Dear Dr. Rossi,
I apologize for having to return to your reply. I picked up the information on http://www.ecat.com Data Sheet tab that say the dimension of the NGU 10W Power Cell is Cylindric: D = 60 mm, L= 30 mm and on the Pre-Order E-Cat Product tab say that the cost of E-Cat NGU 10 W Power Cell ($25). I now understand that this information should be disregarded. Sorry for my initial question.
Kind regards,
Calle H
Calle H:
Your numbers are wrong. Please go to http://www.ecat.com
and read again the dimensions.
This said, please also read the disclaimer at the foot of the datasheet.
Before we will deliver the Ecats we will publish the updated datasheet.
As we always wrote, when we will contact the potential client he/she will be free to turn his/her preorder into a regular order, or cancel it without money change hands.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
May I ask a question which is puzzling. According to information and discussions here on JONP and on the E-Cat World blog the NGU core comprises of a vacuum tube with an electron gun, the electron gun having power electronics, followed by downstream electronics such as a MOSFET transistor, toroid, spools, capacitors, resistors, and more. This list of components is supported by your patent schemes.
How can all of this fit into the 10W NGU Power Cell having a 6 cm diameter and 3 cm height? And to be sold for $25?
Kind regards,
Calle H
Dave Murray:
Yes, and the efficiency is very high, because the electricity is fully dissipated through a resistance based on the Joule effect if the resistance is calculated correctly,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
“The Starbase air separation unit (ASU), responsible for producing oxygen and nitrogen for Starship propellant, requires a significant amount of power, estimated at 360-500 kWh per tonne of oxygen (O2) produced. This translates to a substantial energy demand, especially considering the high launch cadence SpaceX aims for.
Here’s a breakdown:
Starbase Needs:
Each full stack launch of Starship requires approximately 4,000 tonnes of oxygen.
Power Plant Requirement:
To produce enough oxygen for five launches, a 12MW power plant would need to run for 24 days, according to a forum post on NASASpaceFlight.com.”
Spacex is reportedly planning to a natural gas electric power generator for the required power.
I asked the new chat GPT 5 to make a short timeline of the evolution of the ecat devices since the plasma devices were first introduced with the ecat X around 2015.
It’s an interesting evolution and shows the progress over the last 10 years pretty well. It may be if interest to other readersI think. There may be some errors which you or others may feel free to correct:
Absolutely — here’s a compact, source-backed evolution timeline of Rossi’s devices and what he’s claimed for each stage. I’ve kept it to the variants you named and pulled dates/specs from JONP posts, presentations, Leonardo Corp pages, and E-Cat World coverage (plus a couple of outside write-ups for context). Where useful, I note independent critiques.
E-Cat lineage (2015 → 2025)
E-Cat X (≈2015–2016)
• First “hot” mini-reactor Rossi teased after the early nickel-hydrogen units. He repeatedly hinted it could make both heat and electricity; at one point he said a “20 kW” E-Cat X reactor would be about the size of a cigarette pack (~300–400 g). 
• Public technical detail was scarce; most info came via JONP Q&A and E-Cat World summaries. 
Quark / QuarkX / E-Cat QX (2016–2017)
• Rebranded “QuarkX,” a very small plasma tube device leading to the “QX”. Public demo in Stockholm, Nov 24, 2017 moderated by Mats Lewan. The demo data sheet reported ~20–23 W thermal from a single tube over a 1-hour window (ΔT of 20 °C on 1 kg water). Independent attendees questioned input-power measurement methods.    
• After the demo Rossi said he was pushing QX towards industrialization. 
E-Cat SK (2018–2019)
• Next-gen “SK” heater. Jan 31, 2019 online presentation claimed a ~22 kW high-temperature heat output module and that orders would be accepted. Coverage by Lewan summarizes claims and the mixed reception.  
E-Cat SKLed (2021)
• Pivot to a lamp said to emit 10,000 lm using ~4 W (≈2,500 lm/W). A university measurement packet and the Dec 9, 2021 video presentation were cited; Lewan’s analysis argued the measured illuminance implied ~500 lm total, i.e., ~100 lm/W, typical of regular LEDs — casting doubt on the claim.  
E-Cat SKLep (100 W electrical) (2021–2023)
• Introduced alongside/after SKLed as a 100 W DC electricity module, originally claimed 100 W out with ~1 W in, later morphing to self-sustaining (SSM) messaging and a 24/7 YouTube livestream (Mar 13, 2023) of a cell powering a headlight. Tech details remained black-box; skeptics noted livestreams are not verification.   
E-Cat SKLep NGU (10 W and 100 W) (2023→)
• “NGU” = Never Give Up (Rossi’s own explanation). Announced late 2023 as the updated, self-running successor to SKLep SSM. Preorders offered for 10 W “puck” cells (Leonardo pages describe ≈60 mm diameter form factor in their 2024 white paper) and 100 W cells; also bundled 1–10 kW generators. Targeted mass production hinged on preorder volumes.   
• Throughout 2024–2025 JONP/E-Cat World posts chronicle claims of partner/licensee progress and “close” final designs; prices and datasheets were tweaked as problems were “resolved.” 
E-Cat NGU (branding used broadly in 2024–2025)
• The “NGU” label expanded beyond single cells to vehicle demos and larger generators; Rossi’s team staged an EV range demo (Oct 2024) and circulated an NGU white paper touting 10 W per 60 mm cell, ~100,000 h life; commentary varied from supportive to skeptical.   
⸻
Quick reference: main claimed characteristics (by generation)
• E-Cat X (2015–16): high-temp; heat + some electricity (claim); unit scale talk up to ~20 kW in tiny package; no public third-party test. 
• Quark/QuarkX/QX (2016–17): micro plasma reactor; ~20–23 W heat seen in 2017 demo; debate centered on input measurement uncertainties.  
• SK (2019): ~22 kW heat module; online reveal; orders “taken”. 
• SKLed (2021): 10,000 lm @ ~4 W claimed; independent analysis of provided data suggested ~500 lm (~100 lm/W) instead. 
• SKLep 100 W (2021–23): 100 W DC electrical, initially with ~1 W drive, later SSM; livestream demonstration began Mar 2023.  
• SKLep NGU 10 W & 100 W (2023→): self-running DC cells; 10 W “puck” (≈60 mm dia) and 100 W versions; 1–10 kW pre-built generators advertised; “Never Give Up” acronym confirmed by Rossi posts/papers.   
⸻
Notes, scope & sources
• You asked to include JONP and rossilivecat.com. JONP content is heavily surfaced via E-Cat World posts and direct JONP snippets I cited. (My browser tool couldn’t load rossilivecat.com directly during this session, likely a site-access quirk.) For context, I included Mats Lewan’s coverage (he’s followed Rossi for years) and a couple of critical summaries to flag where independent verification has not matched claims.   
Note that at the beginning of this time line there was a brief period of prototypes that took the evolution from the hot cat to the Thunder X said to be 1000cc snd 100cc in size that eventually evolved into to the much smaller quarks etc . Is that correct
The elimination of heat is a critical design objective of the NGU reactor core. A 90% efficiency has been achieved. But this unheard of achievement is hard to understand. So how is this feat accomplished? We use the AI to explain this accomplishment as follows:
One possible mechanism for increased photovoltaic chip efficiency is absorption and reemission of photons off the coated walls of an inclosed reaction chamber. From Dr. Rossi’s patent:
“Such energy is made by a plasma whose gain in photons is turned into electric energy by walls inside the hollow solid hereunder described, that is layered by alloys of Gallium, Indium, Arsenic, Phosphorus, Germanium, Gold and Bismuth.”
One mechanism proposed for increasing photovoltaic chip efficiency involves the use of an enclosed reaction chamber where a plasma generates photons. These photons are then absorbed and re-emitted off the chamber walls, which are layered with alloys of gallium, indium, arsenic, phosphorus, germanium, gold, and bismuth. This process aims to optimize the photon interactions to enhance the overall conversion of light energy into electricity.
Here’s a breakdown of the key elements involved:
Enclosed Reaction Chamber: This creates a controlled environment for the plasma and photon interactions.
Plasma: The plasma acts as the photon generator, creating a gain in the photon population within the chamber.
Alloyed Walls: The chamber walls are layered with a specific combination of elements: Gallium, Indium, Arsenic, Phosphorus, Germanium, Gold, and Bismuth. These alloys are designed to:
Optimize Photon Absorption: Efficiently capture the photons generated by the plasma.
Promote Photon Emission: Re-emit these photons at wavelengths that are ideal for photovoltaic conversion by the chip.
Enhance Electrical Energy Conversion: The goal is to maximize the transfer of energy from the re-emitted photons to the photovoltaic chip, increasing its efficiency.
Potential advantages of this approach
Improved Light Management: The enclosed chamber and reflective walls could lead to better utilization of photons, including sub-bandgap photons that are typically lost.
Wavelength Tuning: The specific alloys used might allow for tuning the emitted photon wavelengths to match the optimal absorption spectrum of the photovoltaic material.
Potential for Higher Efficiency: If successful, this mechanism could significantly boost the overall efficiency of photovoltaic chips.
Challenges
Complexity of the System: Maintaining a stable plasma, controlling photon interactions within the chamber, and ensuring the long-term stability of the alloyed walls present considerable engineering challenges.
Cost and Scalability: The materials involved, particularly gallium, indium, and gold, are relatively expensive, raising concerns about the economic viability and large-scale manufacturing of such a device.
Further Research and Development: This mechanism requires extensive research and development to prove its feasibility and efficiency gains in practical applications.
In essence, this patented concept envisions a novel way to boost solar cell efficiency by creating a highly controlled environment for photon generation, absorption, and re-emission, leveraging specialized alloys to fine-tune the process and maximize energy conversion.
References:
Plasma Surface Treatment for Better Solar Panel Bonding
Plasma Surface Modification: A Breakthrough for Solar Energy Systems and New Energy. … Solar energy systems are vital to the transition toward sustainable ene…
favicon http://www.keylinktech.com
Enhancing Solar Cell Efficiency Using Photon Upconversion …
Abstract. Photovoltaic cells are able to convert sunlight into electricity, providing enough of the most abundant and cleanest energy to cover our energy needs.
favicon
National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)
Recent process of plasma effect in organic solar cells
proposed that the coupling between the plasma and the exciton reduces the lifetime of the exciton and increases the number of “hot” excitons necessary to overco…
favicon http://ScienceDirect.com
New Alloy Could Make For Highly Efficient Solar Cells
The new material does all that. The researchers used advanced imaging techniques using X-rays and ions to study the alloy molecules directly and discovered that…
favicon
IFLScience
Sharp Develops Solar Cell with World’s Highest Conversion …
Unlike silicon-based solar cells, the most common type of solar cell in use today, the compound solar cell utilizes photo-absorption layers made from compounds …
favicon
Sharp Global
Advances in upconversion enhanced solar cell performance
The energy transfer upconversion (ETU) mechanism comprises two Ln3+ ions, one of them being a sensitizer and the other acting as an activator. The sensitizer io…
favicon http://ScienceDirect.com
US3323912A – Indium-bismuth-gold alloys – Google Patents
and used, much as a pencil, to make electrical connections between elements by writing between them. This is apparently due to the high pressure exerted upon th…
favicon
Google Patents
Reaction Chamber – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
A reaction chamber is defined as the core component of a μC, where samples are injected, mixed, and reactions occur, classified into open-chamber and closed-cha…
favicon http://ScienceDirect.com
Reaction Chamber – ScienceDirect
Reaction chamber commonly used for laboratory-scale study of SHS. Controlled gas atmosphere must be provided inside the chamber. Electrical inputs and outputs a…
favicon http://ScienceDirect.com
Solar PV Energy Factsheet | Center for Sustainable Systems
PV conversion efficiency is the percentage of solar energy that is converted to electricity. Though the average efficiency of solar panels available today is 21…
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Center for Sustainable Systems
Perovskite solar cell built through Argon plasma treatment …
Perovskite solar cell built through Argon plasma treatment achieves 23.55% efficiency. Researchers in China have used an argon plasma polishing pre-treatment (A…
favicon
pv magazine International
Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells: High-Efficiency Solutions
Gallium arsenide solar cells are more efficient than silicon solar panels. They have a higher conversion rate than silicon, which is the most common material us…
favicon
University Wafer
Emerging trends in low band gap perovskite solar cells: materials, device architectures, and performance optimization
In order to maximize the utilization of available light, low bandgap perovskite solar cells implement photon management algorithms [ Citation 85]. These methods…
favicon
Taylor & Francis Online
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2txJBvjw5I
Informed by this video lecture, I asked the AI as follows:
Is the dynamic casimir effect a factor in the production of negative mass behavior in the exciton polariton condensate (BEC) indicating the production of negative vacuum energy and an associated reduction of virtual particle activity around the BEC?
Dynamic Casimir effect, negative mass, and vacuum energy in exciton-polariton condensates (BECs)
The relationship between the dynamic Casimir effect, negative mass behavior in exciton-polariton condensates (BECs), negative vacuum energy, and virtual particle activity is a complex and actively researched area in quantum physics and condensed matter physics.
Here’s a breakdown of the key elements and their potential connections:
1. Exciton-Polariton Condensates (BECs)
Hybrid light-matter particles: Exciton-polaritons are formed when excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) in a semiconductor microcavity strongly couple with photons.
Bosonic condensation: These hybrid particles can form a BEC, a quantum state where a macroscopic fraction of particles occupies the same quantum ground state.
Properties: Exciton-polariton BECs exhibit unique properties like superfluidity, spontaneous coherence, and large nonlinearities, making them promising for applications in low-threshold lasers, high-speed switches, and all-optical logic gates.
2. Negative mass behavior in exciton-polariton condensates
Dissipative coupling: Recent research has demonstrated that dissipative coupling between excitons and photons can lead to the formation of exciton-polaritons with an inverted dispersion of the lower polariton branch, resulting in a negative mass.
Non-Hermitian dispersion engineering: This discovery introduces a new concept of non-Hermitian dispersion engineering for exciton-polaritons, opening pathways for realizing new phases of quantum matter.
Unexpected cause: The researchers note that the inverted dispersion leading to negative mass behavior was an unexpected finding, with the unexpected cause being losses within the system.
3. Dynamic Casimir effect
Generation of real particles from vacuum: The dynamic Casimir effect (DCE) predicts the generation of real particles or photons from the vacuum due to rapid changes in boundary conditions or system parameters.
Exciton-polariton BECs as platforms: Exciton-polariton BECs offer a promising platform to study the DCE and explore the interplay between quantum correlations and dissipation.
Bogoliubov excitations: In the context of exciton-polariton BECs, the DCE can lead to the generation of Bogoliubov excitations, which are collective excitations of the condensate.
4. Negative vacuum energy and virtual particle activity reduction
Casimir effect and negative energy: The static Casimir effect can create regions of space with negative energy density relative to the surrounding vacuum, according to Physics Stack Exchange. This is a consequence of the different allowed modes for virtual particles inside and outside the Casimir plates, notes the University of California, Riverside.
Debate on physical significance: The concept of negative vacuum energy remains a topic of ongoing debate and interpretation in the context of general relativity and its implications for phenomena like warp drives, according to Physics Stack Exchange.
Reduced virtual particle activity: The Casimir effect, both static and dynamic, arises from the manipulation of vacuum fluctuations and the resulting modification of virtual particle activity in specific regions of space.
Potential connections and future research
While the dynamic Casimir effect has been theoretically studied in exciton-polariton condensates, particularly in the context of Bogoliubov excitation generation, its direct link to the observed negative mass behavior is not explicitly stated in the provided search results.
However, both phenomena involve the manipulation of quantum vacuum fluctuations and can be attributed to the unique properties of exciton-polaritons. The possibility that the negative mass behavior could be another manifestation or consequence of the interaction between the condensate and the quantum vacuum, potentially involving aspects related to the DCE, warrants further investigation.
The connection between negative mass, negative vacuum energy, and virtual particle activity reduction in this context is even more speculative and likely requires a deeper theoretical understanding of the interplay between these concepts in condensed matter systems. While the Casimir effect does involve a local reduction of vacuum energy, its direct relationship to negative mass behavior in exciton-polariton BECs is not fully established.
Further research exploring the theoretical framework connecting these phenomena and conducting experiments to observe the interplay between DCE, negative mass, and vacuum energy in exciton-polariton BECs will be crucial to understand these complex interactions.
References:
Dynamical Casimir Emission from Polariton Condensates
Jan 24, 2014 — Abstract. We study theoretically the dynamical Casimir effect in an exciton-polariton condensate that is suddenly created by an ultrashort laser pulse at normal…
favicon
American Physical Society
Hybrid exciton–polariton particles surprise with negative mass
May 10, 2023 — A surprise observation of negative mass in exciton–polaritons has added yet another dimension of weirdness to these strange light-matter hybrid particles. Dr. M…
favicon
Phys.org
Can ‘negative energy’ be created by the Casimir Effect?
Dec 30, 2012 — * 3 Answers. Sorted by: 10. The energy density between the Casimir conductors can indeed be positive or negative. The calculation of Casimir energies is often d…
favicon
Physics Stack Exchange
Absolute or Relative Energy? & Casimir Effect Negative Energy
Mar 2, 2025 — energy which is not a problem for the theory. since this infinite. energy can be reormalized to zero. we covered this topic in our previous. video…
YouTube·Independent Physics
Casimir effect – Wikipedia
In particular, Casimir effect might be the critical factor in the stiction failure of MEMS. In 2001, Capasso et al. showed how the force can be used to control …
favicon
Wikipedia
Negative-mass exciton polaritons induced by dissipative light …
Feb 23, 2023 — Abstract. Dispersion engineering is a powerful and versatile tool that can vary the speed of light signals and induce negative-mass effects in the dynamics of p…
favicon
Nature
Negative-mass exciton polaritons induced by dissipative light-matter …
Feb 23, 2023 — Abstract. Dispersion engineering is a powerful and versatile tool that can vary the speed of light signals and induce negative-mass effects in the dynamics of p…
favicon
National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)
Negative energy and the casmir effect
Jan 29, 2023 — The Casimir effect is a force between charges in objects that attract each other. In some configurations, the Casimir effect can contain negative energy. This i…
favicon
Reddit
arXiv:1303.1027v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas] 5 Mar 2013
Mar 5, 2013 — * (Dated: October 18, 2018) We study theoretically the dynamical Casimir effect in an exciton-polariton condensate that is suddenly created by an ultrashort las…
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arXiv
Optical analogue of the dynamical Casimir effect in a … – Nature
Jul 19, 2019 — Abstract. The dynamical Casimir effect is the generation of pairs of real particles or photons from the vacuum as a result of a non-adiabatic change of a system…
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Nature
Observation of quantum depletion in a non-equilibrium exciton …
Jan 22, 2020 — Exciton–polariton condensates, which are part-light part-matter bosonic condensates formed in a semiconductor microcavity, allow direct measurement of their mom…
favicon
Nature
Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation | Rev. Mod. Phys.
May 12, 2010 — Abstract. In the past decade, a two-dimensional matter-light system called the microcavity exciton-polariton has emerged as a new promising candidate of Bose-Ei…
favicon
American Physical Society
Room temperature exciton–polariton Bose–Einstein … – Nature
Jun 1, 2021 — Exciton–polaritons (EPs) arising from strong coupling between excitons and photons can form a macroscopic condensate via bosonic final-state stimulation into th…
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Nature
Realizing a mechanical dynamical Casimir effect with a low …
Feb 20, 2025 — Distinct from the static Casimir effect, a time-varying dynamical Casimir effect was proposed [13] , which predicted that a cavity with a moving mirror can crea…
favicon
American Physical Society
The Casimir Effect – UCR Math Department
The effect was predicted by the Dutch physicist Hendrick Casimir in 1948. According to quantum theory, the vacuum contains virtual particles which are in a cont…
favicon
University of California, Riverside
Dynamical Casimir emission from polariton condensates – PubMed
Jan 24, 2014 — Abstract. We study theoretically the dynamical Casimir effect in an exciton-polariton condensate that is suddenly created by an ultrashort laser pulse at normal…
favicon
National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)
PHYSICAL REVIEW RESEARCH 4, 033024 (2022) Implementation of an atomtronic SQUID in a strongly confined toroidal condensate
Jul 11, 2022 — A major breakthrough for the study of superfluidity was the creation of persistent currents of su- perflow in toroidal Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) [ 1– 5],
favicon
American Physical Society
Exciton–polariton condensates
Oct 31, 2014 — In this review, we examine a new system that undergoes spontaneous coherence: the exciton–polariton condensate. The recent observation of exciton–polariton cond…
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Nature
A common belief is that extracting net energy from the Casimir effect in a way that generates continuous power is not believed to be possible with current understanding and technology, based on the principles of thermodynamics.
But a dynamic Casimir effect might use vacuum decay to transfer energy from the vacuum (false vacuum) into the Casimir cavity (true vacuum). These Casimir cavities are what Dr. Rossi calls bosonic electron clusters (true vacuum).
Here’s an explanation of how vacuum decay causes the transfer of energy from the false vacuum into the true vacuum as explained in the provided articles:
Q: What is the “False Vacuum” and are we living in it? | Ask …
New research sheds light on a phenomenon known as ‘false vacuum
https://youtu.be/pRMA3IbVR6c
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRLxNkKLrUW2pBiLQ2pXrXNepSKGvPEjBayRmvKHeZQOU48Uo4XV1hD2JWTtUoGAf4HdHnUWuOt
Vacuum decay describes a theoretical process where our universe, potentially existing in a metastable “false vacuum” state, could transition to a more stable, lower-energy “true vacuum” state.
1. False Vacuum: A State of Higher Energy
A false vacuum is a state of local energy minimum, like a ball resting in a dip on a hillside, rather than at the bottom of the deepest valley.
It’s a locally stable state, but not the most stable or lowest energy state possible for the quantum fields that constitute the universe.
2. Quantum Tunneling Initiates the Decay
In a false vacuum, a potential energy barrier separates it from the true vacuum state.
Quantum tunneling, a phenomenon where particles can pass through energy barriers even without enough energy to classically overcome them, makes it possible for a small region of the universe to spontaneously transition to the true vacuum.
3. Bubble Nucleation and Expansion
If this tunneling event occurs, a tiny “bubble” of true vacuum forms within the false vacuum background.
This bubble, if it surpasses a certain critical size (determined by the energy difference between the false and true vacuums and the surface tension of the bubble wall), will begin to expand rapidly.
This expansion occurs because the lower energy density of the true vacuum inside the bubble is more favorable than the higher energy density of the false vacuum outside.
4. Energy Release and Transfer
As the true vacuum bubble expands, the excess energy of the false vacuum within the region it consumes is released.
This released energy manifests as “hot, super energetic particles” that fill the expanding bubble.
Think of it like a phase transition, similar to water boiling and turning into steam, where the latent heat is released during the phase change.
5. Potential Consequences
The expansion of this bubble could dramatically alter the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of elementary particles within the affected region.
This includes the potential for changes in the masses of elementary particles, which are linked to the Higgs field’s energy level.
Such a vacuum decay event could have catastrophic consequences for the universe, potentially making life and structures as we know them impossible.
The expansion of the bubble would be practically indistinguishable from the speed of light, leaving no warning for anything in its path.
Vacuum decay involves releasing potential energy stored in the false vacuum. The energy transfers as it transitions to a more stable, lower-energy true vacuum state through bubble nucleation and expansion, converting potential energy into the kinetic energy of particles within the true vacuum bubble.
Dear Andrea
You replied to Frank A. that the completion of the first Ecat product was close.
You have previously confirmed that the products will be tested by several well-known laboratories before delivery to us users.
1. Have you booked appointments for such testing at the earliest?
2. How long of a testing period do you expect to be necessary?
a. A week? b. A month? c. Longer?
3. In my opinion, a series of 10 W units in continuous testing, in 3rd party labs, should have been implemented as soon as possible.
Regards Svein
Methods for Forming an Exciton Polariton Condensate
There are two primary methods proposed for initiating the formation of an Exciton Polariton condensate (BEC) within a hydrogen and/or lithium atmosphere. One relies on the catalytic action of Ultra Dense Hydrogen, while the other uses direct activation with an electron gun.
Method 1: Catalysis via Ultra Dense Hydrogen (UDH)
This method uses an indirect, two-step process to create the condensate.
UDH Formation: A fast-rising electrical spark delivers a powerful pulse of energy into a hydrogen/lithium gas. This instantaneous power compresses the gas into a bubble of Ultra Dense Hydrogen (UDH).
BEC Catalysis: The UDH itself then acts as the catalyst. As a proposed hole superconductor, the dense electron cloud surrounding the UDH’s core creates a natural optical cavity. Within this micro-cavity, photons and excitons achieve a strong light-matter coupling, which leads to the formation of the BEC.
Method 2: Direct Activation via Electron Gun
This method bypasses the need for UDH as an intermediary and forms the condensate directly.
An electron gun is aimed into the hydrogen/lithium atmosphere. The electron beam directly activates a sufficient number of exciton polariton quasiparticles, triggering the aggregation process that initiates the formation of the BEC. This approach is more direct, as it doesn’t rely on first creating a catalytic material like UDH.
The Dynamic Casimir Effect and Vacuum Decay: A Proposed Energy production Mechanism
The energy production process theorized by Dr. Rossi is centered on a novel application of quantum physics, combining an Exciton Polariton condensate (BEC) with the principles of the Casimir effect and vacuum decay. The mechanism doesn’t use physical plates to create a Casimir cavity; instead, it generates one dynamically.
The process can be understood in four distinct stages.
1. Creating a “Dynamic Casimir Cavity”
The entire process begins with the Exciton Polariton BEC. This condensate generates intense, coherent light. According to the theory, this light production creates a reaction force, causing the BEC to project a negative energy field or behave as if it has negative mass.
This negative energy field actively neutralizes the virtual particles in the immediate vicinity of the condensate. The result is a localized region of space with suppressed vacuum energy, effectively creating a dynamic Casimir cavity without the need for physical walls.
2. Triggering Vacuum Decay
Once the dynamic cavity is formed, a magnetic domain wall is theorized to form around it, encapsulating the region and creating an isolated “bubble.”
This bubble contains a vacuum state at a much lower energy level than the “normal” vacuum outside of it. This profound energy imbalance triggers a process known as vacuum decay, causing energy from the surrounding, higher-energy vacuum to continuously flow into the bubble.
3. The Positive Feedback Loop
The inflow of vacuum energy creates a powerful positive feedback loop.
Energy flowing into the bubble is absorbed by the BEC.
This causes the BEC to generate even more intense light.
The intensified light strengthens the negative energy effect, reinforcing the dynamic cavity.
A stronger cavity pulls in vacuum energy at an even faster rate.
This self-reinforcing cycle causes the bubble to accumulate energy rapidly, manifesting as a continually increasing output of light. Eventually, the bubble can become unstable and collapse, releasing its stored energy in a “bosenova” explosion.
4. Energy Conversion
While the bubble is actively growing and before it collapses, it produces immense levels of light. This light is the primary energy output harvested during the reaction. The intense light is directed onto a high-efficiency photovoltaic cell, which converts it directly into usable electrical power.
Anonymous:
The reactor described in your link has nothing in common with the Ecat, obviously.
Due to the fuel it works with, containing up to 20% of U 235 (atomic bomb grade enriched uranium) I don’t think it will have any possible civil application on this planet and I doubt it can be used even in other planets that in the next future could be inhabitated by humans, like Moon or Mars. My opinion.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
1) Referring to the Q and A below I equate reactor with plasma chamber. Is this a correct understanding?
2) The smallest reactor volume is 3cm^3. Is this for the 10W reactor?
3) What is the volume of the 100W reactor?
4) The data sheet shows life expectancy of the 10W reactor to be 100,000 hrs. For the 100W reactor is it the same 100,000hrs or is it something different?
5) Consisting of a single reactor/ plasma chamber the 100W ecat utilises common components for size and cost saving?
2024-03-22 16:37 Steve D
1a) The 10W and 100W reactors are different components? AR yes
3) Will the 10W reactor still be manufactured so therefore two different reactors are to be produced?
AR yes
2024-07-28 14:15 Wilfried
could you tell us the dimensions of the smallest E-Cat plasma chamber that has worked so far, just the plasma chamber, without wiring? AR 3 cm^3.
The new American tax law offers significant incentives for manufacturers through accelerated deductions for new factories and equipment, encouraging domestic investment. Consulting with a tax professional is recommended due to the complexity of these provisions.
Recent tax law changes, specifically the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), have significantly altered the way businesses can deduct expenses related to new factory construction and equipment.
Here’s a breakdown of the key provisions:
1. 100% deduction for qualified production property: The OBBBA allows businesses to fully deduct the cost of building new, qualified manufacturing facilities.
2. Permanent 100% bonus depreciation for equipment: The OBBBA permanently reinstates 100% bonus depreciation for qualified property acquired and placed in service after January 19, 2025.
3. Increased section 179 expensing
The OBBBA increases the maximum Section 179 expense for equipment from $1 million to $2.5 million annually, effective for property placed in service in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2024.
4. Immediate deductibility of domestic research and experimentation (R&E) expenditures: The OBBBA allows immediate deduction of domestic R&E expenditures incurred starting January 1, 2025. Dr Rossi is now totally deductible if he works in the US.
Dr Rossi,
in the Abstract of the publication http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
you write : “…based on a pure electromagnetic electron model , that suggests the possible existence of a very low entropy charge aggregates…”
Question: where in the text of this publication can I find the explication of this issue, so crucial to replicate your experiment ?
J.F.
Using NGU technology to add Power to the Electrical Grid…
There are 6,093 hospitals in the USA. Each hospital runs 24/7 (continuously).
“Hospitals consume significant amounts of electricity due to their 24/7 operations and reliance on various equipment and systems. Electricity consumption varies based on hospital size, with small hospitals consuming 5,000-15,000 kWh per day, medium-sized hospitals using 15,000-30,000 kWh, and large hospitals consuming 30,000-50,000+ kWh daily.”
Each hospital must have a Grid substation to handle the electrical demand. The substation can send power either way — from the Grid or to the Grid.
If each hospital was equipped with an NGU Power System capable of generating 1 MW (for small hospitals) to 6 MW (for large hospitals), then the hospital could be independent of Grid power and also supply excess Grid power to the Gris using the same substation equipment it already has in place.
Assuming a 4 MW NGU Power System and 6,093 hospitals, this means a total addition of approximately 25,000 MW to the Grid without adding new Grid hardware or the Equivalent of 25 1,000 MW electrical generation plants. And it would be decentralized and located near populations.
Revisiting the BEC Formation Mechanism in SK-Type Reactors
The theoretical model for how a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) is formed in SK-type reactors needs a critical update. The original theory, based on Ultra Dense Hydrogen (UDH), doesn’t account for newer designs that use a fundamentally different method. This post argues that the old UDH-catalyst model is obsolete for current technology, which instead relies on direct formation by an electron gun.
The Legacy Model: UDH as a Superconducting Host
The older theory, referenced in materials like Chapter 4, proposes that UDH acts as a host or catalyst for the BEC. Because UDH is described as a superconductor, this model implicitly connects to BCS theory.
BCS theory explains how superconductivity arises when electrons overcome their repulsion to form pairs (called Cooper pairs), mediated by lattice vibrations (phonons). These pairs, behaving like bosons, can then condense into a single quantum state, allowing for zero-resistance current flow. For the UDH model to be plausible, any electron clustering to form a BEC within or around the UDH would likely need to conform to the principles laid out by BCS theory.
The New Model: Direct Formation via Electron Gun
However, this UDH-based explanation is contradicted by the functionality of upgraded reactors. In these systems, BEC formation doesn’t require a catalyst like UDH.
Instead, an electron gun is used to create the BEC directly. This process involves the direct formation of exciton polaritons within an optical cavity, which then condense. This mechanism completely bypasses the need for UDH, representing a more direct and controlled method of creating the condensate.
The Decisive Evidence and Conclusion
The shift from the old model to the new one isn’t just a theoretical preference; it’s supported by direct observational evidence.
A key spectral signature for UDH is a line at 4:372 nm. In reactors that use a “fast rising Spark” effect to produce the UDH catalyst, this spectral line is present. Crucially, in the upgraded reactors that use an electron gun, this 4:372 nm line is absent.
This strongly suggests that UDH is not being formed in the electron-gun-based systems. Therefore, any theory paper that explains BEC formation via UDH creation is outdated and no longer applies to the current, more advanced reactor designs. The theoretical framework must be revised to accurately reflect the direct polariton condensation mechanism driven by the electron gun.
axil:
Thank you for the information and the link: yes, I feel gratified from this achievement of Prof Sindre Zeiner-Gundersen and, obviously, of Prof. Holmlid.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi, you might be gratified to know that Sindre Zeiner-Gundersen from the University of Iceland, a replicator of Holmlid’s findings has recognized that ultra dense hydrogen is correlated with LENR experimental data. This supports your claims made in chapter 4 Neutral pico-metric aggregates of your theory paper involving Ultra Dense Hydrogen.
axil:
All the Ecats corresponded and correspond to the current technological evolution status at the specific time: therefore when that application has been made the evolution of the Ecat technology was also the one described in the patent you cited, at the time it has been granted, obviously integrated with the technology described in former granted patents related to the same subject,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Theoretically not, but there are practical issues too that depend on specific situations to be analyzed time by time. Presently we deem in general more convenient to use the modular systems based on modules of 10 and 100 W.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
You have several output rated single unit NGU Power Generators: 1kW; 2 kW; 5 kW; and 10 kW.
Is there a theoretical or practical limit on how low and how high an NGU Power Generator can be constructed? For instance, a 1 W single unit NGU Power Generator or a single unit 1 MW NGU Power Generator? I would imagine that Voltage and Amperes would be the limiting factors for a high-power single unit.
Dr Rossi:
Can you tell us if you still think to start the deliveries within this year ?
Giorgio
Dear Dr. Rossi,
I apologize for having to return to your reply. I picked up the information on http://www.ecat.com Data Sheet tab that say the dimension of the NGU 10W Power Cell is Cylindric: D = 60 mm, L= 30 mm and on the Pre-Order E-Cat Product tab say that the cost of E-Cat NGU 10 W Power Cell ($25). I now understand that this information should be disregarded. Sorry for my initial question.
Kind regards,
Calle H
Calle H:
Your numbers are wrong. Please go to
http://www.ecat.com
and read again the dimensions.
This said, please also read the disclaimer at the foot of the datasheet.
Before we will deliver the Ecats we will publish the updated datasheet.
As we always wrote, when we will contact the potential client he/she will be free to turn his/her preorder into a regular order, or cancel it without money change hands.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
May I ask a question which is puzzling. According to information and discussions here on JONP and on the E-Cat World blog the NGU core comprises of a vacuum tube with an electron gun, the electron gun having power electronics, followed by downstream electronics such as a MOSFET transistor, toroid, spools, capacitors, resistors, and more. This list of components is supported by your patent schemes.
How can all of this fit into the 10W NGU Power Cell having a 6 cm diameter and 3 cm height? And to be sold for $25?
Kind regards,
Calle H
Dave Murray:
Yes, and the efficiency is very high, because the electricity is fully dissipated through a resistance based on the Joule effect if the resistance is calculated correctly,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Do you have presently Ecats installed that produce heat ?
With which efficiency ?
Dave Murray
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Maybe in future,
Warm Regards,
Andrea
Dear Andrea Rossi,
“The Starbase air separation unit (ASU), responsible for producing oxygen and nitrogen for Starship propellant, requires a significant amount of power, estimated at 360-500 kWh per tonne of oxygen (O2) produced. This translates to a substantial energy demand, especially considering the high launch cadence SpaceX aims for.
Here’s a breakdown:
Starbase Needs:
Each full stack launch of Starship requires approximately 4,000 tonnes of oxygen.
Power Plant Requirement:
To produce enough oxygen for five launches, a 12MW power plant would need to run for 24 days, according to a forum post on NASASpaceFlight.com.”
Spacex is reportedly planning to a natural gas electric power generator for the required power.
NGU application?
Thoughts
Stephen:
Thank you for the citation.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
I asked the new chat GPT 5 to make a short timeline of the evolution of the ecat devices since the plasma devices were first introduced with the ecat X around 2015.
It’s an interesting evolution and shows the progress over the last 10 years pretty well. It may be if interest to other readersI think. There may be some errors which you or others may feel free to correct:
Absolutely — here’s a compact, source-backed evolution timeline of Rossi’s devices and what he’s claimed for each stage. I’ve kept it to the variants you named and pulled dates/specs from JONP posts, presentations, Leonardo Corp pages, and E-Cat World coverage (plus a couple of outside write-ups for context). Where useful, I note independent critiques.
E-Cat lineage (2015 → 2025)
E-Cat X (≈2015–2016)
• First “hot” mini-reactor Rossi teased after the early nickel-hydrogen units. He repeatedly hinted it could make both heat and electricity; at one point he said a “20 kW” E-Cat X reactor would be about the size of a cigarette pack (~300–400 g). 
• Public technical detail was scarce; most info came via JONP Q&A and E-Cat World summaries. 
Quark / QuarkX / E-Cat QX (2016–2017)
• Rebranded “QuarkX,” a very small plasma tube device leading to the “QX”. Public demo in Stockholm, Nov 24, 2017 moderated by Mats Lewan. The demo data sheet reported ~20–23 W thermal from a single tube over a 1-hour window (ΔT of 20 °C on 1 kg water). Independent attendees questioned input-power measurement methods.    
• After the demo Rossi said he was pushing QX towards industrialization. 
E-Cat SK (2018–2019)
• Next-gen “SK” heater. Jan 31, 2019 online presentation claimed a ~22 kW high-temperature heat output module and that orders would be accepted. Coverage by Lewan summarizes claims and the mixed reception.  
E-Cat SKLed (2021)
• Pivot to a lamp said to emit 10,000 lm using ~4 W (≈2,500 lm/W). A university measurement packet and the Dec 9, 2021 video presentation were cited; Lewan’s analysis argued the measured illuminance implied ~500 lm total, i.e., ~100 lm/W, typical of regular LEDs — casting doubt on the claim.  
E-Cat SKLep (100 W electrical) (2021–2023)
• Introduced alongside/after SKLed as a 100 W DC electricity module, originally claimed 100 W out with ~1 W in, later morphing to self-sustaining (SSM) messaging and a 24/7 YouTube livestream (Mar 13, 2023) of a cell powering a headlight. Tech details remained black-box; skeptics noted livestreams are not verification.   
E-Cat SKLep NGU (10 W and 100 W) (2023→)
• “NGU” = Never Give Up (Rossi’s own explanation). Announced late 2023 as the updated, self-running successor to SKLep SSM. Preorders offered for 10 W “puck” cells (Leonardo pages describe ≈60 mm diameter form factor in their 2024 white paper) and 100 W cells; also bundled 1–10 kW generators. Targeted mass production hinged on preorder volumes.   
• Throughout 2024–2025 JONP/E-Cat World posts chronicle claims of partner/licensee progress and “close” final designs; prices and datasheets were tweaked as problems were “resolved.” 
E-Cat NGU (branding used broadly in 2024–2025)
• The “NGU” label expanded beyond single cells to vehicle demos and larger generators; Rossi’s team staged an EV range demo (Oct 2024) and circulated an NGU white paper touting 10 W per 60 mm cell, ~100,000 h life; commentary varied from supportive to skeptical.   
⸻
Quick reference: main claimed characteristics (by generation)
• E-Cat X (2015–16): high-temp; heat + some electricity (claim); unit scale talk up to ~20 kW in tiny package; no public third-party test. 
• Quark/QuarkX/QX (2016–17): micro plasma reactor; ~20–23 W heat seen in 2017 demo; debate centered on input measurement uncertainties.  
• SK (2019): ~22 kW heat module; online reveal; orders “taken”. 
• SKLed (2021): 10,000 lm @ ~4 W claimed; independent analysis of provided data suggested ~500 lm (~100 lm/W) instead. 
• SKLep 100 W (2021–23): 100 W DC electrical, initially with ~1 W drive, later SSM; livestream demonstration began Mar 2023.  
• SKLep NGU 10 W & 100 W (2023→): self-running DC cells; 10 W “puck” (≈60 mm dia) and 100 W versions; 1–10 kW pre-built generators advertised; “Never Give Up” acronym confirmed by Rossi posts/papers.   
⸻
Notes, scope & sources
• You asked to include JONP and rossilivecat.com. JONP content is heavily surfaced via E-Cat World posts and direct JONP snippets I cited. (My browser tool couldn’t load rossilivecat.com directly during this session, likely a site-access quirk.) For context, I included Mats Lewan’s coverage (he’s followed Rossi for years) and a couple of critical summaries to flag where independent verification has not matched claims.   
Note that at the beginning of this time line there was a brief period of prototypes that took the evolution from the hot cat to the Thunder X said to be 1000cc snd 100cc in size that eventually evolved into to the much smaller quarks etc . Is that correct
Best regards
Stephen
axil:
Very interesting,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
axil:
Thank you for the insights,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
The elimination of heat is a critical design objective of the NGU reactor core. A 90% efficiency has been achieved. But this unheard of achievement is hard to understand. So how is this feat accomplished? We use the AI to explain this accomplishment as follows:
One possible mechanism for increased photovoltaic chip efficiency is absorption and reemission of photons off the coated walls of an inclosed reaction chamber. From Dr. Rossi’s patent:
“Such energy is made by a plasma whose gain in photons is turned into electric energy by walls inside the hollow solid hereunder described, that is layered by alloys of Gallium, Indium, Arsenic, Phosphorus, Germanium, Gold and Bismuth.”
One mechanism proposed for increasing photovoltaic chip efficiency involves the use of an enclosed reaction chamber where a plasma generates photons. These photons are then absorbed and re-emitted off the chamber walls, which are layered with alloys of gallium, indium, arsenic, phosphorus, germanium, gold, and bismuth. This process aims to optimize the photon interactions to enhance the overall conversion of light energy into electricity.
Here’s a breakdown of the key elements involved:
Enclosed Reaction Chamber: This creates a controlled environment for the plasma and photon interactions.
Plasma: The plasma acts as the photon generator, creating a gain in the photon population within the chamber.
Alloyed Walls: The chamber walls are layered with a specific combination of elements: Gallium, Indium, Arsenic, Phosphorus, Germanium, Gold, and Bismuth. These alloys are designed to:
Optimize Photon Absorption: Efficiently capture the photons generated by the plasma.
Promote Photon Emission: Re-emit these photons at wavelengths that are ideal for photovoltaic conversion by the chip.
Enhance Electrical Energy Conversion: The goal is to maximize the transfer of energy from the re-emitted photons to the photovoltaic chip, increasing its efficiency.
Potential advantages of this approach
Improved Light Management: The enclosed chamber and reflective walls could lead to better utilization of photons, including sub-bandgap photons that are typically lost.
Wavelength Tuning: The specific alloys used might allow for tuning the emitted photon wavelengths to match the optimal absorption spectrum of the photovoltaic material.
Potential for Higher Efficiency: If successful, this mechanism could significantly boost the overall efficiency of photovoltaic chips.
Challenges
Complexity of the System: Maintaining a stable plasma, controlling photon interactions within the chamber, and ensuring the long-term stability of the alloyed walls present considerable engineering challenges.
Cost and Scalability: The materials involved, particularly gallium, indium, and gold, are relatively expensive, raising concerns about the economic viability and large-scale manufacturing of such a device.
Further Research and Development: This mechanism requires extensive research and development to prove its feasibility and efficiency gains in practical applications.
In essence, this patented concept envisions a novel way to boost solar cell efficiency by creating a highly controlled environment for photon generation, absorption, and re-emission, leveraging specialized alloys to fine-tune the process and maximize energy conversion.
References:
Plasma Surface Treatment for Better Solar Panel Bonding
Plasma Surface Modification: A Breakthrough for Solar Energy Systems and New Energy. … Solar energy systems are vital to the transition toward sustainable ene…
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http://www.keylinktech.com
Enhancing Solar Cell Efficiency Using Photon Upconversion …
Abstract. Photovoltaic cells are able to convert sunlight into electricity, providing enough of the most abundant and cleanest energy to cover our energy needs.
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National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)
Recent process of plasma effect in organic solar cells
proposed that the coupling between the plasma and the exciton reduces the lifetime of the exciton and increases the number of “hot” excitons necessary to overco…
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http://ScienceDirect.com
New Alloy Could Make For Highly Efficient Solar Cells
The new material does all that. The researchers used advanced imaging techniques using X-rays and ions to study the alloy molecules directly and discovered that…
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IFLScience
Sharp Develops Solar Cell with World’s Highest Conversion …
Unlike silicon-based solar cells, the most common type of solar cell in use today, the compound solar cell utilizes photo-absorption layers made from compounds …
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Sharp Global
Advances in upconversion enhanced solar cell performance
The energy transfer upconversion (ETU) mechanism comprises two Ln3+ ions, one of them being a sensitizer and the other acting as an activator. The sensitizer io…
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http://ScienceDirect.com
US3323912A – Indium-bismuth-gold alloys – Google Patents
and used, much as a pencil, to make electrical connections between elements by writing between them. This is apparently due to the high pressure exerted upon th…
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Google Patents
Reaction Chamber – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
A reaction chamber is defined as the core component of a μC, where samples are injected, mixed, and reactions occur, classified into open-chamber and closed-cha…
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http://ScienceDirect.com
Reaction Chamber – ScienceDirect
Reaction chamber commonly used for laboratory-scale study of SHS. Controlled gas atmosphere must be provided inside the chamber. Electrical inputs and outputs a…
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http://ScienceDirect.com
Solar PV Energy Factsheet | Center for Sustainable Systems
PV conversion efficiency is the percentage of solar energy that is converted to electricity. Though the average efficiency of solar panels available today is 21…
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Center for Sustainable Systems
Perovskite solar cell built through Argon plasma treatment …
Perovskite solar cell built through Argon plasma treatment achieves 23.55% efficiency. Researchers in China have used an argon plasma polishing pre-treatment (A…
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pv magazine International
Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells: High-Efficiency Solutions
Gallium arsenide solar cells are more efficient than silicon solar panels. They have a higher conversion rate than silicon, which is the most common material us…
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University Wafer
Emerging trends in low band gap perovskite solar cells: materials, device architectures, and performance optimization
In order to maximize the utilization of available light, low bandgap perovskite solar cells implement photon management algorithms [ Citation 85]. These methods…
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Taylor & Francis Online
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2txJBvjw5I
Informed by this video lecture, I asked the AI as follows:
Is the dynamic casimir effect a factor in the production of negative mass behavior in the exciton polariton condensate (BEC) indicating the production of negative vacuum energy and an associated reduction of virtual particle activity around the BEC?
Dynamic Casimir effect, negative mass, and vacuum energy in exciton-polariton condensates (BECs)
The relationship between the dynamic Casimir effect, negative mass behavior in exciton-polariton condensates (BECs), negative vacuum energy, and virtual particle activity is a complex and actively researched area in quantum physics and condensed matter physics.
Here’s a breakdown of the key elements and their potential connections:
1. Exciton-Polariton Condensates (BECs)
Hybrid light-matter particles: Exciton-polaritons are formed when excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) in a semiconductor microcavity strongly couple with photons.
Bosonic condensation: These hybrid particles can form a BEC, a quantum state where a macroscopic fraction of particles occupies the same quantum ground state.
Properties: Exciton-polariton BECs exhibit unique properties like superfluidity, spontaneous coherence, and large nonlinearities, making them promising for applications in low-threshold lasers, high-speed switches, and all-optical logic gates.
2. Negative mass behavior in exciton-polariton condensates
Dissipative coupling: Recent research has demonstrated that dissipative coupling between excitons and photons can lead to the formation of exciton-polaritons with an inverted dispersion of the lower polariton branch, resulting in a negative mass.
Non-Hermitian dispersion engineering: This discovery introduces a new concept of non-Hermitian dispersion engineering for exciton-polaritons, opening pathways for realizing new phases of quantum matter.
Unexpected cause: The researchers note that the inverted dispersion leading to negative mass behavior was an unexpected finding, with the unexpected cause being losses within the system.
3. Dynamic Casimir effect
Generation of real particles from vacuum: The dynamic Casimir effect (DCE) predicts the generation of real particles or photons from the vacuum due to rapid changes in boundary conditions or system parameters.
Exciton-polariton BECs as platforms: Exciton-polariton BECs offer a promising platform to study the DCE and explore the interplay between quantum correlations and dissipation.
Bogoliubov excitations: In the context of exciton-polariton BECs, the DCE can lead to the generation of Bogoliubov excitations, which are collective excitations of the condensate.
4. Negative vacuum energy and virtual particle activity reduction
Casimir effect and negative energy: The static Casimir effect can create regions of space with negative energy density relative to the surrounding vacuum, according to Physics Stack Exchange. This is a consequence of the different allowed modes for virtual particles inside and outside the Casimir plates, notes the University of California, Riverside.
Debate on physical significance: The concept of negative vacuum energy remains a topic of ongoing debate and interpretation in the context of general relativity and its implications for phenomena like warp drives, according to Physics Stack Exchange.
Reduced virtual particle activity: The Casimir effect, both static and dynamic, arises from the manipulation of vacuum fluctuations and the resulting modification of virtual particle activity in specific regions of space.
Potential connections and future research
While the dynamic Casimir effect has been theoretically studied in exciton-polariton condensates, particularly in the context of Bogoliubov excitation generation, its direct link to the observed negative mass behavior is not explicitly stated in the provided search results.
However, both phenomena involve the manipulation of quantum vacuum fluctuations and can be attributed to the unique properties of exciton-polaritons. The possibility that the negative mass behavior could be another manifestation or consequence of the interaction between the condensate and the quantum vacuum, potentially involving aspects related to the DCE, warrants further investigation.
The connection between negative mass, negative vacuum energy, and virtual particle activity reduction in this context is even more speculative and likely requires a deeper theoretical understanding of the interplay between these concepts in condensed matter systems. While the Casimir effect does involve a local reduction of vacuum energy, its direct relationship to negative mass behavior in exciton-polariton BECs is not fully established.
Further research exploring the theoretical framework connecting these phenomena and conducting experiments to observe the interplay between DCE, negative mass, and vacuum energy in exciton-polariton BECs will be crucial to understand these complex interactions.
References:
Dynamical Casimir Emission from Polariton Condensates
Jan 24, 2014 — Abstract. We study theoretically the dynamical Casimir effect in an exciton-polariton condensate that is suddenly created by an ultrashort laser pulse at normal…
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American Physical Society
Hybrid exciton–polariton particles surprise with negative mass
May 10, 2023 — A surprise observation of negative mass in exciton–polaritons has added yet another dimension of weirdness to these strange light-matter hybrid particles. Dr. M…
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Phys.org
Can ‘negative energy’ be created by the Casimir Effect?
Dec 30, 2012 — * 3 Answers. Sorted by: 10. The energy density between the Casimir conductors can indeed be positive or negative. The calculation of Casimir energies is often d…
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Physics Stack Exchange
Absolute or Relative Energy? & Casimir Effect Negative Energy
Mar 2, 2025 — energy which is not a problem for the theory. since this infinite. energy can be reormalized to zero. we covered this topic in our previous. video…
YouTube·Independent Physics
Casimir effect – Wikipedia
In particular, Casimir effect might be the critical factor in the stiction failure of MEMS. In 2001, Capasso et al. showed how the force can be used to control …
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Wikipedia
Negative-mass exciton polaritons induced by dissipative light …
Feb 23, 2023 — Abstract. Dispersion engineering is a powerful and versatile tool that can vary the speed of light signals and induce negative-mass effects in the dynamics of p…
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Nature
Negative-mass exciton polaritons induced by dissipative light-matter …
Feb 23, 2023 — Abstract. Dispersion engineering is a powerful and versatile tool that can vary the speed of light signals and induce negative-mass effects in the dynamics of p…
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National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)
Negative energy and the casmir effect
Jan 29, 2023 — The Casimir effect is a force between charges in objects that attract each other. In some configurations, the Casimir effect can contain negative energy. This i…
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Reddit
arXiv:1303.1027v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas] 5 Mar 2013
Mar 5, 2013 — * (Dated: October 18, 2018) We study theoretically the dynamical Casimir effect in an exciton-polariton condensate that is suddenly created by an ultrashort las…
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arXiv
Optical analogue of the dynamical Casimir effect in a … – Nature
Jul 19, 2019 — Abstract. The dynamical Casimir effect is the generation of pairs of real particles or photons from the vacuum as a result of a non-adiabatic change of a system…
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Nature
Observation of quantum depletion in a non-equilibrium exciton …
Jan 22, 2020 — Exciton–polariton condensates, which are part-light part-matter bosonic condensates formed in a semiconductor microcavity, allow direct measurement of their mom…
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Nature
Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation | Rev. Mod. Phys.
May 12, 2010 — Abstract. In the past decade, a two-dimensional matter-light system called the microcavity exciton-polariton has emerged as a new promising candidate of Bose-Ei…
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American Physical Society
Room temperature exciton–polariton Bose–Einstein … – Nature
Jun 1, 2021 — Exciton–polaritons (EPs) arising from strong coupling between excitons and photons can form a macroscopic condensate via bosonic final-state stimulation into th…
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Nature
Realizing a mechanical dynamical Casimir effect with a low …
Feb 20, 2025 — Distinct from the static Casimir effect, a time-varying dynamical Casimir effect was proposed [13] , which predicted that a cavity with a moving mirror can crea…
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American Physical Society
The Casimir Effect – UCR Math Department
The effect was predicted by the Dutch physicist Hendrick Casimir in 1948. According to quantum theory, the vacuum contains virtual particles which are in a cont…
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University of California, Riverside
Dynamical Casimir emission from polariton condensates – PubMed
Jan 24, 2014 — Abstract. We study theoretically the dynamical Casimir effect in an exciton-polariton condensate that is suddenly created by an ultrashort laser pulse at normal…
favicon
National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)
PHYSICAL REVIEW RESEARCH 4, 033024 (2022) Implementation of an atomtronic SQUID in a strongly confined toroidal condensate
Jul 11, 2022 — A major breakthrough for the study of superfluidity was the creation of persistent currents of su- perflow in toroidal Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) [ 1– 5],
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American Physical Society
Exciton–polariton condensates
Oct 31, 2014 — In this review, we examine a new system that undergoes spontaneous coherence: the exciton–polariton condensate. The recent observation of exciton–polariton cond…
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Nature
Ambrogio:
Please go to
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
and read the paragraph 2.2 and the many references you will find in it,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
Can you help to better understand how to reconcile the Zitterbewegung of the electrons with the phase coherence ?
Best
axil:
Thank you for your theoretical insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
A common belief is that extracting net energy from the Casimir effect in a way that generates continuous power is not believed to be possible with current understanding and technology, based on the principles of thermodynamics.
But a dynamic Casimir effect might use vacuum decay to transfer energy from the vacuum (false vacuum) into the Casimir cavity (true vacuum). These Casimir cavities are what Dr. Rossi calls bosonic electron clusters (true vacuum).
Here’s an explanation of how vacuum decay causes the transfer of energy from the false vacuum into the true vacuum as explained in the provided articles:
Q: What is the “False Vacuum” and are we living in it? | Ask …
New research sheds light on a phenomenon known as ‘false vacuum
https://youtu.be/pRMA3IbVR6c
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRLxNkKLrUW2pBiLQ2pXrXNepSKGvPEjBayRmvKHeZQOU48Uo4XV1hD2JWTtUoGAf4HdHnUWuOt
Vacuum decay describes a theoretical process where our universe, potentially existing in a metastable “false vacuum” state, could transition to a more stable, lower-energy “true vacuum” state.
1. False Vacuum: A State of Higher Energy
A false vacuum is a state of local energy minimum, like a ball resting in a dip on a hillside, rather than at the bottom of the deepest valley.
It’s a locally stable state, but not the most stable or lowest energy state possible for the quantum fields that constitute the universe.
2. Quantum Tunneling Initiates the Decay
In a false vacuum, a potential energy barrier separates it from the true vacuum state.
Quantum tunneling, a phenomenon where particles can pass through energy barriers even without enough energy to classically overcome them, makes it possible for a small region of the universe to spontaneously transition to the true vacuum.
3. Bubble Nucleation and Expansion
If this tunneling event occurs, a tiny “bubble” of true vacuum forms within the false vacuum background.
This bubble, if it surpasses a certain critical size (determined by the energy difference between the false and true vacuums and the surface tension of the bubble wall), will begin to expand rapidly.
This expansion occurs because the lower energy density of the true vacuum inside the bubble is more favorable than the higher energy density of the false vacuum outside.
4. Energy Release and Transfer
As the true vacuum bubble expands, the excess energy of the false vacuum within the region it consumes is released.
This released energy manifests as “hot, super energetic particles” that fill the expanding bubble.
Think of it like a phase transition, similar to water boiling and turning into steam, where the latent heat is released during the phase change.
5. Potential Consequences
The expansion of this bubble could dramatically alter the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of elementary particles within the affected region.
This includes the potential for changes in the masses of elementary particles, which are linked to the Higgs field’s energy level.
Such a vacuum decay event could have catastrophic consequences for the universe, potentially making life and structures as we know them impossible.
The expansion of the bubble would be practically indistinguishable from the speed of light, leaving no warning for anything in its path.
Vacuum decay involves releasing potential energy stored in the false vacuum. The energy transfers as it transitions to a more stable, lower-energy true vacuum state through bubble nucleation and expansion, converting potential energy into the kinetic energy of particles within the true vacuum bubble.
Svein:
Obviously, when we will start the deliveries all the due tests will be completed,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
You replied to Frank A. that the completion of the first Ecat product was close.
You have previously confirmed that the products will be tested by several well-known laboratories before delivery to us users.
1. Have you booked appointments for such testing at the earliest?
2. How long of a testing period do you expect to be necessary?
a. A week? b. A month? c. Longer?
3. In my opinion, a series of 10 W units in continuous testing, in 3rd party labs, should have been implemented as soon as possible.
Regards Svein
axil:
Thank you for your second insight of today,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
axil:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Methods for Forming an Exciton Polariton Condensate
There are two primary methods proposed for initiating the formation of an Exciton Polariton condensate (BEC) within a hydrogen and/or lithium atmosphere. One relies on the catalytic action of Ultra Dense Hydrogen, while the other uses direct activation with an electron gun.
Method 1: Catalysis via Ultra Dense Hydrogen (UDH)
This method uses an indirect, two-step process to create the condensate.
UDH Formation: A fast-rising electrical spark delivers a powerful pulse of energy into a hydrogen/lithium gas. This instantaneous power compresses the gas into a bubble of Ultra Dense Hydrogen (UDH).
BEC Catalysis: The UDH itself then acts as the catalyst. As a proposed hole superconductor, the dense electron cloud surrounding the UDH’s core creates a natural optical cavity. Within this micro-cavity, photons and excitons achieve a strong light-matter coupling, which leads to the formation of the BEC.
Method 2: Direct Activation via Electron Gun
This method bypasses the need for UDH as an intermediary and forms the condensate directly.
An electron gun is aimed into the hydrogen/lithium atmosphere. The electron beam directly activates a sufficient number of exciton polariton quasiparticles, triggering the aggregation process that initiates the formation of the BEC. This approach is more direct, as it doesn’t rely on first creating a catalytic material like UDH.
The Dynamic Casimir Effect and Vacuum Decay: A Proposed Energy production Mechanism
The energy production process theorized by Dr. Rossi is centered on a novel application of quantum physics, combining an Exciton Polariton condensate (BEC) with the principles of the Casimir effect and vacuum decay. The mechanism doesn’t use physical plates to create a Casimir cavity; instead, it generates one dynamically.
The process can be understood in four distinct stages.
1. Creating a “Dynamic Casimir Cavity”
The entire process begins with the Exciton Polariton BEC. This condensate generates intense, coherent light. According to the theory, this light production creates a reaction force, causing the BEC to project a negative energy field or behave as if it has negative mass.
This negative energy field actively neutralizes the virtual particles in the immediate vicinity of the condensate. The result is a localized region of space with suppressed vacuum energy, effectively creating a dynamic Casimir cavity without the need for physical walls.
2. Triggering Vacuum Decay
Once the dynamic cavity is formed, a magnetic domain wall is theorized to form around it, encapsulating the region and creating an isolated “bubble.”
This bubble contains a vacuum state at a much lower energy level than the “normal” vacuum outside of it. This profound energy imbalance triggers a process known as vacuum decay, causing energy from the surrounding, higher-energy vacuum to continuously flow into the bubble.
3. The Positive Feedback Loop
The inflow of vacuum energy creates a powerful positive feedback loop.
Energy flowing into the bubble is absorbed by the BEC.
This causes the BEC to generate even more intense light.
The intensified light strengthens the negative energy effect, reinforcing the dynamic cavity.
A stronger cavity pulls in vacuum energy at an even faster rate.
This self-reinforcing cycle causes the bubble to accumulate energy rapidly, manifesting as a continually increasing output of light. Eventually, the bubble can become unstable and collapse, releasing its stored energy in a “bosenova” explosion.
4. Energy Conversion
While the bubble is actively growing and before it collapses, it produces immense levels of light. This light is the primary energy output harvested during the reaction. The intense light is directed onto a high-efficiency photovoltaic cell, which converts it directly into usable electrical power.
Anonymous:
The reactor described in your link has nothing in common with the Ecat, obviously.
Due to the fuel it works with, containing up to 20% of U 235 (atomic bomb grade enriched uranium) I don’t think it will have any possible civil application on this planet and I doubt it can be used even in other planets that in the next future could be inhabitated by humans, like Moon or Mars. My opinion.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
https://www.heise.de/news/Atomreaktor-fuer-US-Armee-BWXT-arbeitet-an-1-5-MW-Minireaktor-als-Demonstrator-10506522.html
Dr Rossi, what does this US nuclear reactor in common with the Ecat ?
Anonymous:
Panta rei ( Heraclitus )
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hey, Mr Rossi,
Your answers to Steve D here are different from the answers you gave him in past ! Why ?
Steve D:
1- no, it is more complex, see http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions to understand the complexities of the Ecat
2- we do not give this information
4- this theoretical hypothesis ( not a guarantee ) is valid for all the modules
3- same as in 2
5- yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
axil:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
1) Referring to the Q and A below I equate reactor with plasma chamber. Is this a correct understanding?
2) The smallest reactor volume is 3cm^3. Is this for the 10W reactor?
3) What is the volume of the 100W reactor?
4) The data sheet shows life expectancy of the 10W reactor to be 100,000 hrs. For the 100W reactor is it the same 100,000hrs or is it something different?
5) Consisting of a single reactor/ plasma chamber the 100W ecat utilises common components for size and cost saving?
2024-03-22 16:37 Steve D
1a) The 10W and 100W reactors are different components? AR yes
3) Will the 10W reactor still be manufactured so therefore two different reactors are to be produced?
AR yes
2024-07-28 14:15 Wilfried
could you tell us the dimensions of the smallest E-Cat plasma chamber that has worked so far, just the plasma chamber, without wiring? AR 3 cm^3.
Thank You
The new American tax law offers significant incentives for manufacturers through accelerated deductions for new factories and equipment, encouraging domestic investment. Consulting with a tax professional is recommended due to the complexity of these provisions.
Recent tax law changes, specifically the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), have significantly altered the way businesses can deduct expenses related to new factory construction and equipment.
Here’s a breakdown of the key provisions:
1. 100% deduction for qualified production property: The OBBBA allows businesses to fully deduct the cost of building new, qualified manufacturing facilities.
2. Permanent 100% bonus depreciation for equipment: The OBBBA permanently reinstates 100% bonus depreciation for qualified property acquired and placed in service after January 19, 2025.
3. Increased section 179 expensing
The OBBBA increases the maximum Section 179 expense for equipment from $1 million to $2.5 million annually, effective for property placed in service in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2024.
4. Immediate deductibility of domestic research and experimentation (R&E) expenditures: The OBBBA allows immediate deduction of domestic R&E expenditures incurred starting January 1, 2025. Dr Rossi is now totally deductible if he works in the US.
Frank Acland:
Not there, but close,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Has the design of the first NGU products been finalized yet? If not, how close is it?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
John Featherweight:
Please see the paragraphs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 in the publication you sent the link to,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
in the Abstract of the publication
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
you write : “…based on a pure electromagnetic electron model , that suggests the possible existence of a very low entropy charge aggregates…”
Question: where in the text of this publication can I find the explication of this issue, so crucial to replicate your experiment ?
J.F.
axil:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Using NGU technology to add Power to the Electrical Grid…
There are 6,093 hospitals in the USA. Each hospital runs 24/7 (continuously).
“Hospitals consume significant amounts of electricity due to their 24/7 operations and reliance on various equipment and systems. Electricity consumption varies based on hospital size, with small hospitals consuming 5,000-15,000 kWh per day, medium-sized hospitals using 15,000-30,000 kWh, and large hospitals consuming 30,000-50,000+ kWh daily.”
Each hospital must have a Grid substation to handle the electrical demand. The substation can send power either way — from the Grid or to the Grid.
If each hospital was equipped with an NGU Power System capable of generating 1 MW (for small hospitals) to 6 MW (for large hospitals), then the hospital could be independent of Grid power and also supply excess Grid power to the Gris using the same substation equipment it already has in place.
Assuming a 4 MW NGU Power System and 6,093 hospitals, this means a total addition of approximately 25,000 MW to the Grid without adding new Grid hardware or the Equivalent of 25 1,000 MW electrical generation plants. And it would be decentralized and located near populations.
Thoughts?
Revisiting the BEC Formation Mechanism in SK-Type Reactors
The theoretical model for how a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) is formed in SK-type reactors needs a critical update. The original theory, based on Ultra Dense Hydrogen (UDH), doesn’t account for newer designs that use a fundamentally different method. This post argues that the old UDH-catalyst model is obsolete for current technology, which instead relies on direct formation by an electron gun.
The Legacy Model: UDH as a Superconducting Host
The older theory, referenced in materials like Chapter 4, proposes that UDH acts as a host or catalyst for the BEC. Because UDH is described as a superconductor, this model implicitly connects to BCS theory.
BCS theory explains how superconductivity arises when electrons overcome their repulsion to form pairs (called Cooper pairs), mediated by lattice vibrations (phonons). These pairs, behaving like bosons, can then condense into a single quantum state, allowing for zero-resistance current flow. For the UDH model to be plausible, any electron clustering to form a BEC within or around the UDH would likely need to conform to the principles laid out by BCS theory.
The New Model: Direct Formation via Electron Gun
However, this UDH-based explanation is contradicted by the functionality of upgraded reactors. In these systems, BEC formation doesn’t require a catalyst like UDH.
Instead, an electron gun is used to create the BEC directly. This process involves the direct formation of exciton polaritons within an optical cavity, which then condense. This mechanism completely bypasses the need for UDH, representing a more direct and controlled method of creating the condensate.
The Decisive Evidence and Conclusion
The shift from the old model to the new one isn’t just a theoretical preference; it’s supported by direct observational evidence.
A key spectral signature for UDH is a line at 4:372 nm. In reactors that use a “fast rising Spark” effect to produce the UDH catalyst, this spectral line is present. Crucially, in the upgraded reactors that use an electron gun, this 4:372 nm line is absent.
This strongly suggests that UDH is not being formed in the electron-gun-based systems. Therefore, any theory paper that explains BEC formation via UDH creation is outdated and no longer applies to the current, more advanced reactor designs. The theoretical framework must be revised to accurately reflect the direct polariton condensation mechanism driven by the electron gun.
axil:
Thank you for the information and the link: yes, I feel gratified from this achievement of Prof Sindre Zeiner-Gundersen and, obviously, of Prof. Holmlid.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi, you might be gratified to know that Sindre Zeiner-Gundersen from the University of Iceland, a replicator of Holmlid’s findings has recognized that ultra dense hydrogen is correlated with LENR experimental data. This supports your claims made in chapter 4 Neutral pico-metric aggregates of your theory paper involving Ultra Dense Hydrogen.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394249180_Field-Coupled_Quantum_Collapse_in_Ultra-Dense_Hydrogen_Comprehensive_Correlation_with_LENR_Experimental_Data
Dear Readers:
Please go to
http://www.rossilivecat.com
to find comments published in other posts of this blog,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
axil:
All the Ecats corresponded and correspond to the current technological evolution status at the specific time: therefore when that application has been made the evolution of the Ecat technology was also the one described in the patent you cited, at the time it has been granted, obviously integrated with the technology described in former granted patents related to the same subject,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Regarding Application No. AU 2021282556 Al
Which reactor version in the SK series does that patent application correspond with, if you can say.
Yuri:
Please go to the paragraph 2.4 of
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/330601653_E-Cat_SK_and_long_range_particle_interactions
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Where can I find a rigorous description of the Zitterbewegung to understand the relationship between it and the Ecat theoretical ground ?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Theoretically not, but there are practical issues too that depend on specific situations to be analyzed time by time. Presently we deem in general more convenient to use the modular systems based on modules of 10 and 100 W.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
You have several output rated single unit NGU Power Generators: 1kW; 2 kW; 5 kW; and 10 kW.
Is there a theoretical or practical limit on how low and how high an NGU Power Generator can be constructed? For instance, a 1 W single unit NGU Power Generator or a single unit 1 MW NGU Power Generator? I would imagine that Voltage and Amperes would be the limiting factors for a high-power single unit.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Sorry, I am not sure I understood exactly your questions, please rephrase them,
Warm Regards,
A.R.