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by Horace Heffner
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DEFLATION FUSION
The field of cold fusion (CF), the fusion of hydrogen in a metal lattice, as discoveredby Fleischmann and Pons, has been expanded to include the general class of nuclear reactions which can be initiated in low temperature environments, and named the field of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR)(1). A large number of peer reviewed papers and books have been published in this field (2-3-4-5-6-7). Extensive development continues, as do mysteries regarding various mechanisms of the experimentally well documented effects(8-9).
Any theory that is to describe LENR has to explain not only how the Coulomb barrier is breached, why high energy particles and gammas are not seen from hydrogen fusion reactions, and why the branching ratios are so skewed, but also why almost no signature, including heat, is seen corresponding to nuclear mass changes from heavy lattice element transmutation. It appears unlikely all these things can be simultaneously explained without the presence of one or more catalytic electrons in the mix which highly de-energize the fused nucleus. This is especially true of heavy element transmutation, which produces very little in the way of high energy signatures that could be expected from the quantity of events and the observed nuclear mass changes (10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20). If a nucleus is not highly energized to begin with, then there is no need to figure out how high energy products are absorbed by the lattice, a common problem to LENR theory. It has been proposed that all the above requirements can be met by electron catalyzed fusion via a process called deflation fusion (21-22). Deflation fusion is a process whereby a ground state electron bound close to a hydrogen nucleus for attosecond periods, but with small wavelength, the deflated state hydrogen, makes breaking the Coulomb barrier feasible. Though the deflated state of hydrogen exists briefly, it exists frequently. The electron kinetic plus potential energy remains at the energy of the electron in the chemical environment in which the hydrogen resides, i.e. the sum of kinetic plus potential energy is the same in both the deflated and chemical states, as they are degenerate forms of the same state.
The following is a brief review of the deflation fusion mechanisms and process:
Continue reading Cold Fusion Nuclear Reactions
by Lino Daddi
Abstract
In the present work a parallel is drawn, by adopting a virtual neutron mechanism, between the orbital capture and the formation of neutrons from protons and electrons (or from deuterons and electrons).
It is known the possibility, given by the uncertainty principle, that an orbital electron may be right on the nucleus, ready to interact with one of the protons present in it. Even in the case of isotopes of hydrogen is to be taken into account the occasional, although rare, presence of the electron on the nucleus, and this makes the atom itself, temporarily, a “miniatom”, ready to turn into a virtual neutron.
International Patent Publication
| Pub. No.: |
WO/2009/125444 |
| Publication Date: |
15.10.2009 |
| International Application No.: PCT/IT2008/000532 |
| International Filing Date: 04.08.2008 |
| Chapter 2 Demand Filed: 03.11.2009 |
| IPC: |
C01B 3/00 (2006.01), C01B 6/02 (2006.01) |
| Applicants: |
PASCUCCI MADDALENA [IT/IT]; Via Ezio, 24 1-00192 ROMA (IT) (All Except US).
ROSSI, Andrea [IT/IT]; (IT) (US Only). |
| Inventor: |
ROSSI, Andrea; (IT). |
| Agent: |
CICOGNA, Franco; UFFICIO INTERNAZIONALE BREVETTI DOTT. PROF. FRANCO CICOGNA VIA VISCONTI Dl MODRONE 14/A 1-20122 MILANO – ITALY (IT)
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| Priority Data: |
MI2008A 000629 09 04 2008 IT |
| Title: |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS |
| Abstract: |
 A method and apparatus for carrying out highly efficient exothermal reaction between nickel and hydrogen atoms in a tube, preferably, though not necessary, a metal tube filled by a nickel powder and heated to a high temperature, preferably, though not necessary, from 150 to 5000C are herein disclosed. In the inventive apparatus, hydrogen is injected into the metal tube containing a highly pressurized nickel powder having a pressure, preferably though not necessarily, from 2 to 20 bars. |
| Designated States: |
AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.
African Regional Intellectual Property Org. (ARIPO) (BW, GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW)
Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO) (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM)
European Patent Office (EPO) (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, MC, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR)
African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). |
| Publication Language: English (EN) |
| Filing Language: English (EN) |
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Authors:
Sergio Focardi – Physic Department Bologna University and INFN Bologna Section (ITALY)
Andrea Rossi – Leonardo Corp. (USA) – Inventor of the Patent
Abstract
A process (international patent publication n° WO 2009/125444 A1) capable of producing large amounts of energy by a nuclear fusion process between nickel and hidrogen, occurring below 1000 K, is described. Experimental values of the ratios between output and input energies obtained in a certain number of experiments are reported. The occurrence of the effect is justified on the basis of existing experimental and theoretical results. Measurements performed during the experiments allow to exclude neutron and gamma rays emissions.
Sergio Focardi
Andrea Rossi
Introduction
It is well known that in chemical reactions, and more specifically in processes used to obtain energy, as for example oil, gas and carbon combustion, only some electronVolts (eV) can be obtained for every couple of atoms involved. This depends on the fact that binding energies of external atomic electrons are in the eV range.
On the other hand, in nuclear transformations, the energy quantities that can be absorbed or released are of the order of mega-electronVolts (MeV) for every couple of nuclei involved in the process. As a consequence, for every given amount of energy obtained, the mass to be transformed by a nuclear process is about a millionth of that necessary for a combustion.
Continue reading A new energy – Introduction
Experimental results
In this paper we report the results obtained with a process and apparatus not described here in detail and protected by patent in 90 countries, consisting of a system whose heat output is up to hundred times the electric energy input. As a consequence, the principle of the conservation of energy ensures that processes involving other energy forms are occurring in our apparatus.
The system on which we operate consists of Ni, in H atmosphere and in the presence of additives placed in a sealed container and heated by a current passing through a resistor. The maximum temperature value can be set to a wide range of values and an external meter allows us to measure the electric energy input. The container is in thermal contact with an external tank full of water and thermally insulated in order to minimize outside heat exchanges. As consequence of the energy production of the system, water boils and the water pipe is under pressure. The steam pressure cannot exceed a limit, whose value can be changed in the range 3-6 bar, because of the opening of a valve. When the valve opens, new water, whose amount is measured by a meter, enters from the supply. These data allow us to calculate the power produced by our system.
Continue reading A new energy – Exp.results
Theoretical interpretation
Proton capture by Nickel nuclei obviously requires the overcoming of an electrostatic potential barrier which opposes the process. For Ni58(the more abundant Nickel isotope), the maximum potential energy Vmax occurs at a distance R between Ni and proton nuclei centers equal to the sum of their radii, that is R ≈ 6,1 fm. The Vmax value is given (in CGS units) by the expression Vmax=Zeˆ2/R , where Zeˆ2 is the product of the two nuclear charges: it results in Vmax=1,06*10ˆ-5erg=662 keV. The proton kinetic energy Ke can be easily estimated by the relation Ke=1/2 mvˆ2=3/2 kT, where k is Boltzmann’s constant and T is the temperature measured in Kelvin: also on assuming T=1000 K, Ke is only ≈0,9 eV. According to classical physics, a particle having an energy of about 1 eV cannot overcome such a very high potential barrier. Such an opportunity, in principle, is given by the quantum mechanical tunnel e¤ect: in this case, the incoming particle can penetrate into the nucleus by getting through the potential barrier. The tunneling probability of a single particle colliding with an atomic target has been calculated by Gamow [9]. As shown by Evans [10], such a probability can be approximated as
Continue reading A new energy – Theoretical Interpretation
Conclusions
In conclusion, our process and apparatus is the first and unique system, existing today, able to obtain energy from nuclear fusion reactions; furthermore, because the ingredients are Nickel and water (to obtain Hydrogen), this is an endless energy source for the planet, without emissions in atmosphere.
Sergio Focardi
Andrea Rossi
Bibliography
[1] R.D. Evans, The Atomic Nucleus, Mcgraw-Hill, New York 1955, pag.297.
[2] nuclear mass values have been taken by Table of Isotopes, eight edition, march 1996, Wiley Interscience .
[3] G. A. Cowan, “A Natural Fission Reactor,” Scienti.c American, 235:36, (1976).
[4] A.P. Arya, Elementary Modern Physics, Addison-Wesley publishing company, Reading Massachussets (1974), pag. 399.
Continue reading A new energy – Bibliography
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