by E.N. Tsyganov
(UA9 collaboration) University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Texas, USA
Abstract
Recent accelerator experiments on fusion of various elements have clearly demonstrated that the effective cross-sections of these reactions depend on what material the target particle is placed in. In these experiments, there was a significant increase in the probability of interaction when target nuclei are imbedded in a conducting crystal or are a part of it. These experiments open a new perspective on the problem of so-called cold nuclear fusion.
Introduction
Experiments of Fleischmann and Pons made about 20 years ago [1], raised the question about the possibility of nuclear DD fusion at room temperature. Conflicting results of numerous experiments that followed, dampened the initial euphoria, and the scientific community quickly came to common belief, that the results of [1] are erroneous. One of the convincing arguments of skeptics was the lack in these experiments of evidence of nuclear decay products. It was assumed that “if there are no neutrons, therefore is no fusion.” However, quite a large international group of physicists, currently a total of about 100-150 people, continues to work in this direction. To date, these enthusiasts have accumulated considerable experience in the field. The leading group of physicists working in this direction, in our opinion, is the group led by Dr. M. McKubre [2]. Interesting results were also obtained in the group of Dr. Y. Arata [3]. Despite some setbacks with the repeatability of results, these researchers still believe in the existence of the effect of cold fusion, even though they do not fully understand its nature. Some time ago we proposed a possible mechanism to explain the results of cold fusion of deuterium [4]. This work considered a possible mechanism of acceleration of deuterium contaminant atoms in the crystals through the interaction of atoms with long-wavelength lattice vibrations in deformed parts of the crystal. Estimates have shown that even if a very small portion of the impurity atoms (~105) get involved in this process and acquires a few keV energy, this will be sufficient to describe the energy released in experiments [2]. This work also hypothesized that the lifetime of the intermediate nucleus increases with decreasing energy of its excitation, so that so-called “radiation-less cooling” of the excited nucleus becomes possible. In [5], we set out a more detailed examination of the process. Quite recently, a sharp increase of the probability of fusion of various elements was found in accelerator experiments for the cases when the target particles are either imbedded in a metal crystal or are a part of the conducting crystal. These experiments compel us to look afresh on the problem of cold fusion.
Recent experiments on fusion of elements on accelerators
For atom-atom collisions the expression of the probability of penetration through a Coulomb barrier for bare nuclei should be modified, because atomic electrons screen the repulsion effect of nuclear charge. Such a modification for the isolated atom collisions has been performed in H.J. Assenbaum and others [6] using static Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The experimental results that shed further light on this problem were obtained in relatively recent works C. Rolfs [7] and K. Czerski [8]. Review of earlier studies on this subject is contained in the work of L. Bogdanova [9]. In these studies a somewhat unusual phenomenon was observed: the sub-barrier fusion cross sections of elements depend strongly on the physical state of the matter in which these processes are taking place. Figure 1 (left) shows the experimental data [8], demonstrating the dependence of the astrophysical factor S(E) for the fusion of elements of sub-threshold nuclear reaction on the aggregate state of the matter that contains the target nucleus 7Li. The same figure (right) presents similar data [7] for the DD reaction, when the target nucleus was embedded in a zirconium crystal. It must be noted that the physical nature of the phenomenon of increasing cross synthesis of elements in the case where this process occurs in the conductor crystal lattice is still not completely clear.
Figure 1. Up – experimental data [8], showing the energy dependence of the S-factor for sub-threshold nuclear reaction on the aggregate state of matter that contains the nucleus 7Li. Down – the similar data [7] for the reaction of DD, when the target nucleus is placed in a crystal of zirconium. The data are well described by the introduction of the screening potential of about 300 eV.
The phenomenon is apparently due to the strong anisotropy of the electrical fields of the crystal lattice in the presence of free conduction electrons. Data for zirconium crystals for the DD reactions can be well described by the introduction of the screening potential of about 300 eV. It is natural to assume that the corresponding distance between of two atoms of deuterium in these circumstances is less than the molecular size of deuterium. In the case of the screening potential of 300 eV, the distance of convergence of deuterium atoms is ~510ˆ12 m, which is about an order of magnitude smaller than the size of a molecule of deuterium, where the screening potential is 27 eV. As it turned out, the reaction rate for DD fusion in these conditions is quite sufficient to describe the experimental results of McKubre and others [2]. Below we present the calculation of the rate process similar to the mu-catalysis where, instead of the exchange interaction by the muon, the factor of bringing together two deuterons is the effect of conduction electrons and the lattice of the crystal.
Calculation of the DD fusion rate for “Metal-Crystal” catalysis
The expression for the cross section of synthesis in the collision of two nuclei can be written as
where for the DD fusion
Here the energy E is shown in keV in the center of mass. S(E) astrophysical factor (at low energies it can be considered constant), the factor 1/E reflects de Broglie dependence of cross section on energy. The main energy dependence of the fusion is contained in an expression
that determines the probability of penetration of the deuteron through the Coulomb barrier. From the above expressions, it is evident that in the case of DD collisions and in the case of DDμcatalysis, the physics of the processes is the same. We use this fact to determine the probability of DD fusion in the case of the “metal-crystalline” DD-catalysis. In the case of DDμ- catalysis the size of the muon deuterium molecules (ion+) is ~5×10ˆ13m. Deuterium nuclei approach such a distance at a kinetic energy ~3 keV. Using the expression (1), we found that the ratio of σ(3.0 keV)/σ(0.3 keV) = 1.05×10ˆ16. It should be noted that for the free deuterium molecule this ratio [ σ(3.0keV)/σ(0.03keV)] is about 10ˆ73. Experimental estimations of the fusion rate for the (DDμ)+ case presented in the paper by Hale [10]:
Thus, we obtain for the “metal-crystalline” catalysis DD fusion rate (for zirconium case):
Is this enough to explain the experiments on cold fusion? We suppose that a screening potential for palladium is about the same as for zirconium. 1 cmˆ3 (12.6 g) of palladium contains 6.0210ˆ23(12.6/106.4) = 0.710ˆ23 atoms. Fraction of crystalline cells with dual (or more) the number of deuterium atoms at a ratio of D: Pd ~1:1 is the case in the experiments [2] ~0.25 (e.g., for Poisson distribution). Crystal cell containing deuterium atoms 0 or 1, in the sense of a fusion reaction, we consider as “passive”. Thus, the number of “active” deuterium cells in 1 cmˆ3 of palladium is equal to 1.810ˆ22. In this case, in a 1 cmˆ3 of palladium the reaction rate will be
this corresponds to the energy release of about 3 kW. This is quite sufficient to explain the results of McKubre group [2]. Most promising version for practical applications would be Platinum (Pt) crystals, where the screening potential for d(d,p)t fusion at room temperature is about 675 eV [11]. In this case, DD fusion rate would be:
The problem of “nonradiative” release of nuclear fusion energy
As we have already noted, the virtual absence of conventional nuclear decay products of the compound nucleus was widely regarded as one of the paradoxes of DD fusion with the formation of 4He in the experiments [2]. We proposed the explanation of this paradox in [4]. We believe that after penetration through the Coulomb barrier at low energies and the materialization of the two deuterons in a potential well, these deuterons retain their identity for some time. This time defines the frequency of further nuclear reactions. Figure 2 schematically illustrates the mechanism of this process. After penetration into the compound nucleus at a very low energy, the deuterons happen to be in a quasi-stabile state seating in the opposite potential wells. In principle, this system is a dual “electromagnetic-nuclear” oscillator. In this oscillator the total kinetic energy of the deuteron turns into potential energy of the oscillator, and vice versa. In the case of very low-energy, the amplitude of oscillations is small, and the reactions with nucleon exchange are suppressed.
Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the mechanism of the nuclear decay frequency dependence on the compound nucleus 4He* excitation energy for the merging deuterons is presented. The diagram illustrates the shape of the potential well of the compound nucleus. The edges of the potential well are defined by the strong interaction, the dependence at short distances Coulomb repulsion.
The lifetime of the excited 4He* nucleus can be considered in the formalism of the usual radioactive decay. In this case,
Here ν is the decay frequency, i.e., the reciprocal of the decay time τ. According to our hypothesis, the decay rate is a function of excitation energy of the compound nucleus E. Approximating with the first two terms of the polynomial expansion, we have:
Here ν° is the decay frequency at asymptotically low excitation energy. According to quantum-mechanical considerations, the wave functions of deuterons do not completely disappear with decreasing energy, as illustrated by the introduction of the term ν°. The second term of the expansion describes the linear dependence of the frequency decay on the excitation energy. The characteristic nuclear frequency is usually about 10ˆ22 sˆ-1. In fusion reaction D+D4He there is a broad resonance at an energy around 8 MeV. Simple estimates by the width of the resonance and the uncertainty relation gives a lifetime of the intermediate state of about 0.810ˆ22 s. The “nuclear” reaction rate falls approximately linearly with decreasing energy. Apparently, a group of McKubre [2] operates in an effective energy range below 2 keV in the c.m.s. Thus, in these experiments, the excitation energy is at least 4×10ˆ3 times less than in the resonance region. We assume that the rate of nuclear decay is that many times smaller. The corresponding lifetime is less than 0.3×10ˆ18 s. This fall in the nuclear reaction rate has little effect on the ratio of output decay channels of the compound nucleus, but down to a certain limit. This limit is about 6 keV. A compound nucleus at this energy is no longer an isolated system, since virtual photons from the 4He* can reach to the nearest electron and carry the excitation energy of the compound nucleus. The total angular momentum carried by the virtual photons can be zero, so this process is not prohibited. For the distance to the nearest electron, we chose the radius of the electrons in the helium atom (3.1×10ˆ11 m). From the uncertainty relations, duration of this process is about 10ˆ-19 seconds. In the case of “metal-crystalline” catalysis the distance to the nearest electrons can be significantly less and the process of dissipation of energy will go faster. It is assumed that after an exchange of multiple virtual photons with the electrons of the environment the relatively small excitation energy of compound nucleus 4He* vanishes, and the frequency of the compound nucleus decaying with the emission of nucleons will be determined only by the term ν°. For convenience, we assume that this value is no more than 10ˆ12-10ˆ14 per second. In this case, the serial exchange of virtual photons with the electrons of the environment in a time of about 10ˆ-16 will lead to the loss of ~4 MeV from the compound nucleus (after which decays with emission of nucleons are energetically forbidden), and then additional exchange will lead to the loss of all of the free energy of the compound nucleus (24 MeV) and finally the nucleus will be in the 4He ground state. The energy dissipation mechanism of the compound nucleus 4He* with virtual photons, discussed above, naturally raises the question of the electromagnetic-nuclear structure of the excited compound nucleus.
Fig. 3. Possible energy diagram of the excited 4He* nucleus is presented.
Figure 3 represents a possible energy structure of the excited 4He* nucleus and changes of its spatial configuration in the process of releasing of excitation energy. Investigation of this process might be useful to study the quark-gluon dynamics and the structure of the nucleus.
Discussion
Perhaps, in this long-standing history of cold fusion, finally the mystery of this curious and enigmatic phenomenon is gradually being opened. Besides possible benefits that the practical application of this discovery will bring, the scientific community should take into account the sociological lessons that we have gained during such a long ordeal of rejection of this brilliant, though largely accidental, scientific discovery. We would like to express the special appreciation to the scientists that actively resisted the negative verdict imposed about twenty years ago on this topic by the vast majority of nuclear physicists.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Prof. S.B. Dabagov, Dr. M. McKubre, Dr. F. Tanzela, Dr. V.A. Kuzmin, Prof. L.N. Bogdanova and Prof. T.V. Tetereva for help and valuable discussions. The author is grateful to Prof. V.G. Kadyshevsky, Prof. V.A. Rubakov, Prof. S.S. Gershtein, Prof. V.V. Belyaev, Prof. N.E. Tyurin, Prof. V.L. Aksenov, Prof. V.M. Samsonov, Prof. I.M. Gramenitsky, Prof. A.G. Olshevsky, Prof. V.G. Baryshevsky for their help and useful advice. I am grateful to Dr. VM. Golovatyuk, Prof. M.D. Bavizhev, Dr. N.I. Zimin, Prof. A.M. Taratin for their continued support. I am also grateful to Prof. A. Tollestrup, Prof. U. Amaldi, Prof. W. Scandale, Prof. A. Seiden, Prof. R. Carrigan, Prof. A. Korol, Prof. J. Hauptmann, Prof. V. Guidi, Prof. F. Sauli, Prof. G. Mitselmakher, Prof. A. Takahashi, and Prof. X. Artru for stimulating feedback. Continued support in this process was provided with my colleagues and the leadership of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, and I am especially grateful to Prof. R. Parkey, Prof. N. Rofsky, Prof. J. Anderson and Prof. G. Arbique. I express special thanks to my wife, N.A. Tsyganova for her stimulating ideas and uncompromising support.
References
1. M. Fleischmann, S. Pons, M. W. Anderson, L. J. Li, M. Hawkins, J. Electro anal. Chem. 287, 293 (1990).
2. M. C. H. McKubre, F. Tanzella, P. Tripodi, and P. Haglestein, In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000, Lerici (La Spezia), Ed. F. Scaramuzzi, (Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy, 2001), p 3; M. C. H. McKubre, In Condensed Matter Nuclear Science: Proceedings Of The 10th International Conference On Cold Fusion; Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 21-29 August, 2003, Ed by P. L. Hagelstein and S. R. Chubb, (World Sci., Singapore, 2006). M. C. H. McKubre, “Review of experimental measurements involving dd reactions”, Presented at the Short Course on LENR for ICCF-10, August 25, 2003.
3. Y. Arata, Y. Zhang, “The special report on research project for creation of new energy”, J. High Temp. Soc. (1) (2008).
4. E. Tsyganov, in Physics of Atomic Nuclei, 2010, Vol. 73, No. 12, pp. 1981–1989. Original Russian text published in Yadernaya Fizika, 2010, Vol. 73, No. 12, pp. 2036–2044.
5. E.N. Tsyganov, “The mechanism of DD fusion in crystals”, submitted to IL NUOVO CIMENTO 34 (4-5) (2011), in Proceedings of the International Conference Channeling 2010 in Ferrara, Italy, October 3-8 2010.
6. H.J. Assenbaum, K. Langanke and C. Rolfs, Z. Phys. A – Atomic Nuclei 327, p. 461-468 (1987).
7. C. Rolfs, “Enhanced Electron Screening in Metals: A Plasma of the Poor Man”, Nuclear Physics News, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2006.
8. A. Huke, K. Czerski, P. Heide, G. Ruprecht, N. Targosz, and W. Zebrowski, “Enhancement of deuteron-fusion reactions in metals and experimental implications”, PHYSICAL REVIEW C 78, 015803 (2008).
9. L.N. Bogdanova, Proceedings of International Conference on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and Related Topics, Dubna, June 18–21, 2007, published by JINR, E4, 15-2008-70, p. 285-293
10. G.M. Hale, “Nuclear physics of the muon catalyzed d+d reactions”, Muon Catalyzed Fusion 5/6 (1990/91) p. 227-232.
11. F. Raiola (for the LUNA Collaboration), B. Burchard, Z. Fulop, et al., J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.31, 1141 (2005); Eur. Phys. J. A 27, s01, 79 (2006).
by E.N. Tsyganov
(UA9 collaboration) University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Texas, USA
Dear ing. Rossi
I hope that this extended silence online is only due to the intense work that you’re doing. I think that now you’re launched into improvements to the efficiency of your invention and its applications.
I expect another bombshell from one moment to the next. Then no questions to not disturb you. Facilities we provide prompt to show patience and hope you and your staff good job.
Warm Regards
F.T.
Dear Rossi
I suspect you have received a copy of a report on the independent 3rd party tests, Meeting or exceeding your expectations. This would be exciting. Yes.
Dear Mr Rossi, maybe someone else has invented a new kind of green energy, I hope this could be another step for a better world, like your Cats ! Best Wishes
http://www.airfuelsynthesis.com/news/70-air-fuel-synthesis-makes-petrol-from-electricity-and-air.html
Dear Mr. Rossi,
I understand that you have defined ssm as having no energy input to the reactor heating resistor. However, I would point out that instead of an ssm mode the reactor is in a coasting down mode when no power is applied. In fact, this is exactly the LENAR reaction characteristic(just one of?)that allows the reactor to be electrically controlled and shut down.
The true ssm mode will be obtained when the reactor can be started from an external source and then supply its own electrical power for monitoring and control.
I like your focus on the 1 MW reactor design. It is large but not too large and can provide the basis for further understanding and implementation of LENAR.
Best regards,
Hughd
Caro ing. Rossi
Ho seguito con molta passione la conferenza stampa di Pordenone…i miei sinceri complimenti per qualità e quantità di dati presentati. L’idea del controllo remoto a microprocessore di ogni singolo modulo implementa ulteriormente la sicurezza di prestazione della centrale, fermo restando che la sicurezza intrinseca è assicurata dalla fusione del nichel in caso vengano superate le operative temperature.
Benissimo…ora vorrei che facessimo qualche conto (della massaia) per capire sia io, sia i numerosi frequentatori di questa gazzetta, dove possiamo arrivare facendo qualche ipotesi abbastanza realistica.
Dunque tu ci comunichi che è stato raggiunto un C.O.P. di 11,96, diciamo C.O.P. 12 per arrotondare con pressione del vapore di 55 Bar (se non ho sentito male!), per cui, ponendo che la potenza elettrica media di input sia di 393 Kw mi sento autorizzato a fare le seguenti considerazioni:
1) 4.702 kW termici sono disponibili;
2) considerato un rendimento del ciclo Carnot prossimo a 0,89 (la temperatura di uscita di 1000 °C ci autorizza a pensarlo) noi possiamo produrre l’energia di 393/0,89 = 441 kW per compensare l’energia elettrica necessaria alle fasi di no sustain;
3) 4.702 – 441 = 4.261 kW termici disponibili, da trasformare in energia elettrica;
4) 4.261 * 0,89 = 3.792 kW elettrici disponibili in output.
5) se vogliamo fare i pignoli togliamo pure 792 kW per perdite varie, ma ci restano 3.000 kW elettrici…
3.000 Kw ELETTRICI?
Abbandono il tono formale e assumo un atteggiamento un po scomposto, mi perdoneranno i lettori ma io sono entusiasta!
Questo significa che una volta fatto lo start-up i riscaldatori di centrale potrebbero essere staccati dalla rete elettrica per produrre indefinitamente energia, IN MODO DEL TUTTO AUTONOMO!
Ehi! Ingegnere, se i miei conti non sono sbagliati tu hai fatto un miracolo tecnologico di vasta portata MONDIALE!
Guarda, caro ingegnere, io ho qualche risparmio da parte e se la Leonardo Corporation si quoterà in Borsa volerò subito a comprare tutte le azioni che posso.
Eh,eh,eh!
Tremate petrolieri! Gas-man e Carbonai inquinatori, TREMERANNO PERSINO I FOTOVOLTAICI!
ARRIVA LA NUOVA RIVOLUZIONE INDUSTRIALE!
VOGLIAMO IL NOBEL PER ANDREA!
Warm Regards
F.T.
I followed with great passion the press conference of Pordenone … My sincere congratulations for the quality and quantity of data presented.
The idea of the remote control to microprocessor for each individual module implements security further to the provision of central, on the understanding that the intrinsic safety is assured by the melting of the nickel in the case are exceeded the operational temperatures.
A great time …
Now I would like to do some account (housewife) to understand both myself, and the numerous frequenters of this journal, where we can get by taking a few hypothesis fairly realistic.
So you could tell us that was reached a C.O.P. of 11.96 , say C.O.P. 12, to round with steam pressure of 55 Bar (if i have not heard bad! ),
So, assuming that the average electrical power input is 393 Kw i feel empowered to make the following considerations:
1) 4,702 kW of heat are available;
2) Considered as a efficiency of the Carnot cycle close to 0.89 (the outlet temperature of 1000 °C authorises us to think so) we can produce the energy of 393/0.89 441 kW to compensate for the electrical energy necessary for the steps of no sustain;
3) 4,702 – 441 = 4,261 kW of heat available, To convert into electricity;
4) 4,261 * 0.89 = 3,792 kW of electricity available in the output.
5) If we want to make the fussy cut away and 792 kW for various losses, but we still have 3,000 kW of electricity … 3,000 Kw OF ELECTRICITY?
I abandoned the formal tone and accept an attitude a little decomposed, will forgive me readers but i am excited!
This means that once you have done the start-up the heaters of central could be detached from the power mains to produce energy indefinitely, SO COMPLETELY AUTONOMOUS!
Hey! An engineer, if my accounts are not wrong thou hast made a technological miracle of large-scale WORLD!
Look, dear engineer, i have some savings on the part and if the Leonardo Corporation will continue on the Stock Exchange i immediately to buy all of the actions that i can.
Eh, eh, eh!
Tremble oilmen! Gasman and coalmen polluters…
TREMBLE EVEN THE PHOTOVOLTAIC!
HERE COMES THE NEW INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!
WE WANT THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR ANDREA!
Warm regards
F.T.
Dear pietro S:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Caro Ing.Rossi,ho visto il video su youtube sulla conferenza di Pordenone http://youtu.be/ORKuZCe-UQw .
Finalmente ce l’hai fatta!!!
L’ho sempre detto sei un GRANDE !!!
Dear Hughd:
During the ssm no energy enters in the reactor.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Stuart Sanderson:
Please contact
info@leonardocorp1996.com
to be put in contact with the New Zealand Licensee.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Rossi,
The most difficult part of my trying to understand the E-Cat technology is when reference is made to self-sustaining-mode (ssm).
Aldo Proia gave this definition of ssm:
“But, first of all, I would like to clarify some general aspects regarding “self-sustaining” referred to an E-Cat apparatus. When an E-Cat is in “self-sustaining mode”, it means that the reactor absorbs zero energy in input: so, a power meter registers only the electricity needed for the controls, i.e. a few watts. Well, you can run an E-Cat in: (1) continuous or (2) intermittent self-sustained mod.”
Since there is no energy input then there has to be another control input to regulate the ssm and to shut the reactor down when desired.
Just expressing my lack of understanding based on the information available.
Best regards,
Hughd
Congratulations on your recent test results AR and of course for sharing them.
Other than receiving patent approvals currently outstanding and general performance improvements, you must be very close to releasing your first home product.
May I ask what your best-guess forecasts are for distribution (and if they will make to New Zealand)?
Kind regards
SS
Caro ing.Rossi,è una vergogna che cerchino di inquinare la verità.Ha fatto benissimo a denunciare questo fatto deplorevole.A lei va tutta la mia solidarietà.Cercherò sempre di sostenerla nel mio piccolo spazio.
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░███░██░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░██░░░█░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░██░░░██░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░██░░░███░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░██░░░░██░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░██░░░░░███░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░██░░░░░░██░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░███████░░░░░░░██░░░░░░░░░
░░█████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░███░██░░░
░██░░░░░████░░░░░░░░░░██████░░
░██░░████░░███░░░░░░░░░░░░░██░
░██░░░░░░░░███░░░░░░░░░░░░░██░
░░██████████░███░░░░░░░░░░░██░
░░██░░░░░░░░████░░░░░░░░░░░██░
░░███████████░░██░░░░░░░░░░██░
░░░░██░░░░░░░████░░░░░██████░░
░░░░██████████░██░░░░███░██░░░
░░░░░░░██░░░░░████░███░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░█████████████░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
Derar Hughd:
We cut conservative tranches.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Rossi,
Reviewing the updated version of the Hot E-Cat test data changes the amount of time the control power is applied to 210 hrs during the 328 hrs of stable 1050 C reactor operation with the self sustaining mode of operation remaining 118 hours. So 64 percent of the time input heater element energy is required at some power level.
To start the reactor and bring the operating temperature to 1050 C in four hours in my estimate would take 10 kW hr. The rest of the input energy of 268.4 kW hr would average out over the 328 hrs and calculates to be 0.82 kW hr/hr.
The irradiated energy during the 328 hrs was given as 3,268 kW hr or and average of 10 kW hr/hr.
The COP during the stable operating temperature is 10 kW hr/hr divided by 0.82 kW hr/hr equals a COP of 12.2.
From these figures it looks like the prototype Hot E-Cat is a 10 kW unit with a COP of 12.2 during operational time.
Is this a more correct COP than the 11.7 given in the report?
Best regards,
Hughd
Dear Hughd:
Thank you, but please read the corrected version, without typos!
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Charlie Sutherland:
Thank you, but please read the corrected version…
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
I saw the report on e-catworld. Looking good…
Congratulations.
Charlie
Dear Rossi,
The October 12th data release on the Hot E-Cat (HE-Cat) prototype test is indeed very exciting!
It appears that the HE-Cat control system worked well over the entire 336 hours of test time.
To be a useful domestic and commercial source of power the ability to predictably control the energy source under any and all conditions is crucial. Being able to use electricity as the monitoring and control source is indeed a fortunate characteristic of the LENR technology.
A crucial part of the test was the fact that the HE-Cat could be shut down, which implies that when the control system removes heater power the reaction declines and the temperature falls.
I would guess that the 110 hrs that the heater power is applied it is at the 2.4 kW power level. Looking at the resulting temperature profile I would expect a saw tooth wave form, rising when the heater power is applied and falling when the heater power is removed (the reactor acts as a heat sink which integrates the energy and the resulting reactor surface temperature).
I would also guess that the special black paint used on the HE-Cat contains the material (lead?) that converts the gamma rays to heat.
I love the fact that the COP turned out to be 11.7. This is the kind of improvement one can expect as a new technology is better understood and better implemented (and all in a year or so).
Best regards,
Hughd
Dear ing. Rossi
America and China are preparing to relaunch on coal to cope with the increase of gas prices, thus threatening the entire planet with a growing global pollution. This economic policy hellish threatens to destroy us all, even before being able to enjoy all the benefits of your nuclear fusion.
You’re the only one that can decrease or stop this advancement toward self-destruction of humanity.
We must speed up!
Yours Sincerely,
F. T.
Dear Charlie Sutherland:
You can reach me at
info@leonardocorp1996.com
The Hot Cats will be sold only in assemblies for 1 MW of power.
The s.s.m. is regulated by means of the control system. Dimensions will be communicated when we will have made it.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Given the honeycomb configuration of the hot cat modules, is the minimum configuration seven (7) modules? If that is the case, what is the capability of this configuration (kw,steam temperature, and pressures) and what attachments are necessary to insure self sustainable operation? How much does the whole configuration weigh and in what minimum space, allowing for easy maintenance, does this complete operating configuration require.
Also, please send me an email where I can reach you.
Thanks,
Charlie Sutherland
Salve Rossi dalla risposta data a Steven Karels che si va a Pordenone per ripulire le Dolomiti mi fa capire che non ha letto il libro delle Dolomiti che le abbiamo inviato , oltre il 70 % delle dolomiti sono in provincia di Belluno la restante quota se la dividono tre province Trento Bolzano e Pordenone.
Ma dato che so con sicurezza dei suoi ritmi di lavoro capisco la mancata lettura.
Il 12 a Pordenone ci sara il mio collega e socio con alcuni nostri clienti che abbiamo coinvolto in quest’avventura ” meravigliosa ” , io comunque attendo l’ecat domestico per moltissime applicazioni anche industriali poichè si adatta ad una infinità di macchine per cicli molto particolari , dia qualche notizia anche di questa macchina.
Buon lavoro
Ecat-ering
Dear Hurley:
In the refinery you need steam to make the distillation of the oil, well, our steam is a lot cheaper.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi,
Congradulations on all your success from hard work. I have read you have refinery experience so you are aware of applications. I am a Mechanical Engineer at a refinery. I am interested in applications for the refinery. Natural Gas prices have come down but your e-cat is still less expensive. I have e-mailed the leonardo Corp. I imagine you get swamped with inquires.
God Speed
Hurley
Dear Francesco Toro:
Your suggestion is intriguing, but I think that in the logistics and transports sector our technology will not be applied before 10 to 20 years, for many problems. I prefer to stay well focused in the power production.
Thank you for the continuous attention,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear ing. Rossi
I followed carefully the report on the Hot Cat 1050° c. We must reiterate to everyone, including rattlesnakes, which in this report is the PROOF of it exists that there is a physical phenomenon and so. .. notice more talk! We must talk about practical aspects and applications of your invention. I mean my ability for propulsion of small displacement (but also of large displacement). Dear Andrea let a question that is even a proposal: Instead of chasing complicated systems for the creation of electricity would not be possible, with steam, driving a mechanical turbine directly as that used for naval applications? Imagine a steam-powered Panda! Instead of petrol in the tank we would just … water. I do not think that the idea is so far removed from reality. I see it already done! I am a easy come, but what do you think Andrea?
Warm Regards
F.T.
Dear Mr Rossi,
Interesting new Pb-Te high efficiency thermoelectric material, suitable for 600-1100 deg C range:
http://phys.org/news/2012-09-thermoelectric-material-world-electricity.html#ajTabs
Keep working!
Igor K
Dear Pietro F.:
The military have helped very much our developmenmt and this is giving a substantial contribution in the civil applications.
Thank you for your attention,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Lars:
We will make this technology useful for your tremendously important issues.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
As mentioned some months ago, AfreeAfrica.org is constructing the first sustainable building in West Africa, to support thousands of families living in 8m2 sheds with cinz roofs, no water tap, no sewer, not even a single ligth ball to turn on at night. We have a profound wish to integrate the latest technology into the final drawings, before placing the first brick. The final building sketch is intended as a prototype, but the question is – how long time do we have? Technology is not gonna solve the problem before, but The Red Cross estimates that at mid Nov. 19.000.000 people in West Africa will be suffering from lack of food & water. Each one of these are in my prayers – and so are you!
Many hopes
Lars
http://www.facebook.com/AfreeAfrica
Buongiorno sig. Rossi,
La seguo dal lontano, ormai, gennaio 2011,
ho la forte speranza che l’ecat funzioni realmente,
ma esistono degli elementi che turbano tale mia speranza,
uno é sicuramente il coinvolgimento dei militari, lei dice che l’unico impianto da 1 mw in funzione si trova presso una struttura militare (ritengo in Italia per una questione di vostro controllo), com’é possibile che tale tecnologia non sia stata copiata?
Grazie, buon lavoro e faccia in fretta,
la sua invenzione forse la renderà immensamente ricco e famoso, ma passerà alla storia non per la ricchezza accumulata ma per aver contribuito a fermare guerre e per aver dato la possibilità ad una parte dell’umanità di uscire dalla povertà e dalla disperazione
Dear bernie Koppenhofer:
1- yes
2- this is a matter for the patent attorneys
3- no
4- no
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Mr. Rossi: Some questions about the patent and certification processes. 1) Does the current testing have anything to do directly with your patent applications? 2) Do you plan to give patent officials a demonstration to hurry the process along? 3) Does the certification process have anything to do with the patent process or visa versa? 4) Do you see any detrimental actions from the “power that be” (governments, oil & gas) that are holding up the patent and certification processes? Great to hear you are being very selective to whom you are selling your Warm Cat! Thanks for this open forum.
Dear Gillana Giancarlo:
The Customers for 1 MW plants are very selected and we can control that they are not competitors, nor connected directly or indirectly with competitors. This will be the situation for the initial times, then we will see how the situation will evolve, based on many factors.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Egr. Ing.
Andrea Rossi
Ho seguito le sue ultime interviste e mi sembra che che Vi sia una apparente contraddizione, se l’E-cat a 1Mw a bassa temperatura ha già le certificazioni che permettono la commercializzazione e quindi di qualsiasi cliente che volesse comprare potrebbe scoprire i segreti dell’ E-cat, dall’altra lei insiste nel non rivelare gli stessi per timore che sia violata la sua proprietà intellettuale.
Può spiegarmi questo punto?
Ringraziando.
Gillana
Egr. Ing.
Andrea Rossi
I followed your last interviews and it seems to me that there is an apparent contradiction, if the E-Cat 1 MW at low temperature has certifications that allow the sale and therefore any customer who wants to buy may discover the secrets of ‘E-cat, on the other you insists on not reveal them for fear that intellectual property will be violated.
Can you explain this?
Thank you.
Dear Herb Gills:
You are perfectly right, and this is the reason why we will be attacked with a force much higher than now. Therefore we will give this information only after some month of regular operation. At that point the puppett-snakes will leave room to the real puppetteers.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Andrea Rossi:
On Sept-28 you said: “Soon we will have plants working and visitable”.
Does that mean we will soon also have a customer that could act as a reference (regarding product performance)? If so; could you provide a ballpark estimate on how soon that will be?
I think that when we finally have a customer (of 1MW plant) who can provide a reference your business volume will explode!
Dear Ecco Liberation:
Yes, our designers are already working on it. I am sure , at this point, that we are very close to the product, so we are already working on the industrialization, as Ihave just activated the team of it, while the test-team is finishing the preliminary job.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dott.Rossi, since 1 MW steam E-Cat generators will actually be much smaller than previously expected, does this mean that old container-sized 1 MW plants (composed of several smaller individually packed and insulated reactors), including those of upcoming and future 1MW industrial plant sales, will be internally redesigned to fit new reactor specifications?
Ecco
Dear Dr Joseph Fine:
1- not yet, we will give complete information when we will have finished the tests. it will be soon.
2- same as in 1
3- this will be a tremendous surprise: a 1 MW generator of steam will be very small, smaller than I could imagine before these dramatic series of tests.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Andrea Rossi,
1. Can you describe the dimensions of the single cylinder Hot-Cat at this time?
2. What is the external surface temperature of the new Hot-Cat?
( Is it still 600 degrees C? )
3. Can you give an approximate size for the volume of the 1-MW Hot Cat container.
I will wait for a more detailed report as to power output.
Thank you,
Joseph Fine
Dear Hughd:
Soon we will have plants working and visitable.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi
The understanding of a new technology such as LENR will never be completely understood.
Take for example the discovery of the PN junction in 1939 and the PV cell in 1943 by Dr. Ohl at Bell Labs. Today new products are being created in PV cell and microcircuits by advances in understanding in the physics and the implementation of that technology.
What is important in the development of a new technology is that the physics is understood well enough to be implemented into a product which results in a product with a successful life cycle.
In the case of LENR you are experiencing changes in the understanding (HOT E-Cat example) at such a rate that it would seem you do not yet have the base of understanding to develop a successful product.
The HOT E-Cat has opened the door for so many possible product applications it is difficult to select an area to concentrate on.
Where do you feel the understanding of LENR is at this time?
Best regards,
Hughd
Thank you for the for the answer.
Best regards Peter
Dear Lucas:
In the short term we have not scheduled a manufacturing site in Poland, but in future this is a possibility, depending on many factors.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr Rossi,
Do You plan to build production plant for e-Cat in Poland, for example in Cracow?
Warm regards,
Lucas
Dear Peter:
Yes we are organizing a produxction plant in Sweden. We will give precise information when we will be ready for this, but OI confirm that Sweden is for us a priority.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear dr.Rossi
If I am not mistaken, I read somethere about starting up a production plant för e-Cats here in Sweden. Can you correct me if I’m wrong or can you confirm this. If true please tell us more about it. I have followed your work since nyteknik started to report about it allmost 2 years ago
Keep up the good work 🙂
Peter
Dear Saverio Mauro:
The domestic E-Cat will be put in the market only if and when we will be granted the certification for it. We cannot foresee the timing, because this issue does not depend on us. You can send a pre-order to
info@leonardocorp1996.com
and you will receive the offer as soon as it will be for sale.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi, I’m writing after a few months, because I would like to know exactly when it will put on the domestic market your invention. I follow the experiment at the University of Bologna. I would like to be one of the first to get to his home the e-cat. Thank you.
Saverio Mauro