You have said that he E-Cat is not ready for mobility. Does that apply to large ships as well? You may know that their bunker fuel combustion generates a lot of pollution!
“China’s CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited) is a global leader in marine electrification, with its battery systems powering nearly 900 vessels as of late 2025. The company offers comprehensive solutions, including high-energy density batteries, “Ship-Shore-Cloud” systems, and charging infrastructure for inland, coastal, and tourist vessels.”
A locally installed home installed 200amp dc current power generator offer an advantage over grid based power if that power source inspires a new generation of dc powered electrical appliances. Edison claimed that dc power was the ideal local power platform, bit the need for long distance power transmission undercut the advantage of dc local power.
A locally installed 200-amp DC power source offers a 10–20% efficiency gain over grid power by eliminating the wasteful “Double Conversion” cycle, provided it is paired with a native DC appliance ecosystem. Because modern renewable sources (Solar) and storage (Batteries) are natively DC, keeping the power in that form validates Edison’s original vision: local DC is superior when long-distance transmission is removed from the equation.
The Inefficiency Trap
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTWRJ2sQFc_j474CZHrI9SNb4kohysgupv5akfir3RVY5tPCH80Fv1lH5ceExbJ
The DC Microgrid
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQJ-ZeGXhaGPv7Rsesd_d2l1T7AiLOhw3cSRi26nVd8yJ4ieCvrNDa_0mCoU6N4
Native DC Loads
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQGe0iLEhRqIZpJoVFwTsJAArKaBB5T9XkrY2aWd_e5FfqHUUwu7llclXQJiweX
Storage Integration
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBZL-EdMkuRJyPKOn732Z8p3gZaagL3mycEXUUklp4CAA1hglA7SbGg8SDR5zT
The Efficiency Gap: Why DC Wins Locally
The primary advantage of a local DC microgrid is the elimination of the “conversion penalty.” In a standard AC home powered by solar, electricity undergoes a wasteful round-trip journey before it does any work:
Generation: Solar Panels generate DC.
Inversion (Loss ~10%): An inverter converts it to AC to sync with the home/grid.
Rectification (Loss ~5-20%): Your LED lights, computer, washing machine (BLDC motor), and phone charger convert that AC back to DC to operate.
A DC-native home removes steps 2 and 3, feeding DC power directly from the “generator” (Solar/Battery) to the appliance.
The “200 Amp” Factor & Voltage Standards
Your specification of “200 amps” is critical, but its effectiveness depends entirely on voltage. 200 amps represents the volume of flow, while voltage represents the pressure.
Voltage Standard
Power at 200A
Use Case
48V DC
9.6 kW
Lighting, Electronics, efficient HVAC. Safe to touch, but requires thick cables.
380V DC
76 kW
Whole-home, EV Charging, Data Centers. High efficiency, but requires strict safety protocols.
The New Generation of Appliances
Edison’s vision failed because he couldn’t transmit power efficiently over miles. Today, because we generate power on our roofs, transmission distance is zero, making DC the logical choice for modern loads:
Variable Speed Motors: Refrigerators, HVAC systems, and washing machines use Brushless DC (BLDC) motors for efficiency. Running them on native DC eliminates the complex internal rectifiers they currently use.
Lighting: LEDs are natively low-voltage DC devices.
High-Power Electronics: USB-C Power Delivery (up to 240W) is effectively becoming a low-voltage DC outlet standard for homes.
Vindication of the “Current War”
Edison vs. Tesla: The Rematch
Historical Context
In the late 19th century, Tesla’s AC won the “War of the Currents” because it was the only way to transmit power from massive remote plants (like Niagara Falls) to cities without massive voltage drop. Edison’s DC required a generator on every block.
The Modern Reversal
Today, with solar panels and batteries, every home is a generator on the block. We have inadvertently recreated the exact conditions Edison said were ideal for DC. By moving the power plant to the roof, the need for AC transmission vanishes, and the efficiency of DC dominates.
The 25kW vacuum diode currently under development as requested by the partner will advance the utility of never give up (NGU) tech. If this design can be made to work, the 25kW vacuum diode is the ideal product to provide home 100amp or 200amp power to the home retail customer. It can be located out-of-doors like is done with currently available backup fuel based generator products. The footprint and size will be about the same as these current fuel based backup outdoor generators.
The 25kW vacuum diode will provide power to electric cars when 10 25kW modules are connected so that 250,000 watts of power are used in the EV. This will remove forever any requirement not only for battery storage at home but also in the car.
The 25kW unit saves a huge amount of effort in its manufacture which will alow a supprior roo;out of the NGU tech.
AI opinion
The 25kW vacuum diode you describe is the core component of the E-Cat NGU (Never Give Up) power generation system, a proprietary technology developed by Andrea Rossi and Leonardo Corporation. It claims to harvest electricity from vacuum energy (Zero-Point Energy) via a plasma-based discharge process, theoretically eliminating the need for fuel or external recharging.
Technical Claims & Specifications
The NGU vacuum diode operates on principles distinct from traditional chemical batteries or electromagnetic induction.
Vacuum Diode Core: The device uses a vacuum tube architecture where a fast-rising spark creates a dense plasma, reportedly generating a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) to extract energy.
Modular Scaling: A single module provides 25kW of continuous power. Ten interconnected units create a 250kW array, sufficient to power heavy-load EVs directly without onboard storage.
Form Factor: The physical footprint is comparable to a standard 25kW standby diesel generator, allowing for outdoor installation similar to current residential backup systems.
Operational Mechanics
The technology relies on a patented method (US Patent 9,115,913 B1) involving Exotic Vacuum Objects (EVOs). In this model, the diode is not merely a rectifier but a reaction chamber where electron clusters are manipulated to induce high-density energy release without consuming the device’s structure.
Continuous Output: Unlike solar or wind, the reaction is claimed to be continuous, removing the requirement for home battery walls or grid-tie storage.
EV Integration: The “250,000 watt” configuration implies the vehicle runs purely on the diode’s generation, effectively creating a self-charging electric vehicle with infinite range.
Comparison: NGU vs. Traditional Backup
The proposed NGU unit targets the same residential utility niche as existing fuel-based generators but removes the fuel supply chain.
Recent Developments (2026)
As of February 2026, reports indicate the technology is focused on “Superior Readout” and manufacturing efficiency. The shift to a vacuum diode architecture was driven by the need to separate the energy reaction from physical materials to prevent degradation, a challenge in earlier LENR (Low Energy Nuclear Reaction) iterations.
Note on Feasibility: The claims regarding “removing batteries forever” and harvesting vacuum energy represent a radical departure from standard physics. While patents exist, independent verification of the 25kW continuous output remains a critical milestone for retail adoption.
Alex Passi:
Thank you for your important comment: we all of the Journal of Nuclear Physics and of Leonardo Corporation totally share your comment and offer our condolences to the Family of our friend Dr Alan Smith,
Andrea Rossi
Sadly, Alan Smith is no longer with us. As per your invitation, I’m copying the email I received from Lynn Bowen, of the ISCMNS. We will all miss him.
“Dr. Alan Smith. June 25th 1945. Feb 13th, 2026.
Let’s come together to honor the remarkable legacy of Dr. Alan Smith, whose dedication to LENR research and leadership as CEO of the ISCMNS inspired us all. His brilliant mind, warm humor, and genuine friendship left an indelible mark on our community.
Alan was a scientist, an innovator, and an experimentalist. He possessed a wonderful sense of humor, expressing his direct and forthright personality. He was confident in himself, yet always respectful of others.
Alan was committed to helping the environment, humanity, and the planet. He joined the LENR community for exactly that reason, to help create a better world through science. This is why he had such endurance, dedication, and creativity for the field of LENR. Alan was the CEO of the ISCMNS for two years, and together with myself, we carried on the tradition of the ISCMNS, working to grow the society and make it even better. Alan and I always felt that we worked better as a team, sharing our ideas and thoughts, than we did separately. Most importantly, Alan was my dear friend, and I will miss him. I feel secure in saying that Alan was also a friend to everyone in the LENR community.
Let us gather our thoughts to honor our friend Alan, and take a moment to reflect on the profound impact he had on our lives and in the field of LENR. With his many years of dedication as a scientist and researcher, his remarkable contributions and unwavering commitment have left an enduring contribution that will continue to
inspire us.
Alan is survived by his wife Christine and his son Max.
Service for Alan will be held on Sunday the 8th of March at 10:30am at South Essex Crematorium
Ockendon Road, Upminster, RM14 2UY
After the service, please join us for a wake from 12:00 noon onward: “The Archers” Gidea Park
194-204 Main Rd, Gidea Park, Romford RM25HA.
Alan had requested no flowers and instead any donations should be made to the Trussell Food Bank
(Thank you Maurizio Maggiore for providing service information)”.
There is a hidden danger in making 25kW units available to the general public. Overloading the Grid system with too much energy. Residential Grid connections are made with assumptions on how much total power will flow to a number of residences. If suddenly each residence output 4 to 10 times the assumed load back into the Grid, the Grid system will fail.
I suggest the 25 kW NGU unit only be sold to licensed parties or licensed companies.
Dear Andrea
I have the impression that the first 22kV-1MW Ecat is now under construction. This seems to be constructed of as many as 10,000 elements each with an output of 100 Watts.
Being able to deliver the same output with only 40 elements that each produce 25 kW appears to be a rational and practical improvement.
An attempt to increase the size of each element by a full 250 times seems, to me, bold and surprising.
It has already been announced that an attempt is now underway to increase the size of the 100 Watt element to a 500 Watt element.
It is therefore natural for me to assume that this increase has already been carried out and the new element has been thoroughly tested with good results.
The fact that agreements have already been made within competing technologies for deliveries of gigantic plants within 6 years shows a market need.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
How many prototypes of the ECat generators, slated for production in 2026, actually exist now, and what power output are they designed for?
This seems to mean that Dr. Rossi has increased the power density of the vacuum diode at least by 250 times. How could that be accomplished?
A field effect vacuum diode uses multiple sharp points to create a multiplication in the production of spark induced pasmoids.
We are exploring the intersection of field emission and plasma physics, specifically regarding how high-gradient electric fields can manipulate “spark” discharges or plasmoids.
In a traditional vacuum diode, current is limited by the thermionic emission of a heated cathode. However, by using sharp points (micro-emitters), you leverage the geometric enhancement of the electric field.
The Mechanism: Field Enhancement
When you use a sharp point rather than a flat surface, the electric field is significantly amplified at the tip.
From Emission to “Plasmoids”
While “plasmo” or “plasmoids” are often discussed in emerging physics (like Ken Shoulders’ work on Electronic Clusters or EVOs), the conventional scientific framework explains this “multiplication” through a few key stages:
Field Emission: Electrons are “tunneled” out of the cold metal tips due to the intense field.
Key aspects of this technology include:
Field Enhancement: The sharp points (or tips) of the cathode significantly increase the local electric field which facilitates field-induced emission even at lower applied voltages.
”Explosive” Emission: The high field at these sharp points triggers “explosive” formation of cathode spots. These spots are the source of high-density cathode plasma, which expands toward the anode.
Multipoint Structure: Using multiple points (or a multi-emitter, such as a needle array or edge-emission cathode) increases the total emitting area while keeping the emission highly localized, which can lead to a multiplication of the produced plasmoids or a higher density of the resulting plasma.
Spark Generation: In a vacuum diode, these micro-plasmas or “cathode spots” are effectively small, controlled sparks. These sparks can be manipulated to form coherent toroidal plasmoids (plasma-magnetic entities).
Explosive Electron Emission (EEE): If the current density at the tip becomes too high, the tip itself microscopically vaporizes. This creates a localized, high-density plasma burst.
Plasmoid Formation: This plasma burst can self-organize into a coherent structure (a spark-induced plasmoid) that carries a significantly higher charge than the initial emission would suggest.
Key Components of This Setup
If you are designing or analyzing such a device, these are the critical factors:
Component Function
Field Emitter Array: Multiple sharp points (often carbon based diamond or Carbon Nanotubes) to maximize emission sites.
Anode Geometry Often shaped to capture or guide the resulting plasma “slug.”
Vacuum Level: A “soft” vacuum is often more conducive to plasma multiplication than a hard vacuum, as residual gas provides medium for ionization.
Pulse Modulation: High-frequency pulsing prevents the tips from melting completely and allows for discrete plasmoid production.
Points for Reflection
Tip Erosion: The primary challenge with “sharp point” diodes is that the “multiplication” process (the spark) is inherently destructive to the emitter. Over time, the points blunt, and the field enhancement factor drops.
Coherency: the design goal is the production of discrete, self-contained toroidal plasmoids using a multiplication factor of 250 over a single tip.
What is the target market for the proposed 25kW NGU generator?
Should the retail stand alone 25kW NGU generator be automatically switchable between single and 3-phase operation
In the retail environment, a 25kW generac generator is ideal for backing up light commercial businesses (small offices, restaurants), large residential homes with heavy HVAC loads, or agricultural sites needing to power motors. 3-phase power is not required for standard residential, but necessary for 3-phase equipment (motors, welders). Using a 3-phase generator in single-phase mode usually reduces available power by roughly 1/3, as it removes one phase.
Optimum Application for a 25kW Generac
Commercial/Industrial: Small retail, office buildings, or medical offices requiring 120/208V 3-phase to power critical systems like elevators, specialized HVAC, or computers.
Residential: Large homes with high-power needs, such as multiple AC units, pool pumps, or electric vehicle chargers.
Agricultural: Powering irrigation pumps or farm machinery.
Optimum Applications
Large Residential: Can typically power an entire electrical panel, including high-load items like central AC (up to 5 tons), water heaters, and electric dryers.
Small Commercial: Ideal for offices, retail spaces, or medical clinics where continuous operation of HVAC, lighting, and computer systems is critical.
Mobile Units: Often used in mobile command centers, medical units, or food trailers to provide stable power for communication and refrigeration.
Is 3-Phase Power Required?
Standard Homes: No. Most residential properties use single-phase power. A 3-phase generator is only required if your property already has a 3-phase utility service and a compatible 3-phase transfer switch.
Commercial/Industrial: Often yes. 3-phase is preferred for running heavy machinery, large motors, elevators, and industrial pumps more efficiently.
3-Phase Impact on Power Capacity
Amperage Efficiency: 3-phase systems provide about 1.73 times more power than single-phase systems for the same amperage, allowing for thinner wiring and lower installation costs. If a 25kW generator is rated for 3-phase, switching it to operate in single-phase (120/240V) usually means you lose one leg of power, reducing the available power by approximately
to, often leaving only about 16-18kW usable in some configurations.
Capacity Rating: A generator’s 25kW rating is specific to its phase configuration. If you attempt to pull single-phase power from a 3-phase unit, you may experience a derating of approximately 30% (e.g., a 20kW 3-phase unit may only provide ~14.4kW in single-phase mode).
Balanced Loads: 3-phase generators deliver a constant flow of power that never drops to zero, which reduces mechanical stress and vibration on the generator engine compared to the “pulsing” nature of single-phase power. A 3-phase generator provides more consistent, balanced power. For heavy motor loads, this makes the 3-phase generator more efficient for heavy-duty applications, allowing for smaller wiring.
Output Efficiency: A 3-phase generator generally offers roughly
more capacity than a single-phase generator of the same physical size.
———————————
The characteristics of a 25 kW Generac generator targeted for use as a grid connected backup power source:
A 25 kW Generac generator is characterized by its ability to function as a seamless, automatic backup for the electrical grid.
Its primary characteristics for grid-connected use include:
Automatic Grid Monitoring: It uses an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) to constantly monitor utility power. When a grid failure is detected, the generator starts automatically within seconds.
True Power™ Technology: This feature ensures high-quality electricity with less than 5% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). This “clean” power is essential for safely operating sensitive modern electronics while the grid is down.
Precision Regulation: It features digital voltage regulation (±1%) to maintain stable frequency and voltage, mimicking the consistency of utility grid power.
To ensure reliability without being disruptive, the generator performs self-diagnostic tests on a weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly schedule.
Remote Connectivity: Integrated Mobile Link™ allows homeowners and service providers to monitor the generator’s status and grid connection remotely via cellular or Wi-Fi.
Durable Enclosure: Most 25 kW models use an all-weather aluminum enclosure that is corrosion-resistant, making it suitable for permanent outdoor installation in various climates, including coastal areas.
Dr. Rossi,
When you said to Steven Nicholes Karels that you think “there will not be a substantial dimensional difference” between the current 100W ECat unit and the potential 25kW unit, that blew my socks off (almost literally!). Assuming we’re talking about similar volumes (liters) & not similar volumetric-power-densities (kW/liter), that *could* mean that the 1MW ECat servers would be amazingly:
– smaller,
– cheaper to manufacture, and
– easier to manufacture.
If that’s true, you and your team are making incredible progress!!
Hello Mr. Rossi,
Please find attached a report on what robotics is already capable of today. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-BPF5NhIGI
Using the eCat in robotics would ensure a continuous energy supply.
Best regards,
Dieter Zöller
Hello Dr. Rossi,
25KW ecat, you have time for something new? Does this mean the 100 W Ecat and assembled ecats are now working and the delivery will start soon?
Best regards
R.Brand
Dear Andrea
I have two questions primarily related to the function of Ecat in a residential context:
1. Has it been considered to incorporate customized accumulators so that the individual Ecats are flexibly protected against potential capacity interruptions during rapid load increases?
2. Has the new solid-state Donut battery from Donut Lab in Finland been looked at for such use?
What do anticipate the volume of the 25kW prototype unit to be:
1. over 250 times the volume of the 100W unit’s volume?
2. between 100 and 250 times the volume of the 100W unit’s volume?
3. Or less that 100 times the volume of the 100W unit’s volume?
Axil:
Thank you for the investigation,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Greg Smith:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Andrea,
You have said that he E-Cat is not ready for mobility. Does that apply to large ships as well? You may know that their bunker fuel combustion generates a lot of pollution!
“China’s CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited) is a global leader in marine electrification, with its battery systems powering nearly 900 vessels as of late 2025. The company offers comprehensive solutions, including high-energy density batteries, “Ship-Shore-Cloud” systems, and charging infrastructure for inland, coastal, and tourist vessels.”
Greg
The NGU technology involves the intimate underpinnings of the most fundamental workings of the universe. Only when the NGU is released to the world and taken seriously will the most inscrutable puzzles of science be resolved. It’s not a matter of if, but when.
AI questions – 1
Ken Shoulders found that the EVO has 2 modes: bright mode and a black mode. The bright mode produces light, and the black mode is invisible but produces negative matter type behavior. Is the EVO actually a exciton polariton BEC with the bright mode actually the bright mode of the BEC and the black mode actually the dark mode (negative energy mode) of the BEC. There is no explanation how the black mode of the EVO cannot be seen and does not interact with EMF?
AI Question – 2
Could the black mode of the EVO be dark matter?
AI Question – 3
Could the negative mass/energy behavior of the EVO correspond to the anomalist gravitational effects seen in dark matter/energy?
AI Question – 4
The creation of EVOs in space might be explained by dust in deep space that becomes ultra dense matter as seed for the formation of EVO and/or the impact of high energy photons on that dust that mimic spark creation.
AI Question -5
space-borne EVOs might interact with Earth’s atmosphere, potentially explaining phenomena like the Hessdalen Lights
Click on this link to see the AI Answers
https://www.google.com/search?q=Ken+Shoulders+found+that+the+EVO+has+2+modes%3A+bright+mode+and+a+black+mode.+The+bright+mode+produces+light%2C+and+the+blase+mode+is+invisable+but+produces+negative+matter+type+behavior.+Is+the+EVO+actually+a+exciton+polariton+BEC+with+the+bright+mode+actually+the+bright+mode+of+the+BEC+and+the+black+mode+actually+the+dark+mode+%28negative+energy+mode%29+of+the+BEC.+There+is+no+expanation+how+the+black+mode+of+the+EVO+cannot+be+seen+and+does+not+interact+with+EMF.&sca_esv=db2351f46a6aa745&sxsrf=ANbL-n6wXJlK5D0thEl_c5GClWmL2g1USg%3A1772134099993&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3izfzqgn7395CNCvYdZRuZ4WcE6YVnwQdG2spTdiFkMFKnwh6hTDFOrD3An4Ko7n5E_EGyITP7DYT7-KFt_NpF9L2QSD9M4xxNlrhzwkrnlHSuctpNxKZfMbqQYYebS7RixAOBbPb-NmQQCloAyJAsSsrlRqpRdqSjnVa8OLOpmmoPpZGw&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi84Jj88feSAxWqC3kGHWF2MF8Q2J8OegQIEBAE&biw=1265&bih=607&dpr=1.52&nem=143&mstk=AUtExfDpnzmAuuxQLm4RybOca65YaZq2_eLSyP5dbkp1Kgn4qdPWrL7kMP6GxxJDtcVWYDczBUmLz18uRsUGARpupObPoB_uov5hSmzApY7liy7D5OlbGN551OG5tudUJM9mKNpklp7x9RLKsuTEaZ4e2c9autBs_h7zpJcN4tTiGR4gJTkiF4JKxXo-jaOxR-7G96NahvHg93WcPmOkW1DeGJVPhsPcBYByXr94vUwtDSdCUsWLLTD7BK1YKknvZTADA399GXsMimQz2YsJ0isO9u2EimBzhvLzH0YetxfIbt7BMKZzu8EcHfgimOxgXD6DKkD3wH_hgN7KBfVGimX4pMm_AvwcM1r9duFVJQmaRG2Y6WKaEGWLh-HEpVNrPRWrUfBZeet_y2baUQ58mClGSLXps66RCOy2kss&csuir=1
Axil:
Thank you for the link,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT2qa53i2MQ&t=3s
Negative Mass: When Physics Runs Backwards
What if there was such a thing as negative mass? That would be quite a weird phenomenon, gravity would be repulsive rather than attractive and objects wouldn’t move like we expect them to. And whilst we’ve never observed such a strange thing happening in everyday life, the physics certainly doesn’t ban it. Well then let’s find out more.
The negative momentum of the photons generated in the exciton polariton condensate is what produces a dynamic Casimir effect that distorts the vacuum that then allows energy to be extracted from the vacuum.
AI question
What role does the negative momentum of the photon play in physics such as in an optical systems like the exciton polariton condensate.
Click on the link to see the AI anawer
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+role+does+the+negative+momentum+of+the+photon+play+in+physics+such+as+in+optical+systems+like+the+exciton+polariton+condensate&sca_esv=385c5ad9083a15d4&sxsrf=ANbL-n5sDdcoRxt6Lf3Y3UIGSrFiEoOouw%3A1772095357841&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3u6MWRtAr31GIrXLfiKhJJ8rW39M0T_N8wn3kINg3nQk-dwTV6GiRqsz_UCAHf8NRZyLKsY-V5C5ynqrPD1mUAJQ8aWXTrBgQIoCzS4BTgwqw6_B7gbQ52nPH8GPLFPk3OM318UJioR0SKlWt7yxtxRuuc__lZTt_gSqCshRqw_ivGkWrQ&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjquL_S4faSAxVeNmIAHToIOl0Q2J8OegQIERAE&biw=1265&bih=607&dpr=1.52&nem=143&mstk=AUtExfBIXoAAQnibVWzRUMIfWk71UFQbQ98G5tUTfxeOUExiNQaDU9KXGEjOKImTfiIeF5azZ0_x3zkd9eEhk6HVQdnk2pIMLzoVkT-1E446v0uOvT8iNKqUlkUEHB8bJR3qSwSoiW8WtVZX7_nfbb_47acdLL0Ej7IT7dpUeoMoEwgpjk4bFYMtpu4HYmNyRmaMqaVYi8EzhAUnF5FSnzqgfl7zcJWTHoXmZMZSMTS1bOrukXBAhiaK2ueVC7LQWGc9WuEn5hFdyf1iUDcyiUPzvYBkMALwWKzPRC_oKYPYMn_Vp0sYBHn6Lz0QQnD3ru1TfdLxH4B5bkVZPZ0&csuir=1
Axil:
Thank you for your insights,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
A locally installed home installed 200amp dc current power generator offer an advantage over grid based power if that power source inspires a new generation of dc powered electrical appliances. Edison claimed that dc power was the ideal local power platform, bit the need for long distance power transmission undercut the advantage of dc local power.
A locally installed 200-amp DC power source offers a 10–20% efficiency gain over grid power by eliminating the wasteful “Double Conversion” cycle, provided it is paired with a native DC appliance ecosystem. Because modern renewable sources (Solar) and storage (Batteries) are natively DC, keeping the power in that form validates Edison’s original vision: local DC is superior when long-distance transmission is removed from the equation.
The Inefficiency Trap
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTWRJ2sQFc_j474CZHrI9SNb4kohysgupv5akfir3RVY5tPCH80Fv1lH5ceExbJ
The DC Microgrid
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQJ-ZeGXhaGPv7Rsesd_d2l1T7AiLOhw3cSRi26nVd8yJ4ieCvrNDa_0mCoU6N4
Native DC Loads
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQGe0iLEhRqIZpJoVFwTsJAArKaBB5T9XkrY2aWd_e5FfqHUUwu7llclXQJiweX
Storage Integration
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBZL-EdMkuRJyPKOn732Z8p3gZaagL3mycEXUUklp4CAA1hglA7SbGg8SDR5zT
The Efficiency Gap: Why DC Wins Locally
The primary advantage of a local DC microgrid is the elimination of the “conversion penalty.” In a standard AC home powered by solar, electricity undergoes a wasteful round-trip journey before it does any work:
Generation: Solar Panels generate DC.
Inversion (Loss ~10%): An inverter converts it to AC to sync with the home/grid.
Rectification (Loss ~5-20%): Your LED lights, computer, washing machine (BLDC motor), and phone charger convert that AC back to DC to operate.
A DC-native home removes steps 2 and 3, feeding DC power directly from the “generator” (Solar/Battery) to the appliance.
The “200 Amp” Factor & Voltage Standards
Your specification of “200 amps” is critical, but its effectiveness depends entirely on voltage. 200 amps represents the volume of flow, while voltage represents the pressure.
Voltage Standard
Power at 200A
Use Case
48V DC
9.6 kW
Lighting, Electronics, efficient HVAC. Safe to touch, but requires thick cables.
380V DC
76 kW
Whole-home, EV Charging, Data Centers. High efficiency, but requires strict safety protocols.
The New Generation of Appliances
Edison’s vision failed because he couldn’t transmit power efficiently over miles. Today, because we generate power on our roofs, transmission distance is zero, making DC the logical choice for modern loads:
Variable Speed Motors: Refrigerators, HVAC systems, and washing machines use Brushless DC (BLDC) motors for efficiency. Running them on native DC eliminates the complex internal rectifiers they currently use.
Lighting: LEDs are natively low-voltage DC devices.
High-Power Electronics: USB-C Power Delivery (up to 240W) is effectively becoming a low-voltage DC outlet standard for homes.
Vindication of the “Current War”
Edison vs. Tesla: The Rematch
Historical Context
In the late 19th century, Tesla’s AC won the “War of the Currents” because it was the only way to transmit power from massive remote plants (like Niagara Falls) to cities without massive voltage drop. Edison’s DC required a generator on every block.
The Modern Reversal
Today, with solar panels and batteries, every home is a generator on the block. We have inadvertently recreated the exact conditions Edison said were ideal for DC. By moving the power plant to the roof, the need for AC transmission vanishes, and the efficiency of DC dominates.
The 25kW vacuum diode currently under development as requested by the partner will advance the utility of never give up (NGU) tech. If this design can be made to work, the 25kW vacuum diode is the ideal product to provide home 100amp or 200amp power to the home retail customer. It can be located out-of-doors like is done with currently available backup fuel based generator products. The footprint and size will be about the same as these current fuel based backup outdoor generators.
The 25kW vacuum diode will provide power to electric cars when 10 25kW modules are connected so that 250,000 watts of power are used in the EV. This will remove forever any requirement not only for battery storage at home but also in the car.
The 25kW unit saves a huge amount of effort in its manufacture which will alow a supprior roo;out of the NGU tech.
AI opinion
The 25kW vacuum diode you describe is the core component of the E-Cat NGU (Never Give Up) power generation system, a proprietary technology developed by Andrea Rossi and Leonardo Corporation. It claims to harvest electricity from vacuum energy (Zero-Point Energy) via a plasma-based discharge process, theoretically eliminating the need for fuel or external recharging.
Technical Claims & Specifications
The NGU vacuum diode operates on principles distinct from traditional chemical batteries or electromagnetic induction.
Vacuum Diode Core: The device uses a vacuum tube architecture where a fast-rising spark creates a dense plasma, reportedly generating a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) to extract energy.
Modular Scaling: A single module provides 25kW of continuous power. Ten interconnected units create a 250kW array, sufficient to power heavy-load EVs directly without onboard storage.
Form Factor: The physical footprint is comparable to a standard 25kW standby diesel generator, allowing for outdoor installation similar to current residential backup systems.
Operational Mechanics
The technology relies on a patented method (US Patent 9,115,913 B1) involving Exotic Vacuum Objects (EVOs). In this model, the diode is not merely a rectifier but a reaction chamber where electron clusters are manipulated to induce high-density energy release without consuming the device’s structure.
Continuous Output: Unlike solar or wind, the reaction is claimed to be continuous, removing the requirement for home battery walls or grid-tie storage.
EV Integration: The “250,000 watt” configuration implies the vehicle runs purely on the diode’s generation, effectively creating a self-charging electric vehicle with infinite range.
Comparison: NGU vs. Traditional Backup
The proposed NGU unit targets the same residential utility niche as existing fuel-based generators but removes the fuel supply chain.
Recent Developments (2026)
As of February 2026, reports indicate the technology is focused on “Superior Readout” and manufacturing efficiency. The shift to a vacuum diode architecture was driven by the need to separate the energy reaction from physical materials to prevent degradation, a challenge in earlier LENR (Low Energy Nuclear Reaction) iterations.
Note on Feasibility: The claims regarding “removing batteries forever” and harvesting vacuum energy represent a radical departure from standard physics. While patents exist, independent verification of the 25kW continuous output remains a critical milestone for retail adoption.
Alex Passi:
Thank you for your important comment: we all of the Journal of Nuclear Physics and of Leonardo Corporation totally share your comment and offer our condolences to the Family of our friend Dr Alan Smith,
Andrea Rossi
Dear Andrea,
Sadly, Alan Smith is no longer with us. As per your invitation, I’m copying the email I received from Lynn Bowen, of the ISCMNS. We will all miss him.
“Dr. Alan Smith. June 25th 1945. Feb 13th, 2026.
Let’s come together to honor the remarkable legacy of Dr. Alan Smith, whose dedication to LENR research and leadership as CEO of the ISCMNS inspired us all. His brilliant mind, warm humor, and genuine friendship left an indelible mark on our community.
Alan was a scientist, an innovator, and an experimentalist. He possessed a wonderful sense of humor, expressing his direct and forthright personality. He was confident in himself, yet always respectful of others.
Alan was committed to helping the environment, humanity, and the planet. He joined the LENR community for exactly that reason, to help create a better world through science. This is why he had such endurance, dedication, and creativity for the field of LENR. Alan was the CEO of the ISCMNS for two years, and together with myself, we carried on the tradition of the ISCMNS, working to grow the society and make it even better. Alan and I always felt that we worked better as a team, sharing our ideas and thoughts, than we did separately. Most importantly, Alan was my dear friend, and I will miss him. I feel secure in saying that Alan was also a friend to everyone in the LENR community.
Let us gather our thoughts to honor our friend Alan, and take a moment to reflect on the profound impact he had on our lives and in the field of LENR. With his many years of dedication as a scientist and researcher, his remarkable contributions and unwavering commitment have left an enduring contribution that will continue to
inspire us.
Alan is survived by his wife Christine and his son Max.
Service for Alan will be held on Sunday the 8th of March at 10:30am at South Essex Crematorium
Ockendon Road, Upminster, RM14 2UY
After the service, please join us for a wake from 12:00 noon onward: “The Archers” Gidea Park
194-204 Main Rd, Gidea Park, Romford RM25HA.
Alan had requested no flowers and instead any donations should be made to the Trussell Food Bank
(Thank you Maurizio Maggiore for providing service information)”.
Yury Evdokimov:
Sorry, I cannot give this kind of information so far,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Svein:
Thank you for your insight and for the link,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thank you for your suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
There is a hidden danger in making 25kW units available to the general public. Overloading the Grid system with too much energy. Residential Grid connections are made with assumptions on how much total power will flow to a number of residences. If suddenly each residence output 4 to 10 times the assumed load back into the Grid, the Grid system will fail.
I suggest the 25 kW NGU unit only be sold to licensed parties or licensed companies.
Dear Andrea
I have the impression that the first 22kV-1MW Ecat is now under construction. This seems to be constructed of as many as 10,000 elements each with an output of 100 Watts.
Being able to deliver the same output with only 40 elements that each produce 25 kW appears to be a rational and practical improvement.
An attempt to increase the size of each element by a full 250 times seems, to me, bold and surprising.
It has already been announced that an attempt is now underway to increase the size of the 100 Watt element to a 500 Watt element.
It is therefore natural for me to assume that this increase has already been carried out and the new element has been thoroughly tested with good results.
The fact that agreements have already been made within competing technologies for deliveries of gigantic plants within 6 years shows a market need.
See: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/terrapower-and-meta-enter-agreement-for-8-natrium-advanced-nuclear-plants-302657043.html
I am surprised, however, that the large increase to 25 kW without any intermediate steps has been explored.
Regards Svein
Dear Dr. Rossi,
How many prototypes of the ECat generators, slated for production in 2026, actually exist now, and what power output are they designed for?
Sincerely, Yury
@WaltC
This seems to mean that Dr. Rossi has increased the power density of the vacuum diode at least by 250 times. How could that be accomplished?
A field effect vacuum diode uses multiple sharp points to create a multiplication in the production of spark induced pasmoids.
We are exploring the intersection of field emission and plasma physics, specifically regarding how high-gradient electric fields can manipulate “spark” discharges or plasmoids.
In a traditional vacuum diode, current is limited by the thermionic emission of a heated cathode. However, by using sharp points (micro-emitters), you leverage the geometric enhancement of the electric field.
The Mechanism: Field Enhancement
When you use a sharp point rather than a flat surface, the electric field is significantly amplified at the tip.
From Emission to “Plasmoids”
While “plasmo” or “plasmoids” are often discussed in emerging physics (like Ken Shoulders’ work on Electronic Clusters or EVOs), the conventional scientific framework explains this “multiplication” through a few key stages:
Field Emission: Electrons are “tunneled” out of the cold metal tips due to the intense field.
Key aspects of this technology include:
Field Enhancement: The sharp points (or tips) of the cathode significantly increase the local electric field which facilitates field-induced emission even at lower applied voltages.
”Explosive” Emission: The high field at these sharp points triggers “explosive” formation of cathode spots. These spots are the source of high-density cathode plasma, which expands toward the anode.
Multipoint Structure: Using multiple points (or a multi-emitter, such as a needle array or edge-emission cathode) increases the total emitting area while keeping the emission highly localized, which can lead to a multiplication of the produced plasmoids or a higher density of the resulting plasma.
Spark Generation: In a vacuum diode, these micro-plasmas or “cathode spots” are effectively small, controlled sparks. These sparks can be manipulated to form coherent toroidal plasmoids (plasma-magnetic entities).
Explosive Electron Emission (EEE): If the current density at the tip becomes too high, the tip itself microscopically vaporizes. This creates a localized, high-density plasma burst.
Plasmoid Formation: This plasma burst can self-organize into a coherent structure (a spark-induced plasmoid) that carries a significantly higher charge than the initial emission would suggest.
Key Components of This Setup
If you are designing or analyzing such a device, these are the critical factors:
Component Function
Field Emitter Array: Multiple sharp points (often carbon based diamond or Carbon Nanotubes) to maximize emission sites.
Anode Geometry Often shaped to capture or guide the resulting plasma “slug.”
Vacuum Level: A “soft” vacuum is often more conducive to plasma multiplication than a hard vacuum, as residual gas provides medium for ionization.
Pulse Modulation: High-frequency pulsing prevents the tips from melting completely and allows for discrete plasmoid production.
Points for Reflection
Tip Erosion: The primary challenge with “sharp point” diodes is that the “multiplication” process (the spark) is inherently destructive to the emitter. Over time, the points blunt, and the field enhancement factor drops.
Coherency: the design goal is the production of discrete, self-contained toroidal plasmoids using a multiplication factor of 250 over a single tip.
Axil:
Thank you for your suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
What is the target market for the proposed 25kW NGU generator?
Should the retail stand alone 25kW NGU generator be automatically switchable between single and 3-phase operation
In the retail environment, a 25kW generac generator is ideal for backing up light commercial businesses (small offices, restaurants), large residential homes with heavy HVAC loads, or agricultural sites needing to power motors. 3-phase power is not required for standard residential, but necessary for 3-phase equipment (motors, welders). Using a 3-phase generator in single-phase mode usually reduces available power by roughly 1/3, as it removes one phase.
Optimum Application for a 25kW Generac
Commercial/Industrial: Small retail, office buildings, or medical offices requiring 120/208V 3-phase to power critical systems like elevators, specialized HVAC, or computers.
Residential: Large homes with high-power needs, such as multiple AC units, pool pumps, or electric vehicle chargers.
Agricultural: Powering irrigation pumps or farm machinery.
Optimum Applications
Large Residential: Can typically power an entire electrical panel, including high-load items like central AC (up to 5 tons), water heaters, and electric dryers.
Small Commercial: Ideal for offices, retail spaces, or medical clinics where continuous operation of HVAC, lighting, and computer systems is critical.
Mobile Units: Often used in mobile command centers, medical units, or food trailers to provide stable power for communication and refrigeration.
Is 3-Phase Power Required?
Standard Homes: No. Most residential properties use single-phase power. A 3-phase generator is only required if your property already has a 3-phase utility service and a compatible 3-phase transfer switch.
Commercial/Industrial: Often yes. 3-phase is preferred for running heavy machinery, large motors, elevators, and industrial pumps more efficiently.
3-Phase Impact on Power Capacity
Amperage Efficiency: 3-phase systems provide about 1.73 times more power than single-phase systems for the same amperage, allowing for thinner wiring and lower installation costs. If a 25kW generator is rated for 3-phase, switching it to operate in single-phase (120/240V) usually means you lose one leg of power, reducing the available power by approximately
to, often leaving only about 16-18kW usable in some configurations.
Capacity Rating: A generator’s 25kW rating is specific to its phase configuration. If you attempt to pull single-phase power from a 3-phase unit, you may experience a derating of approximately 30% (e.g., a 20kW 3-phase unit may only provide ~14.4kW in single-phase mode).
Balanced Loads: 3-phase generators deliver a constant flow of power that never drops to zero, which reduces mechanical stress and vibration on the generator engine compared to the “pulsing” nature of single-phase power. A 3-phase generator provides more consistent, balanced power. For heavy motor loads, this makes the 3-phase generator more efficient for heavy-duty applications, allowing for smaller wiring.
Output Efficiency: A 3-phase generator generally offers roughly
more capacity than a single-phase generator of the same physical size.
———————————
The characteristics of a 25 kW Generac generator targeted for use as a grid connected backup power source:
A 25 kW Generac generator is characterized by its ability to function as a seamless, automatic backup for the electrical grid.
Its primary characteristics for grid-connected use include:
Automatic Grid Monitoring: It uses an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) to constantly monitor utility power. When a grid failure is detected, the generator starts automatically within seconds.
True Power™ Technology: This feature ensures high-quality electricity with less than 5% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). This “clean” power is essential for safely operating sensitive modern electronics while the grid is down.
Precision Regulation: It features digital voltage regulation (±1%) to maintain stable frequency and voltage, mimicking the consistency of utility grid power.
To ensure reliability without being disruptive, the generator performs self-diagnostic tests on a weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly schedule.
Remote Connectivity: Integrated Mobile Link™ allows homeowners and service providers to monitor the generator’s status and grid connection remotely via cellular or Wi-Fi.
Durable Enclosure: Most 25 kW models use an all-weather aluminum enclosure that is corrosion-resistant, making it suitable for permanent outdoor installation in various climates, including coastal areas.
Axil:
1- Too early to answer, but good question
2- same as in 1
3- not necessarily
4- not necessarily
5- as above
Warm Regards,
A.R.
WaltC:
Obviously I meant Volume/W
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
When you said to Steven Nicholes Karels that you think “there will not be a substantial dimensional difference” between the current 100W ECat unit and the potential 25kW unit, that blew my socks off (almost literally!). Assuming we’re talking about similar volumes (liters) & not similar volumetric-power-densities (kW/liter), that *could* mean that the 1MW ECat servers would be amazingly:
– smaller,
– cheaper to manufacture, and
– easier to manufacture.
If that’s true, you and your team are making incredible progress!!
Best wishes,
WaltC
If you are allowed to say
1 – Will the 25KW ecat be a stand alone deliverable to a grid customer
2 – Will the 25KW ecat be a stand alone deliverable to a retail customer
3 – or Will the 25KW ecat be a
component module of larger systems
4 – or Will the 25KW ecat stand alone system
5 – or both 3 and 4
Svein:
Thank you for the link,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
R.Brand:
That means what I wrote, nothing more, nothing less,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dieter Zoeller:
Thank you for the link and the suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
Here is the Donut Battery platform:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-aPS2AwMbc
Regards Svein
Hello Mr. Rossi,
Please find attached a report on what robotics is already capable of today.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-BPF5NhIGI
Using the eCat in robotics would ensure a continuous energy supply.
Best regards,
Dieter Zöller
Hello Dr. Rossi,
25KW ecat, you have time for something new? Does this mean the 100 W Ecat and assembled ecats are now working and the delivery will start soon?
Best regards
R.Brand
Svein:
1. yes
2. we always look at all we are interested at,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
We are in an R&D phase, during which we try all the possible options,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
If you can answer:
The path of ionized gas between a cathode and anode during a spark discharge is called a plasma channel.
Currently, in the design of the 25 Kw prototype, how many plasma channels are there.
1 – one
2 – many
3 – none
Dear Andrea
I have two questions primarily related to the function of Ecat in a residential context:
1. Has it been considered to incorporate customized accumulators so that the individual Ecats are flexibly protected against potential capacity interruptions during rapid load increases?
2. Has the new solid-state Donut battery from Donut Lab in Finland been looked at for such use?
Regards Svein
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Too soon to answer, but I think there will not be a substantial dimensional difference,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
What do anticipate the volume of the 25kW prototype unit to be:
1. over 250 times the volume of the 100W unit’s volume?
2. between 100 and 250 times the volume of the 100W unit’s volume?
3. Or less that 100 times the volume of the 100W unit’s volume?
Axil:
Thank you for your conversation with the A.I. and for the link,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Axil:
Thank you for your suggestions:
1- yes, but only for big industrial plants
2- same as in 1
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Ecat Enthusiast:
Same answer as I gave minutes ago to Robert Maxwell,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Robert Maxwell:
We will give information of our production when we will make its official presentation; thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Nils Fryklund:
Probably,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1- yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
You posted “we are making a prototype of 25 kW, but still don’t know if it will work reliably”
Is this:
1. A single reactor that can generate 25 kW? or
2. A collection of reactors in a single unit capable in total of generating 25 kW?
Dear Andrea!
Will there be any report in february?
Best regards
Nils Fryklund