damages brand trust. Doing it right the first time by standardizing on a high-voltage, multi-string automated assembly is the only viable path to long-term profitability.
The True Cost of Customer Dissatisfaction vs. Automation
A strategy to front-load initial production costs into robotics and automation, rather than reactive customer support, is a proven blueprint used by world-class hardware companies.
[ THE COMPROMISE PATH: MANUAL 12V/AC SWITCH ]
High Field Failures -> Continuous Truck Rolls -> Manual Wiring Errors -> Slashed Profit Margins
[ THE ROBOTIC PATH: INTEGRATED HIGH-VOLTAGE AUTOMATION ]
Upfront Capital Ex -> Robotic Laser-Welded Nodes -> Automated Testing -> ZERO Customer Support Costs
Eliminating the “Truck Roll” and Warranty Bleed
In the retail energy sector, dispatching a certified technician to a customer’s home to troubleshoot a field failure (a “truck roll”) costs an average of $300 to $600 per visit. If an NGU system fails or melts a terminal because an installer used incorrect, thin wiring on a 12V high-current line, your company faces severe warranty claims, negative online reviews, and continuous product returns.
The ROI of Automated Robotic Assembly
By investing in an automated production line utilizing precision robotics, your factory can deploy advanced assembly techniques that are impossible for humans to replicate safely in the field:
Laser-Welded Cell Interconnects:
Robots can execute thousands of automated micro-welds per hour, linking the 100W generating “diodes” into fixed, internal high-voltage vibration resistant strings (like the 30S configurations) with near-zero contact resistance.
Automated Dielectric Testing:
Before any NGU chassis leaves the factory floor, automated machinery can run high-potency isolation tests to guarantee the internal high-voltage lines are fully insulated, eliminating field shock hazards entirely.
Mass Component Discontinuities:
Automation drives down the cost of premium, high-efficiency internal components (like automated pick-and-place machines loading Silicon Carbide transistors) to a fraction of retail component pricing.
Why the Integrated High-Voltage Architecture Wins the Market
Standardizing your product line around a fixed, high-voltage internal matrix (240V to 360V DC) that plugs natively into automated internal or external smart inverters changes the economic metrics entirely:
Retail “Appliance” Status:
By turning the NGU into a sealed, certified AC appliance (or a structured dual-feed high-voltage DC asset), it enters the same consumer category as a backup generator or a heat pump. It becomes a predictable item that an average electrical contractor can install in under two hours.
Flawless Virtual Power Plant (VPP) Enrollment:
Utilities and grid aggregators will not accept unmonitored, manual-switched 12V devices onto their networks. Standardizing a digital, automated smart interface allows your entire retail fleet to immediately enroll in lucrative VPP programs, giving your customers automated 1:1 net metering payback from day one.
The “Apple/Tesla” Margin Protection:
While the initial automated tooling setup requires upfront capital, it removes the human labor bottleneck from your scaling curve. As your factory output scales from thousands to millions of units, your per-unit manufacturing cost plummets, while your retail price holds steady due to the premium, trouble-free customer experience.
Standardized Strategic Recommendation
Your insistence on bypassing short-sighted customer modifications in favor of an automated, engineering-first launch protects your intellectual property and ensures long-term operational success. The product line should firmly commit to its structured 1 kW to 10 kW matrix utilizing automated internal staging, treating high-voltage DC as the core transmission architecture and leaving legacy 12 VDC components completely out of the retail catalog.
@Svein
July 29, 2026 at 2:34 PM
There is a limitation on NGU regarding smart inverter connectivity. For solar users like Svein, full power connectivity requires multiple Mppt outputs.
When integrating a 6 kW high-voltage DC NGU into an existing, external Victron energy management system, you must address a critical hardware limitation: Victron does not manufacture a single-input 360V MPPT solar charge controller that can process 6 kW of power on a single terminal.
If you ship the 6 kW NGU as a single 360 VDC output wire feed, you will inadvertently create a major hardware mismatch for the installer. Understanding how Victron’s high-voltage MPPT architecture handles capacity allows your factory to avoid this issue entirely.
________________________________________
The Victron MPPT Hardware Limitation
The primary high-voltage charge controller in the Victron ecosystem is the SmartSolar MPPT RS 450V. While this unit has a maximum input rating of 450 VDC (making your 360 VDC string voltage a perfect match), its internal computer brains are limited by a strict per-tracker current and wattage cap:
The 4 kW Per-Tracker Limit:
Each individual MPPT tracker inside the Victron RS unit is electronically limited to processing a maximum of 4,000 Watts (4 kW).
The Single-Feed Failure:
If the user attempts to plug your single, combined 6 kW (360 VDC @ 16.66A) line into one MPPT tracker terminal, the Victron unit will aggressively clip the power. It will throw away 2,000 Watts of your NGU generation as unused energy, capping the system at 4 kW.
________________________________________
The Optimum Factory Fix: The Dual-Output 360V Terminal Block
To make your 6 kW NGU 100% plug-and-play with the user’s existing Victron solar room, the factory should not combine the internal strings into one output plug. Instead, exploit the fact that the Victron MPPT RS 450/100 features two completely independent tracker inputs (Tracker 1 and Tracker 2) built into the exact same box.
Your factory configuration should split the 6 kW system into two completely separate, symmetrical 3 kW output circuits leaving the NGU cabinet as if the connection were internal to the NGU:
Why the Dual-Output 360V Strategy works perfectly:
Zero Power Clipping:
By delivering two independent 3 kW lines, each line sits safely under Victron’s 4 kW per-tracker threshold. The external system will harvest the full 6,000 Watts continuously without throwing away a single watt.
Maintains the 360V Electrical Sweet Spot:
Both tracking terminals receive exactly 360 VDC, keeping the Victron internal switching transistors operating at their absolute highest certified efficiency rating (96%+).
Flawless Virtual Power Plant (VPP) Routing:
The Victron MPPT RS will convert both 3 kW lines down to a shared 48V battery bus. From there, the user’s existing Victron MultiPlus-II or Quattro inverters will grab that combined 6 kW pool, sync it with the local utility network, and smoothly backfeed it to cover home loads or collect maximum 1:1 VPP payback credits.
________________________________________
Summary Checklist for the 6 kW Product Specification
By standardizing a Dual-Output 360V Terminal Block on the NGU 6 kW NGU retail internal inverter models, you completely solve the external Victron tracker bottleneck. The installer simply runs two standard, thin solar cables from your unit straight into the user’s existing Victron charge controller, providing an instant, high-efficiency microgrid upgrade.
The partners robot manufacturing line should be totally automated for retail products that are driven by customer supplied parameter options such as external or internal inverter requests. If external, the inverter type, and NGU power level, the robot will instal the appropriate Mppt terminal block and setup the proper serial/parallel diodes strings.
Internal options for the internal inverter option is limited to power level.