|
|
by E.N. Tsyganov
(UA9 collaboration) University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Texas, USA
Direct Download
Abstract
Recent accelerator experiments on fusion of various elements have clearly demonstrated that the effective cross-sections of these reactions depend on what material the target particle is placed in. In these experiments, there was a significant increase in the probability of interaction when target nuclei are imbedded in a conducting crystal or are a part of it. These experiments open a new perspective on the problem of so-called cold nuclear fusion.
PACS.: 25.45 – deuterium induced reactions
Submitted to Physics of Atomic Nuclei/Yadernaya Fizika in Russian
Introduction
Experiments of Fleischmann and Pons made about 20 years ago [1], raised the question about the possibility of nuclear DD fusion at room temperature. Conflicting results of numerous experiments that followed, dampened the initial euphoria, and the scientific community quickly came to common belief, that the results of [1] are erroneous. One of the convincing arguments of skeptics was the lack in these experiments of evidence of nuclear decay products. It was assumed that “if there are no neutrons, therefore is no fusion.” However, quite a large international group of physicists, currently a total of about 100-150 people, continues to work in this direction. To date, these enthusiasts have accumulated considerable experience in the field. The leading group of physicists working in this direction, in our opinion, is the group led by Dr. M. McKubre [2]. Interesting results were also obtained in the group of Dr. Y. Arata [3]. Despite some setbacks with the repeatability of results, these researchers still believe in the existence of the effect of cold fusion, even though they do not fully understand its nature. Some time ago we proposed a possible mechanism to explain the results of cold fusion of deuterium [4]. This work considered a possible mechanism of acceleration of deuterium contaminant atoms in the crystals through the interaction of atoms with long-wavelength lattice vibrations in deformed parts of the crystal. Estimates have shown that even if a very small portion of the impurity atoms (~105) get involved in this process and acquires a few keV energy, this will be sufficient to describe the energy released in experiments [2]. This work also hypothesized that the lifetime of the intermediate nucleus increases with decreasing energy of its excitation, so that so-called “radiation-less cooling” of the excited nucleus becomes possible. In [5], we set out a more detailed examination of the process. Quite recently, a sharp increase of the probability of fusion of various elements was found in accelerator experiments for the cases when the target particles are either imbedded in a metal crystal or are a part of the conducting crystal. These experiments compel us to look afresh on the problem of cold fusion.
Continue reading Cold nuclear fusion
by Yeong E. Kim Department of Physics, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
Direct download
ABSTRACT
Generalized theory of Bose-Einstein condensation nuclear fusion (BECNF) is used to carry out theoretical analyses of recent experimental results of Rossi et al. for hydrogen-nickel system. Based on incomplete experimental information currently available, preliminary theoretical explanations of the experimental results are presented in terms of the generalized BECNF theory. Additional accurate experimental data are needed for obtaining more complete theoretical descriptions and predictions, which can be tested by further experiments.
I. Introduction
Over the last two decades, there have been many publications reporting experimental observations of excess heat generation and anomalous nuclear reactions occurring in metals at ultra-low energies, now known as „low-energy nuclear reactions‟ (LENR). Theoretical explanations of the LENR phenomena have been described based on the theory of Bose-Einstein condensation nuclear fusion (BECNF) in micro/nano-scale metal particles [1-3]. The BECNF theory is based on a single basic assumption capable of explaining the observed LENR phenomena; deuterons in metals undergo Bose-Einstein condensation. While the BECNF theory is able to make general qualitative predictions concerning LENR phenomena it is also a quantitative predictive physical theory. Some of the theoretical predictions have been confirmed by experiments reported recently. The BECNF theory was generalized for the case of two species of Bosons [4].
Continue reading Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System
By prof. Christos Stremmenos
After several years of apparent inaction, the theme of cold fusion has been recently revitalized thanks to, among others, the work and the scientific publications of Focardi and Rossi, which has been conducted in silence, amidst ironical disinterest, without any funding or support. In fact, recently, practical and reliable results have been achieved based on a very promising apparatus invented by Andrea Rossi. Therefore I want to examine the possibility of further development of this technology, which I deem really important for our planet.
Introduction
I will start with patent no./2009/125444, registered by Dr. Ing. Andrea Rossi. This invention and its performance have been tested and verified in collaboration with Prof. Sergio Focardi, as reported in their paper, published in February 2010 in the Journal of Nuclear Physics [1]. In that scientific paper they have reported on the performance of an apparatus, which has produced for two years substantial amounts of energy in a reliable and repeatable mode and they have also offered a theoretical analysis for the interpretation of the underlying physical mechanism.
Continue reading A detailed Qualitative Approach to the Cold Fusion Nuclear Reactions of H/Ni
Prof. Lino Daddi
Retired. Earlier Professor at Naval Academy. Leghorn
Direct download
Abstract
In this article the process is discussed by which an orbital electron happens to be on the nucleus and is captured by a quark up of a proton of the nucleus itself, which for what becomes a quark down.
It is assumed that the involvement of virtual particles allows the nucleus to determine whether, having enough energy available, the process, in which they are part the weak interaction and the strong interaction, can be completed.
A parallel process can be considered for certain types of observed reactions LENR, starting from the reduction of the hydrogen atom to the condition of “miniatom”.
Continue reading From the orbital capture to some types of L.E.N.R. reactions
by Dott. Giuliano Bettini
Retired. Earlier: Selenia SpA, Rome and IDS SpA, Pisa
Also Adjunct Professor at the University of Pisa
Adjunct Professor at Naval Academy, Leghorn (Italian Navy)
Abstract
In the present article I would like to answer a question posed by L. Kowalsky in a recent paper: how can 30% of nickel in Rossi’s reactor be transmuted into copper? “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler”, says a guy. I apologizes if I am too simplistic here.
Introduction
The interest on Andrea Rossi’s Nickel-Hydrogen Cold Fusion technology is accelerating [1]. However, Rossi says that about 30% of nickel was turned into copper, after 6 months of uninterrupted operation. Kowalski [2]. says that “this seems to be impossible because the produced copper isotopes rapidly decay into Ni”. But how it works?
Continue reading How can 30% of nickel in Rossi’s reactor be transmuted into copper?
by Wladimir Guglinski
Mechanical Engineer graduated in the Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais- UFMG, (Brazil), 1973 author of the book Quantum Ring Theory-Foundations for Cold Fusion, published in 2006
1. The principal aim of Quantum Ring Theory
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) started to work in March 2010. Most of the people believe that the main aim of the experiments made in the LHC is to confirm the superstring theory, the existence of the Higgs boson, and the Suppersymmetry (Susy).
But the principal aim of the LHC experiments is actually another one: the aim is to confirm the fundamental principles of Quantum Mechanics.
Because if LHC confirms superstrings, Higgs boson, and Susy, this means that all the principles of Quantum Mechanics are correct, since those three theories were developed from the concepts of Quantum Mechanics.
All the current theories, as Quantum Field Theory, Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics, Standard Model, etc., all they keep the fundamental principles of Quantum Mechanics.
Quantum Field Theory is the successor of Quantum Mechanics. It was developed so that to eliminate some inconsistencies of QM, in order to refine the theory. But QFT keeps all the foundations of QM.
So, the confirmation of those three theories in the LHC will have for the theorists the following meaning: all the principles of QM are correct. And this is actually the principal objective why they built the LHC.
From the data collected along March and December 2010, the particles predicted in the Supersymmetry (Susy) would ougth to be already found.
But the LHC did find NOTHING of Susy predictions.
Some physicits already started to think that the LHC experiments will show the need of looking for a New Physics.
But the most physicists keep yet their hope to find evidences for the superstring, the Higgs boson, and Susy, when the LHC will work with its maximum power in 2014.
But the fact that they did not find evidences that confirm Susy along 2010 suggests that Supersymmetry actually does not exist. And so, probably in 2014 they will find nothing again.
Therefore, probably in 2014 there will be a general consensus in the community of physicits: the need of looking for a New Physics.
Nevertheless, having a consensus about the need of a New Physics, a fundamental question arises:
What sort of New Physics will it be?
Continue reading Introduction to quantum ring theory
by Chatzichri’stos Aris
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece.
Direct Download
Contents
Abstract
Introduction
1. Basic Concepts and Principles
2. Conservation of Energy
3. Entropy and Space Expansion
4. Destination and Velocity
4.1 Movement
4.2 Destination
4.3 Velocity
5. Newtonian Gravitation and Special Relativity
5.1 Gravitational Force
5.2 Special Relativity
6. General Relativity and Dark Matter
6.1 General Relativity
6.2 Dark Matter
7. Hubble’s Law and Dark Energy
8. Inflationary Universe
9. Observable Predictions
Conclusions
References
Abstract
Deduction of a quantum model, with basic principles the Discrete nature of Space and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which is compatible with Special Relativity in the absence of Gravity, while its linear edition is proven to be compatible with linear General Relativity (aka the first order terms of the two theories are basically identical). Finally, is being proven that the non-linear edition of this theory contains the phenomena of Dark Matter and Energy as its natural conclusions. Also, some astronomical observations are proposed to test the theory.
Continue reading On the rise of Gravitation in a discrete space-time
Alma Mater Studiorum – Università degli Studi di Bologna
FACOLTÀ DI SCIENZE MATEMATICHE, FISICHE E NATURALI
 Gruppo III – Fisica Nucleare Sperimentale
by Dott. Enrico Billi
23 Aprile 2007
E. Billi, C. Massimi, G. Vannini, Collaborazione n_TOF
Direct Download
Continue reading Simulazioni di background del rivelatore BaF2- n_TOF del CERN
Prof. Giuseppe Levi, Dr. David Bianchini and Prof. Mauro Villa (Bologna University) final reports about January 15th scientific experiment.
Download here
Download the ZIP file
Energy Catalyzer first test videos – January 14th 2011 – Bologna-Italy
Energy Catalyzer Bologna University Test 1/3
Energy Catalyzer Bologna University Test 2/3
Energy Catalyzer Bologna University Test 3/3
Today, Saturday january 15th, at 10:00 AM Sergio Focardi and Andrea Rossi will be on-line for the press conference with Journal’s readers.
The press conference will start at 10 a.m. Italian Time.
To put questions, you will have to send your inquiry as a comment of this post, you will receive the answer in real time online.
The Board Of Advisers of the Journal Of Nuclear Physics
by
Prof. Ch. E. Stremmenos
.
Leaving aside for the moment any rigorous theoretical approach based on quantitative analyses, I would like to focus, qualitatively only, on the subject of shielding of dispersed protons in the electronic cloud within the crystal structure. The Focardi-Rossi approach considers this shielding a basic requirement for surpassing the Coulomb barrier between the hydrogen nuclei (protons) and the Nickel lattice nuclei, resulting into release of energy, which is a fact, through a series of exothermic nuclear processes leading to transmutations, decays, etc.
Continue reading Hydrogen/Nickel cold fusion probable mechanism
by
A.V. Simakin and G.A. Shafeev
Direct Download
Wave Research Center of A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38, Vavilov street, 119991 Moscow Russian Federation.
Abstract:
Laser exposure of suspension of either gold or palladium nanoparticles in aqueous solutions of UO2Cl2 of natural isotope abundance was experimentally studied. Picosecond Nd:YAG lasers at peak power of 10^11 -10^13 W/cm^2 at the wavelength of 1.06 – 0.355 µm were used as well as a visible-range Cu vapor laser at peak power of 10^10 W/cm^2. The composition of colloidal solutions before and after laser exposure was analyzed using atomic absorption and gamma spectroscopy in 0.06 – 1 MeV range of photon energy. A real-time gamma-spectroscopy was used to characterize the kinetics of nuclear reactions during laser exposure. It was found that laser exposure initiated nuclear reactions involving both 238U and 235U nuclei via different channels in H2O and D2O. The influence of saturation of both the liquid and nanoparticles by gaseous H2 and D2 on the kinetics of nuclear transformations was found. Possible mechanisms of observed processes are discussed.
PACS numbers: 42.62.–b; 61.46.+w; 78.66.–w
*Corresponding author, e-mail shafeev@kapella.gpi.ru
Continue reading Initiation of nuclear reactions under laser irradiation of Au nanoparticles in the aqueous solution of Uranium salt
By
U.V.S. Seshavatharam
DIP QA Engineer, Lanco Industries Ltd, Srikalahasti-517641, A.P, India
E-mail: seshavatharam.uvs@gmail.com
Prof. S. LAKSHMINARAYANA
Department Of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Vizag-530003, AP, India.
E-mail: lnsrirama@yahoo.com
Direct Download
Abstract 1:
`N’ being the Avagadro number, it is suggested [2, 3] that strong nuclear gravitational constant (GS) is N2 times the classical gravitational constant (GC). Elementary charge (e) and the proposed (GS) plays a vital role in strong interaction and nuclear space-time curvature. Considering the present signi cance of Avagadro number [4] it is clear that, existence of the classical gravitational constant (GC) is a consequence of the existence of the strong nuclear gravitational constant (GS). It is also suggested that there exists 2 kinds of mass units. They can be called as `observed mass units’ and `hidden mass units’.
XE ≈ 295.0606339 being the lepton mass generator [1, 2, 3] hidden mass unit is XE times smaller than the observed mass unit. This idea can be applied to leptons and all the strongly interacting particles. For electron its hidden mass unit is 3.087292 x 10^-33 Kg.
Hidden mass unit of the previously proposed [1, 2, 3] strongly interacting fermion (MSf c^2 ≈ 105.3255407 MeV) is MSf c^2/XE ≈ 0.35696236 MeV.
XE, the strong interaction mass generator = XS ≈ 8.803723452 and 0.35696236 MeV plays a vital role in understanding and coupling the semi empirical mass formula with TOE [2]. ( αXE) is the ratio of coulomb energy coefficient (Ec) and the proposed (MSf c^2/XE) .
Proton and neutron rest masses are co related in a uni ed approach. GS, hidden mass units of electron and super symmetric [1] (MSf ) play a vital role in the origin of ћ.
Electron`s discrete angular momentum is due the strong nuclear gravity and discrete number of super symmetric nucleons or (MSf). All these coincidences clearly suggest that existence of the strong nuclear gravitational constant (GS) and existence of the strongly interacting fermion (MSf c^2) ≈ 105.3255 MeV are true and real.
[1] U. V. S. Seshavatharam and S. Lakshminarayana. Super Symmetry in Strong and Weak interactions. IJMPE, Vol.19, No.2, (2010), p.263-280.
[2] U. V. S. Seshavatharam and S. Lakshminarayana. Strong nuclear gravitational constant and the origin of nuclear planck scale. Progress in Physics, vol. 3, July, 2010, p. 31-38.
[3] U. V. S. Seshavatharam and S. Lakshminarayana. Avagadro number and the mystery of TOE and Quantum Theory. Under review of Journal of Nuclear Physics, Italy. (Old version is accepted for publication).
[4] Avogadro constant, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Continue reading AGNI – Avagadro’s Gravity for Nuclear Interactions
by
Jean-François FAUVARQUE
Pierre Paul CLAUZON
Gérard Jean-Michel LALLEVÉ
CNAM Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Industrielle, 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris FRANCE
Gérard LE BUZIT
CNAM Laboratoire des Sciences Nucléaires, 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris FRANCE
« Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new »
Albert Einstein
Abstract:
During a new Mizuno-type experiments series, we examine more deeply the possible artifacts. In particular, the electric power measurement was carefully studied. We found that the bandwidth of our usual Unigor wattmeter was not large enough to give a correct measurement of the inlet electric energy when the current is very disturbed. The results that we gave in ref. 2 (Sotchi -ICCF13) are therefore inaccurate. However, we present here complementary experiments that allowed us to find again abnormal excess heat.(*)
(*) with Nickel cathode addendum
Continue reading Abnormal excess heat measured during Mizuno-type experiments: Artifacts elimination
by
Jacques Dufour
CNAM Laboratoire des sciences nucléaires, 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris France
Direct Download
Abstract:
The nuclear signatures that can be expected when contacting hydrogen with nickel, were derived from thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier), using the type of reaction paths proposed as the explanation of the energy produced. The consequences of proton or neutron capture have been studied. It was shown that these consequences are not in line with the experimental observations. A novel tentative explanation is thus described. Should this explanation be true, it is proposed to call pico-chemistry the novel field thus opened.
…
By
J.Kasagi, H.Yonemura, Y.Toriyabe,
A.Nakagawa, T.Sugawara, WANG Tie-shan
Thick target yields of α particles emitted in the 6Li(d,α)4He and 7Li(p,α)4He reactions were measured for Li target in the solid and liquid phase.
Observed reaction rates for the liquid Li are always larger than those for the solid.
This suggests yhat the stopping power of hydrogen ion in the liquid Li metal might be smaller than in the solid . Using the empirically obtained stopping power for the liquid Li, we have deduced the screening potentials of the Li+p and Li+d reactions in both phases.
The deduced screening potential for the liquid Li is about 500 eV larger than for the solid.
This difference is attributed to the effect of liquefied Li+ ions.
It is concluded that the ionic screening is much stronger than the electronic screening in a low-temperature dense plasmas.
by Jacques Dufour
CNAM Laboratoire des sciences nucléaires, 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris France
Direct Download
Abstract: the nuclear signatures that can be expected when contacting hydrogen with fine nickel powders are derived from thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier). The initiation of the reactions (either by proton or neutron capture) is not discussed and considered as true. Proposals are made to check the process either by radiation emission measurements or by elemental analysis (ICP-MS)
1. Intruduction
In a recent paper [1], results are presented on vast amounts of energy (kWh) generated by contacting Hydrogen at pressures of tens of bars and temperatures round 400°C, with nickel powder (with an unspecified additive). No harmful radiations were measured, which is attributed to the presence of a lead shield absorbing γ emission occurring during the run and to the very short period of the instable species formed during the run and decaying after shut down. The efficiency of the process is very high (Eout/Ein up to 400). These levels of energy production strongly points to a nuclear origin. The proposed process [1] would be proton capture by the nickel nuclei. The coulomb barrier problem is suggested to be solved by the strong screening of the electrons. Another solution has been proposed [2]: virtual neutrons formation, reacting with the Nickel nuclei. This solution is also proposed in [3] with a very elaborate justification. In this paper, the capture of a neutron or a proton by a nickel nucleus is accepted as real. The consequences of these captures are analyzed (using very well documented nuclear chemistry data [4], [5]) and proposals are made for precise verification of the process invoked.
Continue reading Nuclear signatures to be expected from Rossi energy amplifier
by Prof. Christos Stremmenos*
BACKGROUND
The hostile attitude which cold fusion has been confronted with since 1989, but even long before, shown also by the bibliography related to the scientific papers of Focardi and Rossi, eventually led to general disinterest and oblivion of this subject. After several years of apparent inaction, the theme of cold fusion has been recently revitalized thanks to, among others, the work and the scientific publications of Focardi and Rossi, which has been conducted in silence, amidst ironical disinterest, without any funding or support. In fact, recently, practical and reliable results have been achieved based on a very promising apparatus invented by Andrea Rossi. Therefore I want to examine the possibility of further development of this technology, which I deem really important for our planet.
INTRODUCTION
I will start with patent no./2009/125444, registered by Dr. Ing. Andrea Rossi. This invention and its performance have been tested and verified in collaboration with Prof. Sergio Focardi, as reported in their paper, published in February 2010 in the Journal of Nuclear Physics [1]. In this scientific paper they have reported on the performance of an apparatus, which has produced for two years substantial amounts of energy in a reliable and repeatable mode and they have also offered a theoretical analysis for the interpretation of the underlying physical mechanism.
In the history of Science, it is not the first time that a practical and reliable apparatus is working before its theoretical foundation has been completely understood! The photoelectric effect is the classic example in which the application has anticipated its full theoretical interpretation, developed by Einstein. Afterwards Einstein, Plank, Heisenberg, De Broglie, Schrödinger and others formulated the principles of Quantum Mechanics. For the interactive Nickel/Hydrogen system it would be now opportune to compile, in a way easily understood by the non expert the, relevant principles and concepts for the qualitative understanding of the phenomenon as well as possible future research activities.
by Horace Heffner
Direct Download
DEFLATION FUSION
The field of cold fusion (CF), the fusion of hydrogen in a metal lattice, as discoveredby Fleischmann and Pons, has been expanded to include the general class of nuclear reactions which can be initiated in low temperature environments, and named the field of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR)(1). A large number of peer reviewed papers and books have been published in this field (2-3-4-5-6-7). Extensive development continues, as do mysteries regarding various mechanisms of the experimentally well documented effects(8-9).
Any theory that is to describe LENR has to explain not only how the Coulomb barrier is breached, why high energy particles and gammas are not seen from hydrogen fusion reactions, and why the branching ratios are so skewed, but also why almost no signature, including heat, is seen corresponding to nuclear mass changes from heavy lattice element transmutation. It appears unlikely all these things can be simultaneously explained without the presence of one or more catalytic electrons in the mix which highly de-energize the fused nucleus. This is especially true of heavy element transmutation, which produces very little in the way of high energy signatures that could be expected from the quantity of events and the observed nuclear mass changes (10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20). If a nucleus is not highly energized to begin with, then there is no need to figure out how high energy products are absorbed by the lattice, a common problem to LENR theory. It has been proposed that all the above requirements can be met by electron catalyzed fusion via a process called deflation fusion (21-22). Deflation fusion is a process whereby a ground state electron bound close to a hydrogen nucleus for attosecond periods, but with small wavelength, the deflated state hydrogen, makes breaking the Coulomb barrier feasible. Though the deflated state of hydrogen exists briefly, it exists frequently. The electron kinetic plus potential energy remains at the energy of the electron in the chemical environment in which the hydrogen resides, i.e. the sum of kinetic plus potential energy is the same in both the deflated and chemical states, as they are degenerate forms of the same state.
The following is a brief review of the deflation fusion mechanisms and process:
Continue reading Cold Fusion Nuclear Reactions
by Lino Daddi
Abstract
In the present work a parallel is drawn, by adopting a virtual neutron mechanism, between the orbital capture and the formation of neutrons from protons and electrons (or from deuterons and electrons).
It is known the possibility, given by the uncertainty principle, that an orbital electron may be right on the nucleus, ready to interact with one of the protons present in it. Even in the case of isotopes of hydrogen is to be taken into account the occasional, although rare, presence of the electron on the nucleus, and this makes the atom itself, temporarily, a “miniatom”, ready to turn into a virtual neutron.
|
|
Recent Comments